| Copyright | (c) Andy Gill 2001 (c) Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology 2001 |
|---|---|
| License | BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE) |
| Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org |
| Stability | stable |
| Portability | portable |
| Safe Haskell | Trustworthy |
| Language | Haskell2010 |
GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid
Description
A type a is a Monoid if it provides an associative function (<>)
that lets you combine any two values of type a into one, and a neutral
element (mempty) such that
a <> mempty == mempty <> a == a
A Monoid is a Semigroup with the added requirement of a neutral element.
Thus any Monoid is a Semigroup, but not the other way around.
Examples
The Sum monoid is defined by the numerical addition operator and `0` as neutral element:
>>>import Data.Int (Int)>>>mempty :: Sum IntSum {getSum = 0}>>>Sum 1 <> Sum 2 <> Sum 3 <> Sum 4 :: Sum IntSum {getSum = 10}
We can combine multiple values in a list into a single value using the mconcat function.
Note that we have to specify the type here since Int is a monoid under several different
operations:
>>>mconcat [1,2,3,4] :: Sum IntSum {getSum = 10}>>>mconcat [] :: Sum IntSum {getSum = 0}
Another valid monoid instance of Int is Product It is defined by multiplication
and `1` as neutral element:
>>>Product 1 <> Product 2 <> Product 3 <> Product 4 :: Product IntProduct {getProduct = 24}>>>mconcat [1,2,3,4] :: Product IntProduct {getProduct = 24}>>>mconcat [] :: Product IntProduct {getProduct = 1}
Synopsis
- class Semigroup a => Monoid a where
- (<>) :: Semigroup a => a -> a -> a
- newtype Dual a = Dual {
- getDual :: a
- newtype Endo a = Endo {
- appEndo :: a -> a
- newtype All = All {}
- newtype Any = Any {}
- newtype Sum a = Sum {
- getSum :: a
- newtype Product a = Product {
- getProduct :: a
- newtype First a = First {}
- newtype Last a = Last {}
- newtype Alt (f :: k -> Type) (a :: k) = Alt {
- getAlt :: f a
- newtype Ap (f :: k -> Type) (a :: k) = Ap {
- getAp :: f a
Monoid typeclass
class Semigroup a => Monoid a where #
The class of monoids (types with an associative binary operation that has an identity). Instances should satisfy the following:
- Right identity
x<>mempty= x- Left identity
mempty<>x = x- Associativity
x(<>(y<>z) = (x<>y)<>zSemigrouplaw)- Concatenation
mconcat=foldr(<>)mempty
You can alternatively define mconcat instead of mempty, in which case the
laws are:
- Unit
mconcat(purex) = x- Multiplication
mconcat(joinxss) =mconcat(fmapmconcatxss)- Subclass
mconcat(toListxs) =sconcatxs
The method names refer to the monoid of lists under concatenation, but there are many other instances.
Some types can be viewed as a monoid in more than one way,
e.g. both addition and multiplication on numbers.
In such cases we often define newtypes and make those instances
of Monoid, e.g. Sum and Product.
NOTE: Semigroup is a superclass of Monoid since base-4.11.0.0.
Methods
Identity of mappend
Examples
>>>"Hello world" <> mempty"Hello world"
>>>mempty <> [1, 2, 3][1,2,3]
An associative operation
NOTE: This method is redundant and has the default
implementation since base-4.11.0.0.
Should it be implemented manually, since mappend = (<>)mappend is a synonym for
(<>), it is expected that the two functions are defined the same
way. In a future GHC release mappend will be removed from Monoid.
Fold a list using the monoid.
For most types, the default definition for mconcat will be
used, but the function is included in the class definition so
that an optimized version can be provided for specific types.
>>>mconcat ["Hello", " ", "Haskell", "!"]"Hello Haskell!"
Instances
| Monoid All # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid Any # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid Event # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
| Monoid Lifetime # |
Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
| Monoid ExceptionContext # | |
Defined in GHC.Internal.Exception.Context Methods mappend :: ExceptionContext -> ExceptionContext -> ExceptionContext # mconcat :: [ExceptionContext] -> ExceptionContext # | |
| Monoid Ordering # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid () # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (STM a) # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
| FiniteBits a => Monoid (And a) # | This constraint is arguably too strong. However,
as some types (such as Since: base-4.16 |
| FiniteBits a => Monoid (Iff a) # | This constraint is arguably
too strong. However, as some types (such as Since: base-4.16 |
| Bits a => Monoid (Ior a) # | Since: base-4.16 |
| Bits a => Monoid (Xor a) # | Since: base-4.16 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (Identity a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
| Ord a => Monoid (Max a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
| Ord a => Monoid (Min a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
| Monoid (First a) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid (Last a) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (Down a) # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid (Endo a) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Num a => Monoid (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Num a => Monoid (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| (Generic a, Monoid (Rep a ())) => Monoid (Generically a) # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods mempty :: Generically a # mappend :: Generically a -> Generically a -> Generically a # mconcat :: [Generically a] -> Generically a # | |
| Monoid p => Monoid (Par1 p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (Q a) # | Since: ghc-internal-2.17.0.0 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (IO a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
| Semigroup a => Monoid (Maybe a) # | Lift a semigroup into Since 4.11.0: constraint on inner Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (Solo a) # | Since: base-4.15 |
| Monoid [a] # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid (Proxy s) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
| Monoid (U1 p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (ST s a) # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
| (Monoid a, Monoid b) => Monoid (a, b) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid b => Monoid (a -> b) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid a => Monoid (Const a b) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
| (Applicative f, Monoid a) => Monoid (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| Alternative f => Monoid (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
| Monoid (f p) => Monoid (Rec1 f p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| (Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c) => Monoid (a, b, c) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| (Monoid (f p), Monoid (g p)) => Monoid ((f :*: g) p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| Monoid c => Monoid (K1 i c p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| (Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c, Monoid d) => Monoid (a, b, c, d) # | Since: base-2.1 |
| Monoid (f (g p)) => Monoid ((f :.: g) p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| Monoid (f p) => Monoid (M1 i c f p) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
| (Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c, Monoid d, Monoid e) => Monoid (a, b, c, d, e) # | Since: base-2.1 |
(<>) :: Semigroup a => a -> a -> a infixr 6 #
An associative operation.
Examples
>>>[1,2,3] <> [4,5,6][1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>>Just [1, 2, 3] <> Just [4, 5, 6]Just [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>>putStr "Hello, " <> putStrLn "World!"Hello, World!
The dual of a Monoid, obtained by swapping the arguments of (<>).
Dual a <> Dual b == Dual (b <> a)
Examples
>>>Dual "Hello" <> Dual "World"Dual {getDual = "WorldHello"}
>>>Dual (Dual "Hello") <> Dual (Dual "World")Dual {getDual = Dual {getDual = "HelloWorld"}}
Instances
| Applicative Dual # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Functor Dual # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Monad Dual # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFix Dual # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| MonadZip Dual # | Since: ghc-internal-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Foldable Dual # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Dual m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Dual a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Dual a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Dual a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Dual a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> Dual a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => Dual a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable Dual # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Generic1 Dual # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Monoid a => Monoid (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Semigroup a => Semigroup (Dual a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq a => Eq (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord a => Ord (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| Data a => Data (Dual a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Dual a -> c (Dual a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Dual a) # toConstr :: Dual a -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: Dual a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Dual a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Dual a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Dual a -> Dual a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Dual a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Dual a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Dual a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Dual a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Dual a -> m (Dual a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Dual a -> m (Dual a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Dual a -> m (Dual a) # | |||||
| Bounded a => Bounded (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Generic (Dual a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Read a => Read (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show a => Show (Dual a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep1 Dual # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| type Rep (Dual a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
The monoid of endomorphisms under composition.
Endo f <> Endo g == Endo (f . g)
Examples
>>>let computation = Endo ("Hello, " ++) <> Endo (++ "!")>>>appEndo computation "Haskell""Hello, Haskell!"
>>>let computation = Endo (*3) <> Endo (+1)>>>appEndo computation 16
Instances
| Monoid (Endo a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Semigroup (Endo a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Generic (Endo a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| type Rep (Endo a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
Bool wrappers
Boolean monoid under conjunction (&&).
All x <> All y = All (x && y)
Examples
>>>All True <> mempty <> All False)All {getAll = False}
>>>mconcat (map (\x -> All (even x)) [2,4,6,7,8])All {getAll = False}
>>>All True <> memptyAll {getAll = True}
Instances
| Monoid All # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Semigroup All # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq All # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord All # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Data All # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> All -> c All # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c All # dataTypeOf :: All -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c All) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c All) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> All -> All # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> All -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> All -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> All -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> All -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> All -> m All # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> All -> m All # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> All -> m All # | |||||
| Bounded All # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Generic All # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Read All # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show All # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep All # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
Boolean monoid under disjunction (||).
Any x <> Any y = Any (x || y)
Examples
>>>Any True <> mempty <> Any FalseAny {getAny = True}
>>>mconcat (map (\x -> Any (even x)) [2,4,6,7,8])Any {getAny = True}
>>>Any False <> memptyAny {getAny = False}
Instances
| Monoid Any # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Semigroup Any # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq Any # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord Any # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Data Any # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Any -> c Any # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Any # dataTypeOf :: Any -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Any) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Any) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Any -> Any # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Any -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Any -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Any -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Any -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Any -> m Any # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Any -> m Any # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Any -> m Any # | |||||
| Bounded Any # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Generic Any # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Read Any # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show Any # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep Any # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
Num wrappers
Monoid under addition.
Sum a <> Sum b = Sum (a + b)
Examples
>>>Sum 1 <> Sum 2 <> memptySum {getSum = 3}
>>>mconcat [ Sum n | n <- [3 .. 9]]Sum {getSum = 42}
Instances
| Applicative Sum # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Functor Sum # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Monad Sum # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFix Sum # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| MonadZip Sum # | Since: ghc-internal-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Foldable Sum # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Sum m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Sum a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Sum a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Sum a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Sum a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> Sum a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => Sum a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable Sum # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Generic1 Sum # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Num a => Monoid (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Num a => Semigroup (Sum a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq a => Eq (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord a => Ord (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Data a => Data (Sum a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Sum a -> c (Sum a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Sum a) # dataTypeOf :: Sum a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Sum a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Sum a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Sum a -> Sum a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Sum a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Sum a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Sum a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Sum a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Sum a -> m (Sum a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Sum a -> m (Sum a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Sum a -> m (Sum a) # | |||||
| Bounded a => Bounded (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Generic (Sum a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Num a => Num (Sum a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
| Read a => Read (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show a => Show (Sum a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep1 Sum # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| type Rep (Sum a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
Monoid under multiplication.
Product x <> Product y == Product (x * y)
Examples
>>>Product 3 <> Product 4 <> memptyProduct {getProduct = 12}
>>>mconcat [ Product n | n <- [2 .. 10]]Product {getProduct = 3628800}
Constructors
| Product | |
Fields
| |
Instances
| Applicative Product # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Functor Product # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Monad Product # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFix Product # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| MonadZip Product # | Since: ghc-internal-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Foldable Product # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Product m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Product a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Product a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Product a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Product a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> Product a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => Product a -> a # minimum :: Ord a => Product a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable Product # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Generic1 Product # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Num a => Monoid (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Num a => Semigroup (Product a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq a => Eq (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord a => Ord (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| Data a => Data (Product a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Product a -> c (Product a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Product a) # toConstr :: Product a -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: Product a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Product a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Product a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Product a -> Product a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Product a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Product a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Product a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Product a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Product a -> m (Product a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Product a -> m (Product a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Product a -> m (Product a) # | |||||
| Bounded a => Bounded (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Generic (Product a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Num a => Num (Product a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| Read a => Read (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show a => Show (Product a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep1 Product # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| type Rep (Product a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
Maybe wrappers
To implement find or findLast on any Foldable:
findLast :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Maybe a
findLast pred = getLast . foldMap (x -> if pred x
then Last (Just x)
else Last Nothing)
Much of Maps interface can be implemented with
alter. Some of the rest can be implemented with a new
alterF function and either First or Last:
alterF :: (Functor f, Ord k) =>
(Maybe a -> f (Maybe a)) -> k -> Map k a -> f (Map k a)
instance Monoid a => Functor ((,) a) -- from GHC.Internal.Data.FunctorinsertLookupWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> v -> v -> v) -> k -> v
-> Map k v -> (Maybe v, Map k v)
insertLookupWithKey combine key value =
Arrow.first getFirst . alterF doChange key
where
doChange Nothing = (First Nothing, Just value)
doChange (Just oldValue) =
(First (Just oldValue),
Just (combine key value oldValue))
Maybe monoid returning the leftmost non-Nothing value.
is isomorphic to First a, but precedes it
historically.Alt Maybe a
Beware that Data.Monoid.First is different from
Data.Semigroup.First. The former returns the first non-Nothing,
so Data.Monoid.First Nothing <> x = x. The latter simply returns the first value,
thus Data.Semigroup.First Nothing <> x = Data.Semigroup.First Nothing.
Examples
>>>First (Just "hello") <> First Nothing <> First (Just "world")First {getFirst = Just "hello"}
>>>First Nothing <> memptyFirst {getFirst = Nothing}
Instances
| Applicative First # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Functor First # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Monad First # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFix First # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| MonadZip First # | Since: ghc-internal-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Foldable First # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => First m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> First a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> First a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> First a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> First a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> First a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> First a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> First a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> First a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> First a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => First a -> a # minimum :: Ord a => First a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable First # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Generic1 First # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Associated Types
| |||||
| Monoid (First a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Semigroup (First a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq a => Eq (First a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord a => Ord (First a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
| Data a => Data (First a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> First a -> c (First a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (First a) # toConstr :: First a -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: First a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (First a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (First a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> First a -> First a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> First a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> First a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> First a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> First a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> First a -> m (First a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> First a -> m (First a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> First a -> m (First a) # | |||||
| Generic (First a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Associated Types
| |||||
| Read a => Read (First a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show a => Show (First a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep1 First # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
| type Rep (First a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
Maybe monoid returning the rightmost non-Nothing value.
is isomorphic to Last a, and thus to
Dual (First a)Dual (Alt Maybe a)
Data.Semigroup.Last. The former returns the last non-Nothing,
so x <> Data.Monoid.Last Nothing = x. The latter simply returns the last value,
thus x <> Data.Semigroup.Last Nothing = Data.Semigroup.Last Nothing.
Examples
>>>Last (Just "hello") <> Last Nothing <> Last (Just "world")Last {getLast = Just "world"}
>>>Last Nothing <> memptyLast {getLast = Nothing}
Instances
| Applicative Last # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Functor Last # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Monad Last # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFix Last # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| MonadZip Last # | Since: ghc-internal-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Foldable Last # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Last m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Last a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Last a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Last a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Last a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> Last a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => Last a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable Last # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Generic1 Last # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Associated Types
| |||||
| Monoid (Last a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Semigroup (Last a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq a => Eq (Last a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Ord a => Ord (Last a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Data a => Data (Last a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Last a -> c (Last a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Last a) # toConstr :: Last a -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: Last a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Last a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Last a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Last a -> Last a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Last a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Last a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Last a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Last a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Last a -> m (Last a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Last a -> m (Last a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Last a -> m (Last a) # | |||||
| Generic (Last a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Associated Types
| |||||
| Read a => Read (Last a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| Show a => Show (Last a) # | Since: base-2.1 | ||||
| type Rep1 Last # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
| type Rep (Last a) # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
Alternative wrapper
newtype Alt (f :: k -> Type) (a :: k) #
Monoid under <|>.
Alt l <> Alt r == Alt (l <|> r)
Examples
>>>Alt (Just 12) <> Alt (Just 24)Alt {getAlt = Just 12}
>>>Alt Nothing <> Alt (Just 24)Alt {getAlt = Just 24}
Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instances
| Generic1 (Alt f :: k -> Type) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Alternative f => Alternative (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Applicative f => Applicative (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Functor f => Functor (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Monad f => Monad (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFix f => MonadFix (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| MonadZip f => MonadZip (Alt f) # | Since: ghc-internal-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Foldable f => Foldable (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Alt f m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Alt f a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Alt f a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Alt f a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Alt f a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> Alt f a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => Alt f a -> a # minimum :: Ord a => Alt f a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable f => Traversable (Alt f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Alternative f => Monoid (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Alternative f => Semigroup (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 | ||||
| Eq (f a) => Eq (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Ord (f a) => Ord (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| (Data (f a), Data a, Typeable f) => Data (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Alt f a -> c (Alt f a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Alt f a) # toConstr :: Alt f a -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: Alt f a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Alt f a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Alt f a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Alt f a -> Alt f a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Alt f a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Alt f a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Alt f a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Alt f a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Alt f a -> m (Alt f a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Alt f a -> m (Alt f a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Alt f a -> m (Alt f a) # | |||||
| Enum (f a) => Enum (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Generic (Alt f a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Associated Types
| |||||
| Num (f a) => Num (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Read (f a) => Read (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| Show (f a) => Show (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
| type Rep1 (Alt f :: k -> Type) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
| type Rep (Alt f a) # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal | |||||
Applicative wrapper
newtype Ap (f :: k -> Type) (a :: k) #
This data type witnesses the lifting of a Monoid into an
Applicative pointwise.
Examples
>>>Ap (Just [1, 2, 3]) <> Ap NothingAp {getAp = Nothing}
>>>Ap [Sum 10, Sum 20] <> Ap [Sum 1, Sum 2]Ap {getAp = [Sum {getSum = 11},Sum {getSum = 12},Sum {getSum = 21},Sum {getSum = 22}]}
Since: base-4.12.0.0
Instances
| Generic1 (Ap f :: k -> Type) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Associated Types
| |||||
| Alternative f => Alternative (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Applicative f => Applicative (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Functor f => Functor (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Monad f => Monad (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| MonadFail f => MonadFail (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods fail :: HasCallStack => String -> Ap f a # | |||||
| MonadFix f => MonadFix (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix | |||||
| Foldable f => Foldable (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Ap f m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Ap f a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Ap f a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Ap f a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Ap f a -> a # elem :: Eq a => a -> Ap f a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => Ap f a -> a # | |||||
| Traversable f => Traversable (Ap f) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| (Applicative f, Monoid a) => Monoid (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| (Applicative f, Semigroup a) => Semigroup (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Eq (f a) => Eq (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Ord (f a) => Ord (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| (Data (f a), Data a, Typeable f) => Data (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Ap f a -> c (Ap f a) # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Ap f a) # toConstr :: Ap f a -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: Ap f a -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Ap f a)) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Ap f a)) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Ap f a -> Ap f a # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Ap f a -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Ap f a -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Ap f a -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Ap f a -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Ap f a -> m (Ap f a) # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Ap f a -> m (Ap f a) # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Ap f a -> m (Ap f a) # | |||||
| (Applicative f, Bounded a) => Bounded (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Enum (f a) => Enum (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
| Generic (Ap f a) # | |||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Associated Types
| |||||
| (Applicative f, Num a) => Num (Ap f a) # | Note that even if the underlying Commutativity:
Additive inverse:
Distributivity:
Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Read (f a) => Read (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| Show (f a) => Show (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
| type Rep1 (Ap f :: k -> Type) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||
| type Rep (Ap f a) # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 | ||||
Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid | |||||