init.cpp

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// Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
// Copyright (c) 2009-present The Bitcoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#include <bitcoin-build-config.h> // IWYU pragma: keep

#include <init.h>

#include <kernel/checks.h>

#include <addrman.h>
#include <banman.h>
#include <blockfilter.h>
#include <chain.h>
#include <chainparams.h>
#include <chainparamsbase.h>
#include <clientversion.h>
#include <common/args.h>
#include <common/system.h>
#include <consensus/amount.h>
#include <consensus/consensus.h>
#include <deploymentstatus.h>
#include <hash.h>
#include <httprpc.h>
#include <httpserver.h>
#include <index/blockfilterindex.h>
#include <index/coinstatsindex.h>
#include <index/txindex.h>
#include <index/txospenderindex.h>
#include <init/common.h>
#include <interfaces/chain.h>
#include <interfaces/init.h>
#include <interfaces/ipc.h>
#include <interfaces/mining.h>
#include <interfaces/node.h>
#include <ipc/exception.h>
#include <kernel/caches.h>
#include <kernel/context.h>
#include <key.h>
#include <logging.h>
#include <mapport.h>
#include <net.h>
#include <net_permissions.h>
#include <net_processing.h>
#include <netbase.h>
#include <netgroup.h>
#include <node/blockmanager_args.h>
#include <node/blockstorage.h>
#include <node/caches.h>
#include <node/chainstate.h>
#include <node/chainstatemanager_args.h>
#include <node/context.h>
#include <node/interface_ui.h>
#include <node/kernel_notifications.h>
#include <node/mempool_args.h>
#include <node/mempool_persist.h>
#include <node/mempool_persist_args.h>
#include <node/miner.h>
#include <node/peerman_args.h>
#include <policy/feerate.h>
#include <policy/fees/block_policy_estimator.h>
#include <policy/fees/block_policy_estimator_args.h>
#include <policy/policy.h>
#include <policy/settings.h>
#include <protocol.h>
#include <rpc/blockchain.h>
#include <rpc/register.h>
#include <rpc/server.h>
#include <rpc/util.h>
#include <scheduler.h>
#include <script/sigcache.h>
#include <sync.h>
#include <torcontrol.h>
#include <txdb.h>
#include <txmempool.h>
#include <util/asmap.h>
#include <util/batchpriority.h>
#include <util/chaintype.h>
#include <util/check.h>
#include <util/fs.h>
#include <util/fs_helpers.h>
#include <util/moneystr.h>
#include <util/result.h>
#include <util/signalinterrupt.h>
#include <util/strencodings.h>
#include <util/string.h>
#include <util/syserror.h>
#include <util/thread.h>
#include <util/threadnames.h>
#include <util/time.h>
#include <util/translation.h>
#include <validation.h>
#include <validationinterface.h>
#include <walletinitinterface.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cerrno>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdio>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

#ifndef WIN32
#include <csignal>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif

#include <boost/signals2/signal.hpp>

#ifdef ENABLE_ZMQ
#include <zmq/zmqabstractnotifier.h>
#include <zmq/zmqnotificationinterface.h>
#include <zmq/zmqrpc.h>
#endif

#ifdef ENABLE_EMBEDDED_ASMAP
#include <node/data/ip_asn.dat.h>
#endif

using common::AmountErrMsg;
using common::InvalidPortErrMsg;
using common::ResolveErrMsg;

using node::ApplyArgsManOptions;
using node::BlockManager;
using node::CalculateCacheSizes;
using node::ChainstateLoadResult;
using node::ChainstateLoadStatus;
using node::DEFAULT_PERSIST_MEMPOOL;
using node::DEFAULT_PRINT_MODIFIED_FEE;
using node::DEFAULT_STOPATHEIGHT;
using node::DumpMempool;
using node::ImportBlocks;
using node::KernelNotifications;
using node::LoadChainstate;
using node::LoadMempool;
using node::MempoolPath;
using node::NodeContext;
using node::ShouldPersistMempool;
using node::VerifyLoadedChainstate;
using util::Join;
using util::ReplaceAll;
using util::ToString;

static constexpr bool DEFAULT_PROXYRANDOMIZE{true};
static constexpr bool DEFAULT_REST_ENABLE{false};
static constexpr bool DEFAULT_I2P_ACCEPT_INCOMING{true};
static constexpr bool DEFAULT_STOPAFTERBLOCKIMPORT{false};

#ifdef WIN32
// Win32 LevelDB doesn't use filedescriptors, and the ones used for
// accessing block files don't count towards the fd_set size limit
// anyway.
#define MIN_LEVELDB_FDS 0
#else
#define MIN_LEVELDB_FDS 150
#endif

static constexpr int MIN_CORE_FDS = MIN_LEVELDB_FDS + NUM_FDS_MESSAGE_CAPTURE;

static const char* BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME = "bitcoind.pid";
static bool g_generated_pid{false};

static fs::path GetPidFile(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    return AbsPathForConfigVal(args, args.GetPathArg("-pid", BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME));
}

[[nodiscard]] static bool CreatePidFile(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    if (args.IsArgNegated("-pid")) return true;

    std::ofstream file{GetPidFile(args).std_path()};
    if (file) {
#ifdef WIN32
        tfm::format(file, "%d\n", GetCurrentProcessId());
#else
        tfm::format(file, "%d\n", getpid());
#endif
        g_generated_pid = true;
        return true;
    } else {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Unable to create the PID file '%s': %s"), fs::PathToString(GetPidFile(args)), SysErrorString(errno)));
    }
}

static void RemovePidFile(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    if (!g_generated_pid) return;
    const auto pid_path{GetPidFile(args)};
    if (std::error_code error; !fs::remove(pid_path, error)) {
        std::string msg{error ? error.message() : "File does not exist"};
        LogWarning("Unable to remove PID file (%s): %s", fs::PathToString(pid_path), msg);
    }
}

static std::optional<util::SignalInterrupt> g_shutdown;

void InitContext(NodeContext& node)
{
    assert(!g_shutdown);
    g_shutdown.emplace();

    node.args = &gArgs;
    node.shutdown_signal = &*g_shutdown;
    node.shutdown_request = [&node] {
        assert(node.shutdown_signal);
        if (!(*node.shutdown_signal)()) return false;
        return true;
    };
}

//
// Shutdown
//

//
// Thread management and startup/shutdown:
//
// The network-processing threads are all part of a thread group
// created by AppInit() or the Qt main() function.
//
// A clean exit happens when the SignalInterrupt object is triggered, which
// makes the main thread's SignalInterrupt::wait() call return, and join all
// other ongoing threads in the thread group to the main thread.
// Shutdown() is then called to clean up database connections, and stop other
// threads that should only be stopped after the main network-processing
// threads have exited.
//
// Shutdown for Qt is very similar, only it uses a QTimer to detect
// ShutdownRequested() getting set, and then does the normal Qt
// shutdown thing.
//

bool ShutdownRequested(node::NodeContext& node)
{
    return bool{*Assert(node.shutdown_signal)};
}

#if HAVE_SYSTEM
static void ShutdownNotify(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (const auto& cmd : args.GetArgs("-shutdownnotify")) {
        threads.emplace_back(runCommand, cmd);
    }
    for (auto& t : threads) {
        t.join();
    }
}
#endif

void Interrupt(NodeContext& node)
{
#if HAVE_SYSTEM
    ShutdownNotify(*node.args);
#endif
    // Wake any threads that may be waiting for the tip to change.
    if (node.notifications) WITH_LOCK(node.notifications->m_tip_block_mutex, node.notifications->m_tip_block_cv.notify_all());
    InterruptHTTPServer();
    InterruptHTTPRPC();
    InterruptRPC();
    InterruptREST();
    InterruptTorControl();
    InterruptMapPort();
    if (node.connman)
        node.connman->Interrupt();
    for (auto* index : node.indexes) {
        index->Interrupt();
    }
}

void Shutdown(NodeContext& node)
{
    static Mutex g_shutdown_mutex;
    TRY_LOCK(g_shutdown_mutex, lock_shutdown);
    if (!lock_shutdown) return;
    LogInfo("Shutdown in progress...");
    Assert(node.args);

    util::ThreadRename("shutoff");
    if (node.mempool) node.mempool->AddTransactionsUpdated(1);

    StopHTTPRPC();
    StopREST();
    StopRPC();
    StopHTTPServer();
    for (auto& client : node.chain_clients) {
        try {
            client->stop();
        } catch (const ipc::Exception& e) {
            LogDebug(BCLog::IPC, "Chain client did not disconnect cleanly: %s", e.what());
            client.reset();
        }
    }
    StopMapPort();

    // Because these depend on each-other, we make sure that neither can be
    // using the other before destroying them.
    if (node.peerman && node.validation_signals) node.validation_signals->UnregisterValidationInterface(node.peerman.get());
    if (node.connman) node.connman->Stop();

    StopTorControl();

    if (node.background_init_thread.joinable()) node.background_init_thread.join();
    // After everything has been shut down, but before things get flushed, stop the
    // the scheduler. After this point, SyncWithValidationInterfaceQueue() should not be called anymore
    // as this would prevent the shutdown from completing.
    if (node.scheduler) node.scheduler->stop();

    // After the threads that potentially access these pointers have been stopped,
    // destruct and reset all to nullptr.
    node.peerman.reset();
    node.connman.reset();
    node.banman.reset();
    node.addrman.reset();
    node.netgroupman.reset();

    if (node.mempool && node.mempool->GetLoadTried() && ShouldPersistMempool(*node.args)) {
        DumpMempool(*node.mempool, MempoolPath(*node.args));
    }

    // Drop transactions we were still watching, record fee estimations and unregister
    // fee estimator from validation interface.
    if (node.fee_estimator) {
        node.fee_estimator->Flush();
        if (node.validation_signals) {
            node.validation_signals->UnregisterValidationInterface(node.fee_estimator.get());
        }
    }

    // FlushStateToDisk generates a ChainStateFlushed callback, which we should avoid missing
    if (node.chainman) {
        LOCK(cs_main);
        for (const auto& chainstate : node.chainman->m_chainstates) {
            if (chainstate->CanFlushToDisk()) {
                chainstate->ForceFlushStateToDisk();
            }
        }
    }

    // After there are no more peers/RPC left to give us new data which may generate
    // CValidationInterface callbacks, flush them...
    if (node.validation_signals) node.validation_signals->FlushBackgroundCallbacks();

    // Stop and delete all indexes only after flushing background callbacks.
    for (auto* index : node.indexes) index->Stop();
    if (g_txindex) g_txindex.reset();
    if (g_txospenderindex) g_txospenderindex.reset();
    if (g_coin_stats_index) g_coin_stats_index.reset();
    DestroyAllBlockFilterIndexes();
    node.indexes.clear(); // all instances are nullptr now

    // Any future callbacks will be dropped. This should absolutely be safe - if
    // missing a callback results in an unrecoverable situation, unclean shutdown
    // would too. The only reason to do the above flushes is to let the wallet catch
    // up with our current chain to avoid any strange pruning edge cases and make
    // next startup faster by avoiding rescan.

    if (node.chainman) {
        LOCK(cs_main);
        for (const auto& chainstate : node.chainman->m_chainstates) {
            if (chainstate->CanFlushToDisk()) {
                chainstate->ForceFlushStateToDisk();
                chainstate->ResetCoinsViews();
            }
        }
    }

    // If any -ipcbind clients are still connected, disconnect them now so they
    // do not block shutdown.
    if (interfaces::Ipc* ipc = node.init->ipc()) {
        ipc->disconnectIncoming();
    }

#ifdef ENABLE_ZMQ
    if (g_zmq_notification_interface) {
        if (node.validation_signals) node.validation_signals->UnregisterValidationInterface(g_zmq_notification_interface.get());
        g_zmq_notification_interface.reset();
    }
#endif

    node.chain_clients.clear();
    if (node.validation_signals) {
        node.validation_signals->UnregisterAllValidationInterfaces();
    }
    node.mempool.reset();
    node.fee_estimator.reset();
    node.chainman.reset();
    node.validation_signals.reset();
    node.scheduler.reset();
    node.ecc_context.reset();
    node.kernel.reset();

    RemovePidFile(*node.args);

    LogInfo("Shutdown done");
}

#ifndef WIN32
static void HandleSIGTERM(int)
{
    // Return value is intentionally ignored because there is not a better way
    // of handling this failure in a signal handler.
    (void)(*Assert(g_shutdown))();
}

static void HandleSIGHUP(int)
{
    LogInstance().m_reopen_file = true;
}
#else
static BOOL WINAPI consoleCtrlHandler(DWORD dwCtrlType)
{
    if (!(*Assert(g_shutdown))()) {
        LogError("Failed to send shutdown signal on Ctrl-C\n");
        return false;
    }
    Sleep(INFINITE);
    return true;
}
#endif

#ifndef WIN32
static void registerSignalHandler(int signal, void(*handler)(int))
{
    struct sigaction sa;
    sa.sa_handler = handler;
    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
    sa.sa_flags = 0;
    sigaction(signal, &sa, nullptr);
}
#endif

void SetupServerArgs(ArgsManager& argsman, bool can_listen_ipc)
{
    SetupHelpOptions(argsman);
    argsman.AddArg("-help-debug", "Print help message with debugging options and exit", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST); // server-only for now

    init::AddLoggingArgs(argsman);

    const auto defaultBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(ChainType::MAIN);
    const auto testnetBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(ChainType::TESTNET);
    const auto testnet4BaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(ChainType::TESTNET4);
    const auto signetBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(ChainType::SIGNET);
    const auto regtestBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(ChainType::REGTEST);
    const auto defaultChainParams = CreateChainParams(argsman, ChainType::MAIN);
    const auto testnetChainParams = CreateChainParams(argsman, ChainType::TESTNET);
    const auto testnet4ChainParams = CreateChainParams(argsman, ChainType::TESTNET4);
    const auto signetChainParams = CreateChainParams(argsman, ChainType::SIGNET);
    const auto regtestChainParams = CreateChainParams(argsman, ChainType::REGTEST);

    // Hidden Options
    std::vector<std::string> hidden_args = {
        "-dbcrashratio", "-forcecompactdb",
        // GUI args. These will be overwritten by SetupUIArgs for the GUI
        "-choosedatadir", "-lang=<lang>", "-min", "-resetguisettings", "-splash", "-uiplatform"};

    argsman.AddArg("-version", "Print version and exit", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
#if HAVE_SYSTEM
    argsman.AddArg("-alertnotify=<cmd>", "Execute command when an alert is raised (%s in cmd is replaced by message)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
#endif
    argsman.AddArg("-assumevalid=<hex>", strprintf("If this block is in the chain assume that it and its ancestors are valid and potentially skip their script verification (0 to verify all, default: %s, testnet3: %s, testnet4: %s, signet: %s)", defaultChainParams->GetConsensus().defaultAssumeValid.GetHex(), testnetChainParams->GetConsensus().defaultAssumeValid.GetHex(), testnet4ChainParams->GetConsensus().defaultAssumeValid.GetHex(), signetChainParams->GetConsensus().defaultAssumeValid.GetHex()), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-blocksdir=<dir>", "Specify directory to hold blocks subdirectory for *.dat files (default: <datadir>)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-blocksxor",
                   strprintf("Whether an XOR-key applies to blocksdir *.dat files. "
                             "The created XOR-key will be zeros for an existing blocksdir or when `-blocksxor=0` is "
                             "set, and random for a freshly initialized blocksdir. "
                             "(default: %u)",
                             kernel::DEFAULT_XOR_BLOCKSDIR),
                   ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-fastprune", "Use smaller block files and lower minimum prune height for testing purposes", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
#if HAVE_SYSTEM
    argsman.AddArg("-blocknotify=<cmd>", "Execute command when the best block changes (%s in cmd is replaced by block hash)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
#endif
    argsman.AddArg("-blockreconstructionextratxn=<n>", strprintf("Extra transactions to keep in memory for compact block reconstructions (default: %u)", DEFAULT_BLOCK_RECONSTRUCTION_EXTRA_TXN), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-blocksonly", strprintf("Whether to reject transactions from network peers. Disables automatic broadcast and rebroadcast of transactions, unless the source peer has the 'forcerelay' permission. RPC transactions are not affected. (default: %u)", DEFAULT_BLOCKSONLY), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-coinstatsindex", strprintf("Maintain coinstats index used by the gettxoutsetinfo RPC (default: %u)", DEFAULT_COINSTATSINDEX), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-conf=<file>", strprintf("Specify path to read-only configuration file. Relative paths will be prefixed by datadir location (only useable from command line, not configuration file) (default: %s)", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-datadir=<dir>", "Specify data directory", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DISALLOW_NEGATION, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-dbbatchsize", strprintf("Maximum database write batch size in bytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_DB_CACHE_BATCH), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-dbcache=<n>", strprintf("Maximum database cache size <n> MiB (minimum %d, default: %d). Make sure you have enough RAM. In addition, unused memory allocated to the mempool is shared with this cache (see -maxmempool).", MIN_DB_CACHE >> 20, node::GetDefaultDBCache() >> 20), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-includeconf=<file>", "Specify additional configuration file, relative to the -datadir path (only useable from configuration file, not command line)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-allowignoredconf", strprintf("For backwards compatibility, treat an unused %s file in the datadir as a warning, not an error.", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-loadblock=<file>", "Imports blocks from external file on startup", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxmempool=<n>", strprintf("Keep the transaction memory pool below <n> megabytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE_MB), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-mempoolexpiry=<n>", strprintf("Do not keep transactions in the mempool longer than <n> hours (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MEMPOOL_EXPIRY_HOURS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-minimumchainwork=<hex>", strprintf("Minimum work assumed to exist on a valid chain in hex (default: %s, testnet3: %s, testnet4: %s, signet: %s)", defaultChainParams->GetConsensus().nMinimumChainWork.GetHex(), testnetChainParams->GetConsensus().nMinimumChainWork.GetHex(), testnet4ChainParams->GetConsensus().nMinimumChainWork.GetHex(), signetChainParams->GetConsensus().nMinimumChainWork.GetHex()), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-par=<n>", strprintf("Set the number of script verification threads (0 = auto, up to %d, <0 = leave that many cores free, default: %d)",
        MAX_SCRIPTCHECK_THREADS, DEFAULT_SCRIPTCHECK_THREADS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-persistmempool", strprintf("Whether to save the mempool on shutdown and load on restart (default: %u)", DEFAULT_PERSIST_MEMPOOL), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-persistmempoolv1",
                   strprintf("Whether a mempool.dat file created by -persistmempool or the savemempool RPC will be written in the legacy format "
                             "(version 1) or the current format (version 2). This temporary option will be removed in the future. (default: %u)",
                             DEFAULT_PERSIST_V1_DAT),
                   ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-pid=<file>", strprintf("Specify pid file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (default: %s)", BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-prune=<n>", strprintf("Reduce storage requirements by enabling pruning (deleting) of old blocks. This allows the pruneblockchain RPC to be called to delete specific blocks and enables automatic pruning of old blocks if a target size in MiB is provided. This mode is incompatible with -txindex. "
            "Warning: Reverting this setting requires re-downloading the entire blockchain. "
            "(default: 0 = disable pruning blocks, 1 = allow manual pruning via RPC, >=%u = automatically prune block files to stay under the specified target size in MiB)", MIN_DISK_SPACE_FOR_BLOCK_FILES / 1024 / 1024), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-reindex", "If enabled, wipe chain state and block index, and rebuild them from blk*.dat files on disk. Also wipe and rebuild other optional indexes that are active. If an assumeutxo snapshot was loaded, its chainstate will be wiped as well. The snapshot can then be reloaded via RPC.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-reindex-chainstate", "If enabled, wipe chain state, and rebuild it from blk*.dat files on disk. If an assumeutxo snapshot was loaded, its chainstate will be wiped as well. The snapshot can then be reloaded via RPC.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-settings=<file>", strprintf("Specify path to dynamic settings data file. Can be disabled with -nosettings. File is written at runtime and not meant to be edited by users (use %s instead for custom settings). Relative paths will be prefixed by datadir location. (default: %s)", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME, BITCOIN_SETTINGS_FILENAME), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
#if HAVE_SYSTEM
    argsman.AddArg("-startupnotify=<cmd>", "Execute command on startup.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-shutdownnotify=<cmd>", "Execute command immediately before beginning shutdown. The need for shutdown may be urgent, so be careful not to delay it long (if the command doesn't require interaction with the server, consider having it fork into the background).", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
#endif
    argsman.AddArg("-txindex", strprintf("Maintain a full transaction index, used by the getrawtransaction rpc call (default: %u)", DEFAULT_TXINDEX), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-txospenderindex", strprintf("Maintain a transaction output spender index, used by the gettxspendingprevout rpc call (default: %u)", DEFAULT_TXOSPENDERINDEX), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-blockfilterindex=<type>",
                 strprintf("Maintain an index of compact filters by block (default: %s, values: %s).", DEFAULT_BLOCKFILTERINDEX, ListBlockFilterTypes()) +
                 " If <type> is not supplied or if <type> = 1, indexes for all known types are enabled.",
                 ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);

    argsman.AddArg("-addnode=<ip>", strprintf("Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open (see the addnode RPC help for more info). This option can be specified multiple times to add multiple nodes; connections are limited to %u at a time and are counted separately from the -maxconnections limit.", MAX_ADDNODE_CONNECTIONS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-asmap=<file>", strprintf("Specify asn mapping used for bucketing of the peers. Relative paths will be prefixed by the net-specific datadir location.%s",
                #ifdef ENABLE_EMBEDDED_ASMAP
                    " If a bool arg is given (-asmap or -asmap=1), the embedded mapping data in the binary will be used."
                #else
                    ""
                #endif
                ), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-bantime=<n>", strprintf("Default duration (in seconds) of manually configured bans (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-bind=<addr>[:<port>][=onion]", strprintf("Bind to given address and always listen on it (default: 0.0.0.0). Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. Append =onion to tag any incoming connections to that address and port as incoming Tor connections (default: 127.0.0.1:%u=onion, testnet3: 127.0.0.1:%u=onion, testnet4: 127.0.0.1:%u=onion, signet: 127.0.0.1:%u=onion, regtest: 127.0.0.1:%u=onion)", defaultChainParams->GetDefaultPort() + 1, testnetChainParams->GetDefaultPort() + 1, testnet4ChainParams->GetDefaultPort() + 1, signetChainParams->GetDefaultPort() + 1, regtestChainParams->GetDefaultPort() + 1), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-cjdnsreachable", "If set, then this host is configured for CJDNS (connecting to fc00::/8 addresses would lead us to the CJDNS network, see doc/cjdns.md) (default: 0)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-connect=<ip>", "Connect only to the specified node; -noconnect disables automatic connections (the rules for this peer are the same as for -addnode). This option can be specified multiple times to connect to multiple nodes.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-discover", "Discover own IP addresses (default: 1 when listening and no -externalip or -proxy)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-dns", strprintf("Allow DNS lookups for -addnode, -seednode and -connect (default: %u)", DEFAULT_NAME_LOOKUP), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-dnsseed", strprintf("Query for peer addresses via DNS lookup, if low on addresses (default: %u unless -connect used or -maxconnections=0)", DEFAULT_DNSSEED), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-externalip=<ip>", "Specify your own public address", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-fixedseeds", strprintf("Allow fixed seeds if DNS seeds don't provide peers (default: %u)", DEFAULT_FIXEDSEEDS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-forcednsseed", strprintf("Always query for peer addresses via DNS lookup (default: %u)", DEFAULT_FORCEDNSSEED), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-listen", strprintf("Accept connections from outside (default: %u if no -proxy, -connect or -maxconnections=0)", DEFAULT_LISTEN), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-listenonion", strprintf("Automatically create Tor onion service (default: %d)", DEFAULT_LISTEN_ONION), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxconnections=<n>", strprintf("Maintain at most <n> automatic connections to peers (default: %u). This limit does not apply to connections manually added via -addnode or the addnode RPC, which have a separate limit of %u. It does not apply to short-lived private broadcast connections either, which have a separate limit of %u.", DEFAULT_MAX_PEER_CONNECTIONS, MAX_ADDNODE_CONNECTIONS, MAX_PRIVATE_BROADCAST_CONNECTIONS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxreceivebuffer=<n>", strprintf("Maximum per-connection receive buffer, <n>*1000 bytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MAXRECEIVEBUFFER), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxsendbuffer=<n>", strprintf("Maximum per-connection memory usage for the send buffer, <n>*1000 bytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MAXSENDBUFFER), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxuploadtarget=<n>", strprintf("Tries to keep outbound traffic under the given target per 24h. Limit does not apply to peers with 'download' permission or blocks created within past week. 0 = no limit (default: %s). Optional suffix units [k|K|m|M|g|G|t|T] (default: M). Lowercase is 1000 base while uppercase is 1024 base", DEFAULT_MAX_UPLOAD_TARGET), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
#ifdef HAVE_SOCKADDR_UN
    argsman.AddArg("-onion=<ip:port|path>", "Use separate SOCKS5 proxy to reach peers via Tor onion services, set -noonion to disable (default: -proxy). May be a local file path prefixed with 'unix:'.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
#else
    argsman.AddArg("-onion=<ip:port>", "Use separate SOCKS5 proxy to reach peers via Tor onion services, set -noonion to disable (default: -proxy)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
#endif
    argsman.AddArg("-i2psam=<ip:port>", "I2P SAM proxy to reach I2P peers and accept I2P connections", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-i2pacceptincoming", strprintf("Whether to accept inbound I2P connections (default: %i). Ignored if -i2psam is not set. Listening for inbound I2P connections is done through the SAM proxy, not by binding to a local address and port.", DEFAULT_I2P_ACCEPT_INCOMING), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-onlynet=<net>", "Make automatic outbound connections only to network <net> (" + Join(GetNetworkNames(), ", ") + "). Inbound and manual connections are not affected by this option. It can be specified multiple times to allow multiple networks.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-v2transport", strprintf("Support v2 transport (default: %u)", DEFAULT_V2_TRANSPORT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-peerbloomfilters", strprintf("Support filtering of blocks and transaction with bloom filters (default: %u)", DEFAULT_PEERBLOOMFILTERS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-peerblockfilters", strprintf("Serve compact block filters to peers per BIP 157 (default: %u)", DEFAULT_PEERBLOCKFILTERS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-txreconciliation", strprintf("Enable transaction reconciliations per BIP 330 (default: %d)", DEFAULT_TXRECONCILIATION_ENABLE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-port=<port>", strprintf("Listen for connections on <port> (default: %u, testnet3: %u, testnet4: %u, signet: %u, regtest: %u). Not relevant for I2P (see doc/i2p.md). If set to a value x, the default onion listening port will be set to x+1.", defaultChainParams->GetDefaultPort(), testnetChainParams->GetDefaultPort(), testnet4ChainParams->GetDefaultPort(), signetChainParams->GetDefaultPort(), regtestChainParams->GetDefaultPort()), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    const std::string proxy_doc_for_value =
#ifdef HAVE_SOCKADDR_UN
        "<ip>[:<port>]|unix:<path>";
#else
        "<ip>[:<port>]";
#endif
    const std::string proxy_doc_for_unix_socket =
#ifdef HAVE_SOCKADDR_UN
        "May be a local file path prefixed with 'unix:' if the proxy supports it. ";
#else
        "";
#endif
    argsman.AddArg("-proxy=" + proxy_doc_for_value + "[=<network>]",
                   "Connect through SOCKS5 proxy, set -noproxy to disable. " +
                   proxy_doc_for_unix_socket +
                   "Could end in =network to set the proxy only for that network. " +
                   "The network can be any of ipv4, ipv6, tor or cjdns. " +
                   "(default: disabled)",
                   ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DISALLOW_ELISION,
                   OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-proxyrandomize", strprintf("Randomize credentials for every proxy connection. This enables Tor stream isolation (default: %u)", DEFAULT_PROXYRANDOMIZE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-seednode=<ip>", "Connect to a node to retrieve peer addresses, and disconnect. This option can be specified multiple times to connect to multiple nodes. During startup, seednodes will be tried before dnsseeds.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-networkactive", "Enable all P2P network activity (default: 1). Can be changed by the setnetworkactive RPC command", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-timeout=<n>", strprintf("Specify socket connection timeout in milliseconds. If an initial attempt to connect is unsuccessful after this amount of time, drop it (minimum: 1, default: %d)", DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-peertimeout=<n>", strprintf("Specify a p2p connection timeout delay in seconds. After connecting to a peer, wait this amount of time before considering disconnection based on inactivity (minimum: 1, default: %d)", DEFAULT_PEER_CONNECT_TIMEOUT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-torcontrol=<ip>:<port>", strprintf("Tor control host and port to use if onion listening enabled (default: %s). If no port is specified, the default port of %i will be used.", DEFAULT_TOR_CONTROL, DEFAULT_TOR_CONTROL_PORT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-torpassword=<pass>", "Tor control port password (default: empty)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::SENSITIVE, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-natpmp", strprintf("Use PCP or NAT-PMP to map the listening port (default: %u)", DEFAULT_NATPMP), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);
    argsman.AddArg("-whitebind=<[permissions@]addr>", "Bind to the given address and add permission flags to the peers connecting to it. "
        "Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. Allowed permissions: " + Join(NET_PERMISSIONS_DOC, ", ") + ". "
        "Specify multiple permissions separated by commas (default: download,noban,mempool,relay). Can be specified multiple times.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);

    argsman.AddArg("-whitelist=<[permissions@]IP address or network>", "Add permission flags to the peers using the given IP address (e.g. 1.2.3.4) or "
        "CIDR-notated network (e.g. 1.2.3.0/24). Uses the same permissions as "
        "-whitebind. "
        "Additional flags \"in\" and \"out\" control whether permissions apply to incoming connections and/or manual (default: incoming only). "
        "Can be specified multiple times.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::CONNECTION);

    g_wallet_init_interface.AddWalletOptions(argsman);

#ifdef ENABLE_ZMQ
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubhashblock=<address>", "Enable publish hash block in <address>", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubhashtx=<address>", "Enable publish hash transaction in <address>", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubrawblock=<address>", "Enable publish raw block in <address>", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubrawtx=<address>", "Enable publish raw transaction in <address>", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubsequence=<address>", "Enable publish hash block and tx sequence in <address>", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubhashblockhwm=<n>", strprintf("Set publish hash block outbound message high water mark (default: %d)", CZMQAbstractNotifier::DEFAULT_ZMQ_SNDHWM), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubhashtxhwm=<n>", strprintf("Set publish hash transaction outbound message high water mark (default: %d)", CZMQAbstractNotifier::DEFAULT_ZMQ_SNDHWM), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubrawblockhwm=<n>", strprintf("Set publish raw block outbound message high water mark (default: %d)", CZMQAbstractNotifier::DEFAULT_ZMQ_SNDHWM), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubrawtxhwm=<n>", strprintf("Set publish raw transaction outbound message high water mark (default: %d)", CZMQAbstractNotifier::DEFAULT_ZMQ_SNDHWM), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
    argsman.AddArg("-zmqpubsequencehwm=<n>", strprintf("Set publish hash sequence message high water mark (default: %d)", CZMQAbstractNotifier::DEFAULT_ZMQ_SNDHWM), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::ZMQ);
#else
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubhashblock=<address>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubhashtx=<address>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubrawblock=<address>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubrawtx=<address>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubsequence=<n>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubhashblockhwm=<n>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubhashtxhwm=<n>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubrawblockhwm=<n>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubrawtxhwm=<n>");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-zmqpubsequencehwm=<n>");
#endif

    argsman.AddArg("-checkblocks=<n>", strprintf("How many blocks to check at startup (default: %u, 0 = all)", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-checklevel=<n>", strprintf("How thorough the block verification of -checkblocks is: %s (0-4, default: %u)", Join(CHECKLEVEL_DOC, ", "), DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-checkblockindex", strprintf("Do a consistency check for the block tree, chainstate, and other validation data structures every <n> operations. Use 0 to disable. (default: %u, regtest: %u)", defaultChainParams->DefaultConsistencyChecks(), regtestChainParams->DefaultConsistencyChecks()), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-checkaddrman=<n>", strprintf("Run addrman consistency checks every <n> operations. Use 0 to disable. (default: %u)", DEFAULT_ADDRMAN_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-checkmempool=<n>", strprintf("Run mempool consistency checks every <n> transactions. Use 0 to disable. (default: %u, regtest: %u)", defaultChainParams->DefaultConsistencyChecks(), regtestChainParams->DefaultConsistencyChecks()), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    // Checkpoints were removed. We keep `-checkpoints` as a hidden arg to display a more user friendly error when set.
    argsman.AddArg("-checkpoints", "", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::HIDDEN);
    argsman.AddArg("-deprecatedrpc=<method>", "Allows deprecated RPC method(s) to be used", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-stopafterblockimport", strprintf("Stop running after importing blocks from disk (default: %u)", DEFAULT_STOPAFTERBLOCKIMPORT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-stopatheight", strprintf("Stop running after reaching the given height in the main chain (default: %u). Blocks after target height may be processed during shutdown.", DEFAULT_STOPATHEIGHT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-limitancestorcount=<n>", strprintf("Deprecated setting to not accept transactions if number of in-mempool ancestors is <n> or more (default: %u); replaced by cluster limits (see -limitclustercount) and only used by wallet for coin selection", DEFAULT_ANCESTOR_LIMIT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    // Ancestor and descendant size limits were removed. We keep
    // -limitancestorsize/-limitdescendantsize as hidden args to display a more
    // user friendly error when set.
    argsman.AddArg("-limitancestorsize", "", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::HIDDEN);
    argsman.AddArg("-limitdescendantsize", "", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::HIDDEN);
    argsman.AddArg("-limitdescendantcount=<n>", strprintf("Deprecated setting to not accept transactions if any ancestor would have <n> or more in-mempool descendants (default: %u); replaced by cluster limits (see -limitclustercount) and only used by wallet for coin selection", DEFAULT_DESCENDANT_LIMIT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-test=<option>", "Pass a test-only option. Options include : " + Join(TEST_OPTIONS_DOC, ", ") + ".", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-limitclustercount=<n>", strprintf("Do not accept transactions into mempool which are directly or indirectly connected to <n> or more other unconfirmed transactions (default: %u, maximum: %u)", DEFAULT_CLUSTER_LIMIT, MAX_CLUSTER_COUNT_LIMIT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-limitclustersize=<n>", strprintf("Do not accept transactions whose virtual size with all in-mempool connected transactions exceeds <n> kilobytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE_LIMIT_KVB), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-capturemessages", "Capture all P2P messages to disk", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-mocktime=<n>", "Replace actual time with " + UNIX_EPOCH_TIME + " (default: 0)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxsigcachesize=<n>", strprintf("Limit sum of signature cache and script execution cache sizes to <n> MiB (default: %u)", DEFAULT_VALIDATION_CACHE_BYTES >> 20), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxtipage=<n>",
                   strprintf("Maximum tip age in seconds to consider node in initial block download (default: %u)",
                             Ticks<std::chrono::seconds>(DEFAULT_MAX_TIP_AGE)),
                   ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-printpriority", strprintf("Log transaction fee rate in %s/kvB when mining blocks (default: %u)", CURRENCY_UNIT, DEFAULT_PRINT_MODIFIED_FEE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-uacomment=<cmt>", "Append comment to the user agent string", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);

    SetupChainParamsBaseOptions(argsman);

    argsman.AddArg("-acceptnonstdtxn", strprintf("Relay and mine \"non-standard\" transactions (test networks only; default: %u)", DEFAULT_ACCEPT_NON_STD_TXN), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-incrementalrelayfee=<amt>", strprintf("Fee rate (in %s/kvB) used to define cost of relay, used for mempool limiting and replacement policy. (default: %s)", CURRENCY_UNIT, FormatMoney(DEFAULT_INCREMENTAL_RELAY_FEE)), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-dustrelayfee=<amt>", strprintf("Fee rate (in %s/kvB) used to define dust, the value of an output such that it will cost more than its value in fees at this fee rate to spend it. (default: %s)", CURRENCY_UNIT, FormatMoney(DUST_RELAY_TX_FEE)), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-acceptstalefeeestimates", strprintf("Read fee estimates even if they are stale (%sdefault: %u) fee estimates are considered stale if they are %s hours old", "regtest only; ", DEFAULT_ACCEPT_STALE_FEE_ESTIMATES, Ticks<std::chrono::hours>(MAX_FILE_AGE)), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-bytespersigop", strprintf("Equivalent bytes per sigop in transactions for relay and mining (default: %u)", DEFAULT_BYTES_PER_SIGOP), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-datacarrier", strprintf("Relay and mine data carrier transactions (default: %u)", DEFAULT_ACCEPT_DATACARRIER), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-datacarriersize",
                   strprintf("Relay and mine transactions whose data-carrying raw scriptPubKeys in aggregate "
                             "are of this size or less, allowing multiple outputs (default: %u)",
                             MAX_OP_RETURN_RELAY),
                   ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-permitbaremultisig", strprintf("Relay transactions creating non-P2SH multisig outputs (default: %u)", DEFAULT_PERMIT_BAREMULTISIG), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY,
                   OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-minrelaytxfee=<amt>", strprintf("Fees (in %s/kvB) smaller than this are considered zero fee for relaying, mining and transaction creation (default: %s)",
        CURRENCY_UNIT, FormatMoney(DEFAULT_MIN_RELAY_TX_FEE)), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-privatebroadcast",
                   strprintf(
                       "Broadcast transactions submitted via sendrawtransaction RPC using short-lived "
                       "connections through the Tor or I2P networks, without putting them in the mempool first. "
                       "Transactions submitted through the wallet are not affected by this option "
                       "(default: %u)",
                   DEFAULT_PRIVATE_BROADCAST),
                   ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY,
                   OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-whitelistforcerelay", strprintf("Add 'forcerelay' permission to whitelisted peers with default permissions. This will relay transactions even if the transactions were already in the mempool. (default: %d)", DEFAULT_WHITELISTFORCERELAY), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
    argsman.AddArg("-whitelistrelay", strprintf("Add 'relay' permission to whitelisted peers with default permissions. This will accept relayed transactions even when not relaying transactions (default: %d)", DEFAULT_WHITELISTRELAY), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);


    argsman.AddArg("-blockmaxweight=<n>", strprintf("Set maximum BIP141 block weight (default: %d)", DEFAULT_BLOCK_MAX_WEIGHT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::BLOCK_CREATION);
    argsman.AddArg("-blockreservedweight=<n>", strprintf("Reserve space for the fixed-size block header plus the largest coinbase transaction the mining software may add to the block. Only affects mining RPC clients, not IPC clients. (default: %d).", DEFAULT_BLOCK_RESERVED_WEIGHT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::BLOCK_CREATION);
    argsman.AddArg("-blockmintxfee=<amt>", strprintf("Set lowest fee rate (in %s/kvB) for transactions to be included in block creation. (default: %s)", CURRENCY_UNIT, FormatMoney(DEFAULT_BLOCK_MIN_TX_FEE)), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::BLOCK_CREATION);
    argsman.AddArg("-blockversion=<n>", "Override block version to test forking scenarios", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::BLOCK_CREATION);

    argsman.AddArg("-rest", strprintf("Accept public REST requests (default: %u)", DEFAULT_REST_ENABLE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcallowip=<ip>", "Allow JSON-RPC connections from specified source. Valid values for <ip> are a single IP (e.g. 1.2.3.4), a network/netmask (e.g. 1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0), a network/CIDR (e.g. 1.2.3.4/24), all ipv4 (0.0.0.0/0), or all ipv6 (::/0). RFC4193 is allowed only if -cjdnsreachable=0. This option can be specified multiple times", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcauth=<userpw>", "Username and HMAC-SHA-256 hashed password for JSON-RPC connections. The field <userpw> comes in the format: <USERNAME>:<SALT>$<HASH>. A canonical python script is included in share/rpcauth. The client then connects normally using the rpcuser=<USERNAME>/rpcpassword=<PASSWORD> pair of arguments. This option can be specified multiple times", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::SENSITIVE, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcbind=<addr>[:port]", "Bind to given address to listen for JSON-RPC connections. Do not expose the RPC server to untrusted networks such as the public internet! This option is ignored unless -rpcallowip is also passed. Port is optional and overrides -rpcport. Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. This option can be specified multiple times (default: 127.0.0.1 and ::1 i.e., localhost)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcdoccheck", strprintf("Throw a non-fatal error at runtime if the documentation for an RPC is incorrect (default: %u)", DEFAULT_RPC_DOC_CHECK), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpccookiefile=<loc>", "Location of the auth cookie. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (default: data dir)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpccookieperms=<readable-by>", strprintf("Set permissions on the RPC auth cookie file so that it is readable by [owner|group|all] (default: owner [via umask 0077])"), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcpassword=<pw>", "Password for JSON-RPC connections", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::SENSITIVE, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcport=<port>", strprintf("Listen for JSON-RPC connections on <port> (default: %u, testnet3: %u, testnet4: %u, signet: %u, regtest: %u)", defaultBaseParams->RPCPort(), testnetBaseParams->RPCPort(), testnet4BaseParams->RPCPort(), signetBaseParams->RPCPort(), regtestBaseParams->RPCPort()), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcservertimeout=<n>", strprintf("Timeout during HTTP requests (default: %d)", DEFAULT_HTTP_SERVER_TIMEOUT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcthreads=<n>", strprintf("Set the number of threads to service RPC calls (default: %d)", DEFAULT_HTTP_THREADS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcuser=<user>", "Username for JSON-RPC connections", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::SENSITIVE, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcwhitelist=<whitelist>", "Set a whitelist to filter incoming RPC calls for a specific user. The field <whitelist> comes in the format: <USERNAME>:<rpc 1>,<rpc 2>,...,<rpc n>. If multiple whitelists are set for a given user, they are set-intersected. See -rpcwhitelistdefault documentation for information on default whitelist behavior.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcwhitelistdefault", "Sets default behavior for rpc whitelisting. Unless rpcwhitelistdefault is set to 0, if any -rpcwhitelist is set, the rpc server acts as if all rpc users are subject to empty-unless-otherwise-specified whitelists. If rpcwhitelistdefault is set to 1 and no -rpcwhitelist is set, rpc server acts as if all rpc users are subject to empty whitelists.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-rpcworkqueue=<n>", strprintf("Set the maximum depth of the work queue to service RPC calls (default: %d)", DEFAULT_HTTP_WORKQUEUE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    argsman.AddArg("-server", "Accept command line and JSON-RPC commands", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::RPC);
    if (can_listen_ipc) {
        argsman.AddArg("-ipcbind=<address>", "Bind to Unix socket address and listen for incoming connections. Valid address values are \"unix\" to listen on the default path, <datadir>/node.sock, or \"unix:/custom/path\" to specify a custom path. Can be specified multiple times to listen on multiple paths. Default behavior is not to listen on any path. If relative paths are specified, they are interpreted relative to the network data directory. If paths include any parent directory components and the parent directories do not exist, they will be created.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::IPC);
    }

#if HAVE_DECL_FORK
    argsman.AddArg("-daemon", strprintf("Run in the background as a daemon and accept commands (default: %d)", DEFAULT_DAEMON), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-daemonwait", strprintf("Wait for initialization to be finished before exiting. This implies -daemon (default: %d)", DEFAULT_DAEMONWAIT), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
#else
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-daemon");
    hidden_args.emplace_back("-daemonwait");
#endif

    // Add the hidden options
    argsman.AddHiddenArgs(hidden_args);
}

#if HAVE_SYSTEM
static void StartupNotify(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    std::string cmd = args.GetArg("-startupnotify", "");
    if (!cmd.empty()) {
        std::thread t(runCommand, cmd);
        t.detach(); // thread runs free
    }
}
#endif

static bool AppInitServers(NodeContext& node)
{
    const ArgsManager& args = *Assert(node.args);
    if (!InitHTTPServer(*Assert(node.shutdown_signal))) {
        return false;
    }
    StartRPC();
    node.rpc_interruption_point = RpcInterruptionPoint;
    if (!StartHTTPRPC(&node))
        return false;
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-rest", DEFAULT_REST_ENABLE)) StartREST(&node);
    StartHTTPServer();
    return true;
}

// Parameter interaction based on rules
void InitParameterInteraction(ArgsManager& args)
{
    // when specifying an explicit binding address, you want to listen on it
    // even when -connect or -proxy is specified
    if (!args.GetArgs("-bind").empty()) {
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-listen", true))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -bind set -> setting -listen=1\n");
    }
    if (!args.GetArgs("-whitebind").empty()) {
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-listen", true))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -whitebind set -> setting -listen=1\n");
    }

    if (!args.GetArgs("-connect").empty() || args.IsArgNegated("-connect") || args.GetIntArg("-maxconnections", DEFAULT_MAX_PEER_CONNECTIONS) <= 0) {
        // when only connecting to trusted nodes, do not seed via DNS, or listen by default
        // do the same when connections are disabled
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-dnsseed", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -connect or -maxconnections=0 set -> setting -dnsseed=0\n");
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-listen", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -connect or -maxconnections=0 set -> setting -listen=0\n");
    }

    std::string proxy_arg = args.GetArg("-proxy", "");
    if (proxy_arg != "" && proxy_arg != "0") {
        // to protect privacy, do not listen by default if a default proxy server is specified
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-listen", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -proxy set -> setting -listen=0\n");
        // to protect privacy, do not map ports when a proxy is set. The user may still specify -listen=1
        // to listen locally, so don't rely on this happening through -listen below.
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-natpmp", false)) {
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -proxy set -> setting -natpmp=0\n");
        }
        // to protect privacy, do not discover addresses by default
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-discover", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -proxy set -> setting -discover=0\n");
    }

    if (!args.GetBoolArg("-listen", DEFAULT_LISTEN)) {
        // do not map ports or try to retrieve public IP when not listening (pointless)
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-natpmp", false)) {
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -listen=0 -> setting -natpmp=0\n");
        }
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-discover", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -listen=0 -> setting -discover=0\n");
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-listenonion", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -listen=0 -> setting -listenonion=0\n");
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-i2pacceptincoming", false)) {
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -listen=0 -> setting -i2pacceptincoming=0\n");
        }
    }

    if (!args.GetArgs("-externalip").empty()) {
        // if an explicit public IP is specified, do not try to find others
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-discover", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -externalip set -> setting -discover=0\n");
    }

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-blocksonly", DEFAULT_BLOCKSONLY)) {
        // disable whitelistrelay in blocksonly mode
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-whitelistrelay", false))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -blocksonly=1 -> setting -whitelistrelay=0\n");
        // Reduce default mempool size in blocksonly mode to avoid unexpected resource usage
        if (args.SoftSetArg("-maxmempool", ToString(DEFAULT_BLOCKSONLY_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE_MB)))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -blocksonly=1 -> setting -maxmempool=%d\n", DEFAULT_BLOCKSONLY_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE_MB);
    }

    // Forcing relay from whitelisted hosts implies we will accept relays from them in the first place.
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-whitelistforcerelay", DEFAULT_WHITELISTFORCERELAY)) {
        if (args.SoftSetBoolArg("-whitelistrelay", true))
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -whitelistforcerelay=1 -> setting -whitelistrelay=1\n");
    }
    const auto onlynets = args.GetArgs("-onlynet");
    if (!onlynets.empty()) {
        bool clearnet_reachable = std::any_of(onlynets.begin(), onlynets.end(), [](const auto& net) {
            const auto n = ParseNetwork(net);
            return n == NET_IPV4 || n == NET_IPV6;
        });
        if (!clearnet_reachable && args.SoftSetBoolArg("-dnsseed", false)) {
            LogInfo("parameter interaction: -onlynet excludes IPv4 and IPv6 -> setting -dnsseed=0\n");
        }
    }
}

void InitLogging(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    init::SetLoggingOptions(args);
    init::LogPackageVersion();
}

namespace { // Variables internal to initialization process only

int nMaxConnections;
int available_fds;
ServiceFlags g_local_services = ServiceFlags(NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED | NODE_WITNESS);
int64_t peer_connect_timeout;
std::set<BlockFilterType> g_enabled_filter_types;

} // namespace

[[noreturn]] static void new_handler_terminate()
{
    // Rather than throwing std::bad-alloc if allocation fails, terminate
    // immediately to (try to) avoid chain corruption.
    // Since logging may itself allocate memory, set the handler directly
    // to terminate first.
    std::set_new_handler(std::terminate);
    LogError("Out of memory. Terminating.\n");

    // The log was successful, terminate now.
    std::terminate();
};

bool AppInitBasicSetup(const ArgsManager& args, std::atomic<int>& exit_status)
{
    // ********************************************************* Step 1: setup
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    // Turn off Microsoft heap dump noise
    _CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE);
    _CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_WARN, CreateFileA("NUL", GENERIC_WRITE, 0, nullptr, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, 0));
    // Disable confusing "helpful" text message on abort, Ctrl-C
    _set_abort_behavior(0, _WRITE_ABORT_MSG | _CALL_REPORTFAULT);
#endif
#ifdef WIN32
    // Enable heap terminate-on-corruption
    HeapSetInformation(nullptr, HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption, nullptr, 0);
#endif
    if (!SetupNetworking()) {
        return InitError(Untranslated("Initializing networking failed."));
    }

#ifndef WIN32
    // Clean shutdown on SIGTERM
    registerSignalHandler(SIGTERM, HandleSIGTERM);
    registerSignalHandler(SIGINT, HandleSIGTERM);

    // Reopen debug.log on SIGHUP
    registerSignalHandler(SIGHUP, HandleSIGHUP);

    // Ignore SIGPIPE, otherwise it will bring the daemon down if the client closes unexpectedly
    signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#else
    SetConsoleCtrlHandler(consoleCtrlHandler, true);
#endif

    std::set_new_handler(new_handler_terminate);

    return true;
}

bool AppInitParameterInteraction(const ArgsManager& args)
{
    const CChainParams& chainparams = Params();
    // ********************************************************* Step 2: parameter interactions

    // also see: InitParameterInteraction()

    // We removed checkpoints but keep the option to warn users who still have it in their config.
    if (args.IsArgSet("-checkpoints")) {
        InitWarning(_("Option '-checkpoints' is set but checkpoints were removed. This option has no effect."));
    }
    if (args.IsArgSet("-limitancestorsize")) {
        InitWarning(_("Option '-limitancestorsize' is given but ancestor size limits have been replaced with cluster size limits (see -limitclustersize). This option has no effect."));
    }
    if (args.IsArgSet("-limitdescendantsize")) {
        InitWarning(_("Option '-limitdescendantsize' is given but descendant size limits have been replaced with cluster size limits (see -limitclustersize). This option has no effect."));
    }

    // Error if network-specific options (-addnode, -connect, etc) are
    // specified in default section of config file, but not overridden
    // on the command line or in this chain's section of the config file.
    ChainType chain = args.GetChainType();
    if (chain == ChainType::SIGNET) {
        LogInfo("Signet derived magic (message start): %s", HexStr(chainparams.MessageStart()));
    }
    bilingual_str errors;
    for (const auto& arg : args.GetUnsuitableSectionOnlyArgs()) {
        errors += strprintf(_("Config setting for %s only applied on %s network when in [%s] section."), arg, ChainTypeToString(chain), ChainTypeToString(chain)) + Untranslated("\n");
    }

    if (!errors.empty()) {
        return InitError(errors);
    }

    // Testnet3 deprecation warning
    if (chain == ChainType::TESTNET) {
        LogInfo("Warning: Support for testnet3 is deprecated and will be removed in an upcoming release. Consider switching to testnet4.\n");
    }

    // Warn if unrecognized section name are present in the config file.
    bilingual_str warnings;
    for (const auto& section : args.GetUnrecognizedSections()) {
        warnings += Untranslated(strprintf("%s:%i ", section.m_file, section.m_line)) + strprintf(_("Section [%s] is not recognized."), section.m_name) + Untranslated("\n");
    }

    if (!warnings.empty()) {
        InitWarning(warnings);
    }

    if (!fs::is_directory(args.GetBlocksDirPath())) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Specified blocks directory \"%s\" does not exist."), args.GetArg("-blocksdir", "")));
    }

    // parse and validate enabled filter types
    std::string blockfilterindex_value = args.GetArg("-blockfilterindex", DEFAULT_BLOCKFILTERINDEX);
    if (blockfilterindex_value == "" || blockfilterindex_value == "1") {
        g_enabled_filter_types = AllBlockFilterTypes();
    } else if (blockfilterindex_value != "0") {
        const std::vector<std::string> names = args.GetArgs("-blockfilterindex");
        for (const auto& name : names) {
            BlockFilterType filter_type;
            if (!BlockFilterTypeByName(name, filter_type)) {
                return InitError(strprintf(_("Unknown -blockfilterindex value %s."), name));
            }
            g_enabled_filter_types.insert(filter_type);
        }
    }

    // Signal NODE_P2P_V2 if BIP324 v2 transport is enabled.
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-v2transport", DEFAULT_V2_TRANSPORT)) {
        g_local_services = ServiceFlags(g_local_services | NODE_P2P_V2);
    }

    // Signal NODE_COMPACT_FILTERS if peerblockfilters and basic filters index are both enabled.
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-peerblockfilters", DEFAULT_PEERBLOCKFILTERS)) {
        if (!g_enabled_filter_types.contains(BlockFilterType::BASIC)) {
            return InitError(_("Cannot set -peerblockfilters without -blockfilterindex."));
        }

        g_local_services = ServiceFlags(g_local_services | NODE_COMPACT_FILTERS);
    }

    if (args.GetIntArg("-prune", 0)) {
        if (args.GetBoolArg("-txindex", DEFAULT_TXINDEX))
            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -txindex."));
        if (args.GetBoolArg("-txospenderindex", DEFAULT_TXOSPENDERINDEX))
            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -txospenderindex."));
        if (args.GetBoolArg("-reindex-chainstate", false)) {
            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -reindex-chainstate. Use full -reindex instead."));
        }
    }

    // If -forcednsseed is set to true, ensure -dnsseed has not been set to false
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-forcednsseed", DEFAULT_FORCEDNSSEED) && !args.GetBoolArg("-dnsseed", DEFAULT_DNSSEED)){
        return InitError(_("Cannot set -forcednsseed to true when setting -dnsseed to false."));
    }

    // -bind and -whitebind can't be set when not listening
    size_t nUserBind = args.GetArgs("-bind").size() + args.GetArgs("-whitebind").size();
    if (nUserBind != 0 && !args.GetBoolArg("-listen", DEFAULT_LISTEN)) {
        return InitError(Untranslated("Cannot set -bind or -whitebind together with -listen=0"));
    }

    // if listen=0, then disallow listenonion=1
    if (!args.GetBoolArg("-listen", DEFAULT_LISTEN) && args.GetBoolArg("-listenonion", DEFAULT_LISTEN_ONION)) {
        return InitError(Untranslated("Cannot set -listen=0 together with -listenonion=1"));
    }

    // Make sure enough file descriptors are available. We need to reserve enough FDs to account for the bare minimum,
    // plus all manual connections and all bound interfaces. Any remainder will be available for connection sockets

    // Number of bound interfaces (we have at least one)
    int nBind = std::max(nUserBind, size_t(1));
    // Maximum number of connections with other nodes, this accounts for all types of outbounds and inbounds except for manual
    int user_max_connection = args.GetIntArg("-maxconnections", DEFAULT_MAX_PEER_CONNECTIONS);
    if (user_max_connection < 0) {
        return InitError(Untranslated("-maxconnections must be greater or equal than zero"));
    }
    const size_t max_private{args.GetBoolArg("-privatebroadcast", DEFAULT_PRIVATE_BROADCAST)
                             ? MAX_PRIVATE_BROADCAST_CONNECTIONS
                             : 0};
    // Reserve enough FDs to account for the bare minimum, plus any manual connections, plus the bound interfaces
    int min_required_fds = MIN_CORE_FDS + MAX_ADDNODE_CONNECTIONS + nBind;

    // Try raising the FD limit to what we need (available_fds may be smaller than the requested amount if this fails)
    available_fds = RaiseFileDescriptorLimit(user_max_connection + max_private + min_required_fds);
    // If we are using select instead of poll, our actual limit may be even smaller
#ifndef USE_POLL
    available_fds = std::min(FD_SETSIZE, available_fds);
#endif
    if (available_fds < min_required_fds)
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Not enough file descriptors available. %d available, %d required."), available_fds, min_required_fds));

    // Trim requested connection counts, to fit into system limitations
    nMaxConnections = std::min(available_fds - min_required_fds, user_max_connection);

    if (nMaxConnections < user_max_connection)
        InitWarning(strprintf(_("Reducing -maxconnections from %d to %d, because of system limitations."), user_max_connection, nMaxConnections));

    // ********************************************************* Step 3: parameter-to-internal-flags
    if (auto result{init::SetLoggingCategories(args)}; !result) return InitError(util::ErrorString(result));
    if (auto result{init::SetLoggingLevel(args)}; !result) return InitError(util::ErrorString(result));

    nConnectTimeout = args.GetIntArg("-timeout", DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT);
    if (nConnectTimeout <= 0) {
        nConnectTimeout = DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT;
    }

    peer_connect_timeout = args.GetIntArg("-peertimeout", DEFAULT_PEER_CONNECT_TIMEOUT);
    if (peer_connect_timeout <= 0) {
        return InitError(Untranslated("peertimeout must be a positive integer."));
    }

    if (const auto arg{args.GetArg("-blockmintxfee")}) {
        if (!ParseMoney(*arg)) {
            return InitError(AmountErrMsg("blockmintxfee", *arg));
        }
    }

    {
        const auto max_block_weight = args.GetIntArg("-blockmaxweight", DEFAULT_BLOCK_MAX_WEIGHT);
        if (max_block_weight > MAX_BLOCK_WEIGHT) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Specified -blockmaxweight (%d) exceeds consensus maximum block weight (%d)"), max_block_weight, MAX_BLOCK_WEIGHT));
        }
    }

    {
        const auto block_reserved_weight = args.GetIntArg("-blockreservedweight", DEFAULT_BLOCK_RESERVED_WEIGHT);
        if (block_reserved_weight > MAX_BLOCK_WEIGHT) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Specified -blockreservedweight (%d) exceeds consensus maximum block weight (%d)"), block_reserved_weight, MAX_BLOCK_WEIGHT));
        }
        if (block_reserved_weight < MINIMUM_BLOCK_RESERVED_WEIGHT) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Specified -blockreservedweight (%d) is lower than minimum safety value of (%d)"), block_reserved_weight, MINIMUM_BLOCK_RESERVED_WEIGHT));
        }
    }

    nBytesPerSigOp = args.GetIntArg("-bytespersigop", nBytesPerSigOp);

    if (!g_wallet_init_interface.ParameterInteraction()) return false;

    // Option to startup with mocktime set (used for regression testing):
    if (const auto mocktime{args.GetIntArg("-mocktime")}) {
        SetMockTime(std::chrono::seconds{*mocktime});
    }

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-peerbloomfilters", DEFAULT_PEERBLOOMFILTERS))
        g_local_services = ServiceFlags(g_local_services | NODE_BLOOM);

    const std::vector<std::string> test_options = args.GetArgs("-test");
    if (!test_options.empty()) {
        if (chainparams.GetChainType() != ChainType::REGTEST) {
            return InitError(Untranslated("-test=<option> can only be used with regtest"));
        }
        for (const std::string& option : test_options) {
            auto it = std::find_if(TEST_OPTIONS_DOC.begin(), TEST_OPTIONS_DOC.end(), [&option](const std::string& doc_option) {
                size_t pos = doc_option.find(" (");
                return (pos != std::string::npos) && (doc_option.substr(0, pos) == option);
            });
            if (it == TEST_OPTIONS_DOC.end()) {
                InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unrecognised option \"%s\" provided in -test=<option>."), option));
            }
        }
    }

    // Also report errors from parsing before daemonization
    {
        kernel::Notifications notifications{};
        ChainstateManager::Options chainman_opts_dummy{
            .chainparams = chainparams,
            .datadir = args.GetDataDirNet(),
            .notifications = notifications,
        };
        auto chainman_result{ApplyArgsManOptions(args, chainman_opts_dummy)};
        if (!chainman_result) {
            return InitError(util::ErrorString(chainman_result));
        }
        BlockManager::Options blockman_opts_dummy{
            .chainparams = chainman_opts_dummy.chainparams,
            .blocks_dir = args.GetBlocksDirPath(),
            .notifications = chainman_opts_dummy.notifications,
            .block_tree_db_params = DBParams{
                .path = args.GetDataDirNet() / "blocks" / "index",
                .cache_bytes = 0,
            },
        };
        auto blockman_result{ApplyArgsManOptions(args, blockman_opts_dummy)};
        if (!blockman_result) {
            return InitError(util::ErrorString(blockman_result));
        }
        CTxMemPool::Options mempool_opts{};
        auto mempool_result{ApplyArgsManOptions(args, chainparams, mempool_opts)};
        if (!mempool_result) {
            return InitError(util::ErrorString(mempool_result));
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static bool LockDirectory(const fs::path& dir, bool probeOnly)
{
    // Make sure only a single process is using the directory.
    switch (util::LockDirectory(dir, ".lock", probeOnly)) {
    case util::LockResult::ErrorWrite:
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot write to directory '%s'; check permissions."), fs::PathToString(dir)));
    case util::LockResult::ErrorLock:
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot obtain a lock on directory %s. %s is probably already running."), fs::PathToString(dir), CLIENT_NAME));
    case util::LockResult::Success: return true;
    } // no default case, so the compiler can warn about missing cases
    assert(false);
}
static bool LockDirectories(bool probeOnly)
{
    return LockDirectory(gArgs.GetDataDirNet(), probeOnly) && \
           LockDirectory(gArgs.GetBlocksDirPath(), probeOnly);
}

bool AppInitSanityChecks(const kernel::Context& kernel)
{
    // ********************************************************* Step 4: sanity checks
    auto result{kernel::SanityChecks(kernel)};
    if (!result) {
        InitError(util::ErrorString(result));
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Initialization sanity check failed. %s is shutting down."), CLIENT_NAME));
    }

    if (!ECC_InitSanityCheck()) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Elliptic curve cryptography sanity check failure. %s is shutting down."), CLIENT_NAME));
    }

    // Probe the directory locks to give an early error message, if possible
    // We cannot hold the directory locks here, as the forking for daemon() hasn't yet happened,
    // and a fork will cause weird behavior to them.
    return LockDirectories(true);
}

bool AppInitLockDirectories()
{
    // After daemonization get the directory locks again and hold on to them until exit
    // This creates a slight window for a race condition to happen, however this condition is harmless: it
    // will at most make us exit without printing a message to console.
    if (!LockDirectories(false)) {
        // Detailed error printed inside LockDirectory
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

bool AppInitInterfaces(NodeContext& node)
{
    node.chain = interfaces::MakeChain(node);
    // Specify wait_loaded=false so internal mining interface can be initialized
    // on early startup and does not need to be tied to chainstate loading.
    node.mining = interfaces::MakeMining(node, /*wait_loaded=*/false);
    return true;
}

bool CheckHostPortOptions(const ArgsManager& args) {
    for (const std::string port_option : {
        "-port",
        "-rpcport",
    }) {
        if (const auto port{args.GetArg(port_option)}) {
            const auto n{ToIntegral<uint16_t>(*port)};
            if (!n || *n == 0) {
                return InitError(InvalidPortErrMsg(port_option, *port));
            }
        }
    }

    for ([[maybe_unused]] const auto& [param_name, unix, suffix_allowed] : std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, bool, bool>>{
        // arg name          UNIX socket support  =suffix allowed
        {"-i2psam",          false,               false},
        {"-onion",           true,                false},
        {"-proxy",           true,                true},
        {"-bind",            false,               true},
        {"-rpcbind",         false,               false},
        {"-torcontrol",      false,               false},
        {"-whitebind",       false,               false},
        {"-zmqpubhashblock", true,                false},
        {"-zmqpubhashtx",    true,                false},
        {"-zmqpubrawblock",  true,                false},
        {"-zmqpubrawtx",     true,                false},
        {"-zmqpubsequence",  true,                false},
    }) {
        for (const std::string& param_value : args.GetArgs(param_name)) {
            const std::string param_value_hostport{
                suffix_allowed ? param_value.substr(0, param_value.rfind('=')) : param_value};
            std::string host_out;
            uint16_t port_out{0};
            if (!SplitHostPort(param_value_hostport, port_out, host_out)) {
#ifdef HAVE_SOCKADDR_UN
                // Allow unix domain sockets for some options e.g. unix:/some/file/path
                if (!unix || !param_value.starts_with(ADDR_PREFIX_UNIX)) {
                    return InitError(InvalidPortErrMsg(param_name, param_value));
                }
#else
                return InitError(InvalidPortErrMsg(param_name, param_value));
#endif
            }
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static std::optional<CService> CheckBindingConflicts(const CConnman::Options& conn_options)
{
    std::set<CService> seen;

    // Check all whitelisted bindings
    for (const auto& wb : conn_options.vWhiteBinds) {
        if (!seen.insert(wb.m_service).second) {
            return wb.m_service;
        }
    }

    // Check regular bindings
    for (const auto& bind : conn_options.vBinds) {
        if (!seen.insert(bind).second) {
            return bind;
        }
    }

    // Check onion bindings
    for (const auto& onion_bind : conn_options.onion_binds) {
        if (!seen.insert(onion_bind).second) {
            return onion_bind;
        }
    }

    return std::nullopt;
}

// A GUI user may opt to retry once with do_reindex set if there is a failure during chainstate initialization.
// The function therefore has to support re-entry.
static ChainstateLoadResult InitAndLoadChainstate(
    NodeContext& node,
    bool do_reindex,
    const bool do_reindex_chainstate,
    const kernel::CacheSizes& cache_sizes,
    const ArgsManager& args)
{
    // This function may be called twice, so any dirty state must be reset.
    node.notifications->setChainstateLoaded(false); // Drop state, such as a cached tip block
    node.mempool.reset();
    node.chainman.reset(); // Drop state, such as an initialized m_block_tree_db

    const CChainParams& chainparams = Params();

    CTxMemPool::Options mempool_opts{
        .check_ratio = chainparams.DefaultConsistencyChecks() ? 1 : 0,
        .signals = node.validation_signals.get(),
    };
    Assert(ApplyArgsManOptions(args, chainparams, mempool_opts)); // no error can happen, already checked in AppInitParameterInteraction
    bilingual_str mempool_error;
    Assert(!node.mempool); // Was reset above
    node.mempool = std::make_unique<CTxMemPool>(mempool_opts, mempool_error);
    if (!mempool_error.empty()) {
        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE_FATAL, mempool_error};
    }
    LogInfo("* Using %.1f MiB for in-memory UTXO set (plus up to %.1f MiB of unused mempool space)",
            cache_sizes.coins * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024),
            mempool_opts.max_size_bytes * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024));
    ChainstateManager::Options chainman_opts{
        .chainparams = chainparams,
        .datadir = args.GetDataDirNet(),
        .notifications = *node.notifications,
        .signals = node.validation_signals.get(),
    };
    Assert(ApplyArgsManOptions(args, chainman_opts)); // no error can happen, already checked in AppInitParameterInteraction

    BlockManager::Options blockman_opts{
        .chainparams = chainman_opts.chainparams,
        .blocks_dir = args.GetBlocksDirPath(),
        .notifications = chainman_opts.notifications,
        .block_tree_db_params = DBParams{
            .path = args.GetDataDirNet() / "blocks" / "index",
            .cache_bytes = cache_sizes.block_tree_db,
            .wipe_data = do_reindex,
        },
    };
    Assert(ApplyArgsManOptions(args, blockman_opts)); // no error can happen, already checked in AppInitParameterInteraction

    // Creating the chainstate manager internally creates a BlockManager, opens
    // the blocks tree db, and wipes existing block files in case of a reindex.
    // The coinsdb is opened at a later point on LoadChainstate.
    Assert(!node.chainman); // Was reset above
    try {
        node.chainman = std::make_unique<ChainstateManager>(*Assert(node.shutdown_signal), chainman_opts, blockman_opts);
    } catch (dbwrapper_error& e) {
        LogError("%s", e.what());
        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error opening block database")};
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE_FATAL, Untranslated(strprintf("Failed to initialize ChainstateManager: %s", e.what()))};
    }
    ChainstateManager& chainman = *node.chainman;
    if (chainman.m_interrupt) return {ChainstateLoadStatus::INTERRUPTED, {}};

    // This is defined and set here instead of inline in validation.h to avoid a hard
    // dependency between validation and index/base, since the latter is not in
    // libbitcoinkernel.
    chainman.snapshot_download_completed = [&node]() {
        if (!node.chainman->m_blockman.IsPruneMode()) {
            LogInfo("[snapshot] re-enabling NODE_NETWORK services");
            node.connman->AddLocalServices(NODE_NETWORK);
        }
        LogInfo("[snapshot] restarting indexes");
        // Drain the validation interface queue to ensure that the old indexes
        // don't have any pending work.
        Assert(node.validation_signals)->SyncWithValidationInterfaceQueue();
        for (auto* index : node.indexes) {
            index->Interrupt();
            index->Stop();
            if (!(index->Init() && index->StartBackgroundSync())) {
                LogWarning("[snapshot] Failed to restart index %s on snapshot chain", index->GetName());
            }
        }
    };
    node::ChainstateLoadOptions options;
    options.mempool = Assert(node.mempool.get());
    options.wipe_chainstate_db = do_reindex || do_reindex_chainstate;
    options.prune = chainman.m_blockman.IsPruneMode();
    options.check_blocks = args.GetIntArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS);
    options.check_level = args.GetIntArg("-checklevel", DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL);
    options.require_full_verification = args.IsArgSet("-checkblocks") || args.IsArgSet("-checklevel");
    options.coins_error_cb = [] {
        uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(
            _("Error reading from database, shutting down."),
            CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
    };
    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Loading block index…"));
    auto catch_exceptions = [](auto&& f) -> ChainstateLoadResult {
        try {
            return f();
        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
            LogError("%s\n", e.what());
            return std::make_tuple(node::ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error loading databases"));
        }
    };
    auto [status, error] = catch_exceptions([&] { return LoadChainstate(chainman, cache_sizes, options); });
    if (status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS) {
        uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Verifying blocks…"));
        if (chainman.m_blockman.m_have_pruned && options.check_blocks > MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP) {
            LogWarning("pruned datadir may not have more than %d blocks; only checking available blocks\n",
                       MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP);
        }
        std::tie(status, error) = catch_exceptions([&] { return VerifyLoadedChainstate(chainman, options); });
        if (status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS) {
            LogInfo("Block index and chainstate loaded");
            node.notifications->setChainstateLoaded(true);
        }
    }
    return {status, error};
};

bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
{
    const ArgsManager& args = *Assert(node.args);
    const CChainParams& chainparams = Params();

    auto opt_max_upload = ParseByteUnits(args.GetArg("-maxuploadtarget", DEFAULT_MAX_UPLOAD_TARGET), ByteUnit::M);
    if (!opt_max_upload) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Unable to parse -maxuploadtarget: '%s'"), args.GetArg("-maxuploadtarget", "")));
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 4a: application initialization
    if (!CreatePidFile(args)) {
        // Detailed error printed inside CreatePidFile().
        return false;
    }
    if (!init::StartLogging(args)) {
        // Detailed error printed inside StartLogging().
        return false;
    }

    LogInfo("Using at most %i automatic connections (%i file descriptors available)", nMaxConnections, available_fds);

    // Warn about relative -datadir path.
    if (args.IsArgSet("-datadir") && !args.GetPathArg("-datadir").is_absolute()) {
        LogWarning("Relative datadir option '%s' specified, which will be interpreted relative to the "
                   "current working directory '%s'. This is fragile, because if bitcoin is started in the future "
                   "from a different location, it will be unable to locate the current data files. There could "
                   "also be data loss if bitcoin is started while in a temporary directory.",
                   args.GetArg("-datadir", ""), fs::PathToString(fs::current_path()));
    }

    assert(!node.scheduler);
    node.scheduler = std::make_unique<CScheduler>();
    auto& scheduler = *node.scheduler;

    // Start the lightweight task scheduler thread
    scheduler.m_service_thread = std::thread(util::TraceThread, "scheduler", [&] { scheduler.serviceQueue(); });

    // Gather some entropy once per minute.
    scheduler.scheduleEvery([]{
        RandAddPeriodic();
    }, std::chrono::minutes{1});

    // Check disk space every 5 minutes to avoid db corruption.
    scheduler.scheduleEvery([&args, &node]{
        constexpr uint64_t min_disk_space = 50 << 20; // 50 MB
        if (!CheckDiskSpace(args.GetBlocksDirPath(), min_disk_space)) {
            LogError("Shutting down due to lack of disk space!\n");
            if (!(Assert(node.shutdown_request))()) {
                LogError("Failed to send shutdown signal after disk space check\n");
            }
        }
    }, std::chrono::minutes{5});

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-logratelimit", BCLog::DEFAULT_LOGRATELIMIT)) {
        LogInstance().SetRateLimiting(BCLog::LogRateLimiter::Create(
            [&scheduler](auto func, auto window) { scheduler.scheduleEvery(std::move(func), window); },
            BCLog::RATELIMIT_MAX_BYTES,
            BCLog::RATELIMIT_WINDOW));
    } else {
        LogInfo("Log rate limiting disabled");
    }

    assert(!node.validation_signals);
    node.validation_signals = std::make_unique<ValidationSignals>(std::make_unique<SerialTaskRunner>(scheduler));
    auto& validation_signals = *node.validation_signals;

    // Create KernelNotifications object. Important to do this early before
    // calling ipc->listenAddress() below so makeMining and other IPC methods
    // can use this.
    assert(!node.notifications);
    node.notifications = std::make_unique<KernelNotifications>(Assert(node.shutdown_request), node.exit_status, *Assert(node.warnings));
    ReadNotificationArgs(args, *node.notifications);

    // Create client interfaces for wallets that are supposed to be loaded
    // according to -wallet and -disablewallet options. This only constructs
    // the interfaces, it doesn't load wallet data. Wallets actually get loaded
    // when load() and start() interface methods are called below.
    g_wallet_init_interface.Construct(node);
    uiInterface.InitWallet();

    if (interfaces::Ipc* ipc = node.init->ipc()) {
        for (std::string address : gArgs.GetArgs("-ipcbind")) {
            try {
                ipc->listenAddress(address);
            } catch (const std::exception& e) {
                return InitError(Untranslated(strprintf("Unable to bind to IPC address '%s'. %s", address, e.what())));
            }
            LogInfo("Listening for IPC requests on address %s", address);
        }
    }

    /* Register RPC commands regardless of -server setting so they will be
     * available in the GUI RPC console even if external calls are disabled.
     */
    RegisterAllCoreRPCCommands(tableRPC);
    for (const auto& client : node.chain_clients) {
        client->registerRpcs();
    }
#ifdef ENABLE_ZMQ
    RegisterZMQRPCCommands(tableRPC);
#endif

    // Check port numbers
    if (!CheckHostPortOptions(args)) return false;

    // Configure reachable networks before we start the RPC server.
    // This is necessary for -rpcallowip to distinguish CJDNS from other RFC4193
    const auto onlynets = args.GetArgs("-onlynet");
    if (!onlynets.empty()) {
        g_reachable_nets.RemoveAll();
        for (const std::string& snet : onlynets) {
            enum Network net = ParseNetwork(snet);
            if (net == NET_UNROUTABLE)
                return InitError(strprintf(_("Unknown network specified in -onlynet: '%s'"), snet));
            g_reachable_nets.Add(net);
        }
    }

    if (!args.IsArgSet("-cjdnsreachable")) {
        if (!onlynets.empty() && g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_CJDNS)) {
            return InitError(
                _("Outbound connections restricted to CJDNS (-onlynet=cjdns) but "
                  "-cjdnsreachable is not provided"));
        }
        g_reachable_nets.Remove(NET_CJDNS);
    }
    // Now g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_CJDNS) is true if:
    // 1. -cjdnsreachable is given and
    // 2.1. -onlynet is not given or
    // 2.2. -onlynet=cjdns is given

    /* Start the RPC server already.  It will be started in "warmup" mode
     * and not really process calls already (but it will signify connections
     * that the server is there and will be ready later).  Warmup mode will
     * be disabled when initialisation is finished.
     */
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-server", false)) {
        uiInterface.InitMessage_connect(SetRPCWarmupStatus);
        if (!AppInitServers(node))
            return InitError(_("Unable to start HTTP server. See debug log for details."));
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 5: verify wallet database integrity
    for (const auto& client : node.chain_clients) {
        if (!client->verify()) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 6: network initialization
    // Note that we absolutely cannot open any actual connections
    // until the very end ("start node") as the UTXO/block state
    // is not yet setup and may end up being set up twice if we
    // need to reindex later.

    fListen = args.GetBoolArg("-listen", DEFAULT_LISTEN);
    fDiscover = args.GetBoolArg("-discover", true);

    PeerManager::Options peerman_opts{};
    ApplyArgsManOptions(args, peerman_opts);

    {
        // Read asmap file if configured or embedded asmap data and initialize
        // Netgroupman with or without it
        assert(!node.netgroupman);
        if (args.IsArgSet("-asmap") && !args.IsArgNegated("-asmap")) {
            uint256 asmap_version{};
            if (!args.GetBoolArg("-asmap", false)) {
                fs::path asmap_path = args.GetPathArg("-asmap");
                if (!asmap_path.is_absolute()) {
                    asmap_path = args.GetDataDirNet() / asmap_path;
                }

                // If a specific path was passed with the asmap argument check if
                // the file actually exists in that location
                if (!fs::exists(asmap_path)) {
                    InitError(strprintf(_("Could not find asmap file %s"), fs::quoted(fs::PathToString(asmap_path))));
                    return false;
                }

                // If a file exists at the path, try to read the file
                std::vector<std::byte> asmap{DecodeAsmap(asmap_path)};
                if (asmap.empty()) {
                    InitError(strprintf(_("Could not parse asmap file %s"), fs::quoted(fs::PathToString(asmap_path))));
                    return false;
                }
                asmap_version = AsmapVersion(asmap);
                node.netgroupman = std::make_unique<NetGroupManager>(NetGroupManager::WithLoadedAsmap(std::move(asmap)));
            } else {
                #ifdef ENABLE_EMBEDDED_ASMAP
                    // Use the embedded asmap data
                    std::span<const std::byte> asmap{node::data::ip_asn};
                    if (asmap.empty() || !CheckStandardAsmap(asmap)) {
                        InitError(strprintf(_("Could not read embedded asmap data")));
                        return false;
                    }
                    node.netgroupman = std::make_unique<NetGroupManager>(NetGroupManager::WithEmbeddedAsmap(asmap));
                    asmap_version = AsmapVersion(asmap);
                    LogInfo("Opened asmap data (%zu bytes) from embedded byte array\n", asmap.size());
                #else
                    // If there is no embedded data, fail and report it since
                    // the user tried to use it
                    InitError(strprintf(_("Embedded asmap data not available")));
                    return false;
                #endif
            }
            LogInfo("Using asmap version %s for IP bucketing", asmap_version.ToString());
        } else {
            node.netgroupman = std::make_unique<NetGroupManager>(NetGroupManager::NoAsmap());
            LogInfo("Using /16 prefix for IP bucketing");
        }

        // Initialize addrman
        assert(!node.addrman);
        uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Loading P2P addresses…"));
        auto addrman{LoadAddrman(*node.netgroupman, args)};
        if (!addrman) return InitError(util::ErrorString(addrman));
        node.addrman = std::move(*addrman);
    }

    FastRandomContext rng;
    assert(!node.banman);
    node.banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(args.GetDataDirNet() / "banlist", &uiInterface, args.GetIntArg("-bantime", DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME));
    assert(!node.connman);
    node.connman = std::make_unique<CConnman>(rng.rand64(),
                                              rng.rand64(),
                                              *node.addrman, *node.netgroupman, chainparams, args.GetBoolArg("-networkactive", true));

    assert(!node.fee_estimator);
    // Don't initialize fee estimation with old data if we don't relay transactions,
    // as they would never get updated.
    if (!peerman_opts.ignore_incoming_txs) {
        bool read_stale_estimates = args.GetBoolArg("-acceptstalefeeestimates", DEFAULT_ACCEPT_STALE_FEE_ESTIMATES);
        if (read_stale_estimates && (chainparams.GetChainType() != ChainType::REGTEST)) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("acceptstalefeeestimates is not supported on %s chain."), chainparams.GetChainTypeString()));
        }
        node.fee_estimator = std::make_unique<CBlockPolicyEstimator>(FeeestPath(args), read_stale_estimates);

        // Flush estimates to disk periodically
        CBlockPolicyEstimator* fee_estimator = node.fee_estimator.get();
        scheduler.scheduleEvery([fee_estimator] { fee_estimator->FlushFeeEstimates(); }, FEE_FLUSH_INTERVAL);
        validation_signals.RegisterValidationInterface(fee_estimator);
    }

    for (const std::string& socket_addr : args.GetArgs("-bind")) {
        std::string host_out;
        uint16_t port_out{0};
        std::string bind_socket_addr = socket_addr.substr(0, socket_addr.rfind('='));
        if (!SplitHostPort(bind_socket_addr, port_out, host_out)) {
            return InitError(InvalidPortErrMsg("-bind", socket_addr));
        }
    }

    // sanitize comments per BIP-0014, format user agent and check total size
    std::vector<std::string> uacomments;
    for (const std::string& cmt : args.GetArgs("-uacomment")) {
        if (cmt != SanitizeString(cmt, SAFE_CHARS_UA_COMMENT))
            return InitError(strprintf(_("User Agent comment (%s) contains unsafe characters."), cmt));
        uacomments.push_back(cmt);
    }
    strSubVersion = FormatSubVersion(UA_NAME, CLIENT_VERSION, uacomments);
    if (strSubVersion.size() > MAX_SUBVERSION_LENGTH) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Total length of network version string (%i) exceeds maximum length (%i). Reduce the number or size of uacomments."),
            strSubVersion.size(), MAX_SUBVERSION_LENGTH));
    }

    // Requesting DNS seeds entails connecting to IPv4/IPv6, which -onlynet options may prohibit:
    // If -dnsseed=1 is explicitly specified, abort. If it's left unspecified by the user, we skip
    // the DNS seeds by adjusting -dnsseed in InitParameterInteraction.
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-dnsseed") == true && !g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_IPV4) && !g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_IPV6)) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Incompatible options: -dnsseed=1 was explicitly specified, but -onlynet forbids connections to IPv4/IPv6")));
    };

    // Check for host lookup allowed before parsing any network related parameters
    fNameLookup = args.GetBoolArg("-dns", DEFAULT_NAME_LOOKUP);

    bool proxyRandomize = args.GetBoolArg("-proxyrandomize", DEFAULT_PROXYRANDOMIZE);
    // -proxy sets a proxy for outgoing network traffic, possibly per network.
    // -noproxy, -proxy=0 or -proxy="" can be used to remove the proxy setting, this is the default
    Proxy ipv4_proxy;
    Proxy ipv6_proxy;
    Proxy onion_proxy;
    Proxy name_proxy;
    Proxy cjdns_proxy;
    for (const std::string& param_value : args.GetArgs("-proxy")) {
        const auto eq_pos{param_value.rfind('=')};
        const std::string proxy_str{param_value.substr(0, eq_pos)}; // e.g. 127.0.0.1:9050=ipv4 -> 127.0.0.1:9050
        std::string net_str;
        if (eq_pos != std::string::npos) {
            if (eq_pos + 1 == param_value.length()) {
                return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname, ends with '=': '%s'"), param_value));
            }
            net_str = ToLower(param_value.substr(eq_pos + 1)); // e.g. 127.0.0.1:9050=ipv4 -> ipv4
        }

        Proxy proxy;
        if (!proxy_str.empty() && proxy_str != "0") {
            if (IsUnixSocketPath(proxy_str)) {
                proxy = Proxy{proxy_str, /*tor_stream_isolation=*/proxyRandomize};
            } else {
                const std::optional<CService> addr{Lookup(proxy_str, DEFAULT_TOR_SOCKS_PORT, fNameLookup)};
                if (!addr.has_value()) {
                    return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname: '%s'"), proxy_str));
                }
                proxy = Proxy{addr.value(), /*tor_stream_isolation=*/proxyRandomize};
            }
            if (!proxy.IsValid()) {
                return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname: '%s'"), proxy_str));
            }
        }

        if (net_str.empty()) { // For all networks.
            ipv4_proxy = ipv6_proxy = name_proxy = cjdns_proxy = onion_proxy = proxy;
        } else if (net_str == "ipv4") {
            ipv4_proxy = name_proxy = proxy;
        } else if (net_str == "ipv6") {
            ipv6_proxy = name_proxy = proxy;
        } else if (net_str == "onion") {
            onion_proxy = proxy;
        } else if (net_str == "cjdns") {
            cjdns_proxy = proxy;
        } else {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Unrecognized network in -proxy='%s': '%s'"), param_value, net_str));
        }
    }
    if (ipv4_proxy.IsValid()) {
        SetProxy(NET_IPV4, ipv4_proxy);
    }
    if (ipv6_proxy.IsValid()) {
        SetProxy(NET_IPV6, ipv6_proxy);
    }
    if (name_proxy.IsValid()) {
        SetNameProxy(name_proxy);
    }
    if (cjdns_proxy.IsValid()) {
        SetProxy(NET_CJDNS, cjdns_proxy);
    }

    const bool onlynet_used_with_onion{!onlynets.empty() && g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_ONION)};

    // -onion can be used to set only a proxy for .onion, or override normal proxy for .onion addresses
    // -noonion (or -onion=0) disables connecting to .onion entirely
    // An empty string is used to not override the onion proxy (in which case it defaults to -proxy set above, or none)
    std::string onionArg = args.GetArg("-onion", "");
    if (onionArg != "") {
        if (onionArg == "0") { // Handle -noonion/-onion=0
            onion_proxy = Proxy{};
            if (onlynet_used_with_onion) {
                return InitError(
                    _("Outbound connections restricted to Tor (-onlynet=onion) but the proxy for "
                      "reaching the Tor network is explicitly forbidden: -onion=0"));
            }
        } else {
            if (IsUnixSocketPath(onionArg)) {
                onion_proxy = Proxy(onionArg, /*tor_stream_isolation=*/proxyRandomize);
            } else {
                const std::optional<CService> addr{Lookup(onionArg, DEFAULT_TOR_SOCKS_PORT, fNameLookup)};
                if (!addr.has_value() || !addr->IsValid()) {
                    return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -onion address or hostname: '%s'"), onionArg));
                }

                onion_proxy = Proxy(addr.value(), /*tor_stream_isolation=*/proxyRandomize);
            }
        }
    }

    const bool listenonion{args.GetBoolArg("-listenonion", DEFAULT_LISTEN_ONION)};
    if (onion_proxy.IsValid()) {
        SetProxy(NET_ONION, onion_proxy);
    } else {
        // If -listenonion is set, then we will (try to) connect to the Tor control port
        // later from the torcontrol thread and may retrieve the onion proxy from there.
        if (onlynet_used_with_onion && !listenonion) {
            return InitError(
                _("Outbound connections restricted to Tor (-onlynet=onion) but the proxy for "
                  "reaching the Tor network is not provided: none of -proxy, -onion or "
                  "-listenonion is given"));
        }
        g_reachable_nets.Remove(NET_ONION);
    }

    for (const std::string& strAddr : args.GetArgs("-externalip")) {
        const std::optional<CService> addrLocal{Lookup(strAddr, GetListenPort(), fNameLookup)};
        if (addrLocal.has_value() && addrLocal->IsValid())
            AddLocal(addrLocal.value(), LOCAL_MANUAL);
        else
            return InitError(ResolveErrMsg("externalip", strAddr));
    }

#ifdef ENABLE_ZMQ
    g_zmq_notification_interface = CZMQNotificationInterface::Create(
        [&chainman = node.chainman](std::vector<std::byte>& block, const CBlockIndex& index) {
            assert(chainman);
            if (auto ret{chainman->m_blockman.ReadRawBlock(WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return index.GetBlockPos()))}) {
                block = std::move(*ret);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        });

    if (g_zmq_notification_interface) {
        validation_signals.RegisterValidationInterface(g_zmq_notification_interface.get());
    }
#endif

    // ********************************************************* Step 7: load block chain

    // cache size calculations
    node::LogOversizedDbCache(args);
    const auto [index_cache_sizes, kernel_cache_sizes] = CalculateCacheSizes(args, g_enabled_filter_types.size());

    LogInfo("Cache configuration:");
    LogInfo("* Using %.1f MiB for block index database", kernel_cache_sizes.block_tree_db * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024));
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-txindex", DEFAULT_TXINDEX)) {
        LogInfo("* Using %.1f MiB for transaction index database", index_cache_sizes.tx_index * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024));
    }
    if (args.GetBoolArg("-txospenderindex", DEFAULT_TXOSPENDERINDEX)) {
        LogInfo("* Using %.1f MiB for transaction output spender index database", index_cache_sizes.txospender_index * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024));
    }
    for (BlockFilterType filter_type : g_enabled_filter_types) {
        LogInfo("* Using %.1f MiB for %s block filter index database",
                  index_cache_sizes.filter_index * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024), BlockFilterTypeName(filter_type));
    }
    LogInfo("* Using %.1f MiB for chain state database", kernel_cache_sizes.coins_db * (1.0 / 1024 / 1024));

    assert(!node.mempool);
    assert(!node.chainman);

    bool do_reindex{args.GetBoolArg("-reindex", false)};
    const bool do_reindex_chainstate{args.GetBoolArg("-reindex-chainstate", false)};

    // Chainstate initialization and loading may be retried once with reindexing by GUI users
    auto [status, error] = InitAndLoadChainstate(
        node,
        do_reindex,
        do_reindex_chainstate,
        kernel_cache_sizes,
        args);
    if (status == ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE && !do_reindex && !ShutdownRequested(node)) {
        // suggest a reindex
        bool do_retry{HasTestOption(args, "reindex_after_failure_noninteractive_yes") ||
            uiInterface.ThreadSafeQuestion(
            error + Untranslated(".\n\n") + _("Do you want to rebuild the databases now?"),
            error.original + ".\nPlease restart with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate to recover.",
            CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR | CClientUIInterface::BTN_ABORT)};
        if (!do_retry) {
            return false;
        }
        do_reindex = true;
        if (!Assert(node.shutdown_signal)->reset()) {
            LogError("Internal error: failed to reset shutdown signal.\n");
        }
        std::tie(status, error) = InitAndLoadChainstate(
            node,
            do_reindex,
            do_reindex_chainstate,
            kernel_cache_sizes,
            args);
    }
    if (status != ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS && status != ChainstateLoadStatus::INTERRUPTED) {
        return InitError(error);
    }

    // As LoadBlockIndex can take several minutes, it's possible the user
    // requested to kill the GUI during the last operation. If so, exit.
    if (ShutdownRequested(node)) {
        LogInfo("Shutdown requested. Exiting.");
        return true;
    }

    ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(node.chainman);
    auto& kernel_notifications{*Assert(node.notifications)};

    assert(!node.peerman);
    node.peerman = PeerManager::make(*node.connman, *node.addrman,
                                     node.banman.get(), chainman,
                                     *node.mempool, *node.warnings,
                                     peerman_opts);
    validation_signals.RegisterValidationInterface(node.peerman.get());

    // ********************************************************* Step 8: start indexers

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-txindex", DEFAULT_TXINDEX)) {
        g_txindex = std::make_unique<TxIndex>(interfaces::MakeChain(node), index_cache_sizes.tx_index, false, do_reindex);
        node.indexes.emplace_back(g_txindex.get());
    }

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-txospenderindex", DEFAULT_TXOSPENDERINDEX)) {
        g_txospenderindex = std::make_unique<TxoSpenderIndex>(interfaces::MakeChain(node), index_cache_sizes.txospender_index, false, do_reindex);
        node.indexes.emplace_back(g_txospenderindex.get());
    }

    for (const auto& filter_type : g_enabled_filter_types) {
        InitBlockFilterIndex([&]{ return interfaces::MakeChain(node); }, filter_type, index_cache_sizes.filter_index, false, do_reindex);
        node.indexes.emplace_back(GetBlockFilterIndex(filter_type));
    }

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-coinstatsindex", DEFAULT_COINSTATSINDEX)) {
        g_coin_stats_index = std::make_unique<CoinStatsIndex>(interfaces::MakeChain(node), /*cache_size=*/0, false, do_reindex);
        node.indexes.emplace_back(g_coin_stats_index.get());
    }

    // Init indexes
    for (auto index : node.indexes) if (!index->Init()) return false;

    // ********************************************************* Step 9: load wallet
    for (const auto& client : node.chain_clients) {
        if (!client->load()) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 10: data directory maintenance

    // if pruning, perform the initial blockstore prune
    // after any wallet rescanning has taken place.
    if (chainman.m_blockman.IsPruneMode()) {
        if (chainman.m_blockman.m_blockfiles_indexed) {
            LOCK(cs_main);
            for (const auto& chainstate : chainman.m_chainstates) {
                uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Pruning blockstore…"));
                chainstate->PruneAndFlush();
            }
        }
    } else {
        // Prior to setting NODE_NETWORK, check if we can provide historical blocks.
        if (!WITH_LOCK(chainman.GetMutex(), return chainman.HistoricalChainstate())) {
            LogInfo("Setting NODE_NETWORK in non-prune mode");
            g_local_services = ServiceFlags(g_local_services | NODE_NETWORK);
        } else {
            LogInfo("Running node in NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED mode until snapshot background sync completes");
        }
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 11: import blocks

    if (!CheckDiskSpace(args.GetDataDirNet())) {
        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s"), fs::quoted(fs::PathToString(args.GetDataDirNet()))));
        return false;
    }
    if (!CheckDiskSpace(args.GetBlocksDirPath())) {
        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s"), fs::quoted(fs::PathToString(args.GetBlocksDirPath()))));
        return false;
    }

    int chain_active_height = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return chainman.ActiveChain().Height());

    // On first startup, warn on low block storage space
    if (!do_reindex && !do_reindex_chainstate && chain_active_height <= 1) {
        uint64_t assumed_chain_bytes{chainparams.AssumedBlockchainSize() * 1024 * 1024 * 1024};
        uint64_t additional_bytes_needed{
            chainman.m_blockman.IsPruneMode() ?
                std::min(chainman.m_blockman.GetPruneTarget(), assumed_chain_bytes) :
                assumed_chain_bytes};

        if (!CheckDiskSpace(args.GetBlocksDirPath(), additional_bytes_needed)) {
            InitWarning(strprintf(_(
                    "Disk space for %s may not accommodate the block files. " \
                    "Approximately %u GB of data will be stored in this directory."
                ),
                fs::quoted(fs::PathToString(args.GetBlocksDirPath())),
                chainparams.AssumedBlockchainSize()
            ));
        }
    }

#ifdef __APPLE__
    auto check_and_warn_fs{[&](const fs::path& path, std::string_view desc) {
        const auto path_desc{strprintf("%s (\"%s\")", desc, fs::PathToString(path))};
        switch (GetFilesystemType(path)) {
        case FSType::EXFAT:
            InitWarning(strprintf(_("The %s path uses exFAT, which is known to have intermittent corruption problems on macOS. "
                "Move this directory to a different filesystem to avoid data loss."), path_desc));
            break;
        case FSType::ERROR:
            LogInfo("Failed to detect filesystem type for %s", path_desc);
            break;
        case FSType::OTHER:
            break;
        }
    }};

    check_and_warn_fs(args.GetDataDirNet(), "data directory");
    check_and_warn_fs(args.GetBlocksDirPath(), "blocks directory");
#endif

#if HAVE_SYSTEM
    const std::string block_notify = args.GetArg("-blocknotify", "");
    if (!block_notify.empty()) {
        uiInterface.NotifyBlockTip_connect([block_notify](SynchronizationState sync_state, const CBlockIndex& block, double /* verification_progress */) {
            if (sync_state != SynchronizationState::POST_INIT) return;
            std::string command = block_notify;
            ReplaceAll(command, "%s", block.GetBlockHash().GetHex());
            std::thread t(runCommand, command);
            t.detach(); // thread runs free
        });
    }
#endif

    std::vector<fs::path> vImportFiles;
    for (const std::string& strFile : args.GetArgs("-loadblock")) {
        vImportFiles.push_back(fs::PathFromString(strFile));
    }

    node.background_init_thread = std::thread(&util::TraceThread, "initload", [=, &chainman, &args, &node] {
        ScheduleBatchPriority();
        // Import blocks and ActivateBestChain()
        ImportBlocks(chainman, vImportFiles);
        WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, chainman.UpdateIBDStatus());
        if (args.GetBoolArg("-stopafterblockimport", DEFAULT_STOPAFTERBLOCKIMPORT)) {
            LogInfo("Stopping after block import");
            if (!(Assert(node.shutdown_request))()) {
                LogError("Failed to send shutdown signal after finishing block import\n");
            }
            return;
        }

        // Start indexes initial sync
        if (!StartIndexBackgroundSync(node)) {
            bilingual_str err_str = _("Failed to start indexes, shutting down…");
            chainman.GetNotifications().fatalError(err_str);
            return;
        }
        // Load mempool from disk
        if (auto* pool{chainman.ActiveChainstate().GetMempool()}) {
            LoadMempool(*pool, ShouldPersistMempool(args) ? MempoolPath(args) : fs::path{}, chainman.ActiveChainstate(), {});
            pool->SetLoadTried(!chainman.m_interrupt);
        }
    });

    /*
     * Wait for genesis block to be processed. Typically kernel_notifications.m_tip_block
     * has already been set by a call to LoadChainTip() in CompleteChainstateInitialization().
     * But this is skipped if the chainstate doesn't exist yet or is being wiped:
     *
     * 1. first startup with an empty datadir
     * 2. reindex
     * 3. reindex-chainstate
     *
     * In these case it's connected by a call to ActivateBestChain() in the initload thread.
     */
    {
        WAIT_LOCK(kernel_notifications.m_tip_block_mutex, lock);
        kernel_notifications.m_tip_block_cv.wait(lock, [&]() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(kernel_notifications.m_tip_block_mutex) {
            return kernel_notifications.TipBlock() || ShutdownRequested(node);
        });
    }

    if (ShutdownRequested(node)) {
        return true;
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 12: start node

    int64_t best_block_time{};
    {
        LOCK(chainman.GetMutex());
        const auto& tip{*Assert(chainman.ActiveTip())};
        LogInfo("block tree size = %u", chainman.BlockIndex().size());
        chain_active_height = tip.nHeight;
        best_block_time = tip.GetBlockTime();
        if (tip_info) {
            tip_info->block_height = chain_active_height;
            tip_info->block_time = best_block_time;
            tip_info->verification_progress = chainman.GuessVerificationProgress(&tip);
        }
        if (tip_info && chainman.m_best_header) {
            tip_info->header_height = chainman.m_best_header->nHeight;
            tip_info->header_time = chainman.m_best_header->GetBlockTime();
        }
    }
    LogInfo("nBestHeight = %d", chain_active_height);
    if (node.peerman) node.peerman->SetBestBlock(chain_active_height, std::chrono::seconds{best_block_time});

    // Map ports with NAT-PMP
    StartMapPort(args.GetBoolArg("-natpmp", DEFAULT_NATPMP));

    CConnman::Options connOptions;
    connOptions.m_local_services = g_local_services;
    connOptions.m_max_automatic_connections = nMaxConnections;
    connOptions.uiInterface = &uiInterface;
    connOptions.m_banman = node.banman.get();
    connOptions.m_msgproc = node.peerman.get();
    connOptions.nSendBufferMaxSize = 1000 * args.GetIntArg("-maxsendbuffer", DEFAULT_MAXSENDBUFFER);
    connOptions.nReceiveFloodSize = 1000 * args.GetIntArg("-maxreceivebuffer", DEFAULT_MAXRECEIVEBUFFER);
    connOptions.m_added_nodes = args.GetArgs("-addnode");
    connOptions.nMaxOutboundLimit = *opt_max_upload;
    connOptions.m_peer_connect_timeout = peer_connect_timeout;
    connOptions.whitelist_forcerelay = args.GetBoolArg("-whitelistforcerelay", DEFAULT_WHITELISTFORCERELAY);
    connOptions.whitelist_relay = args.GetBoolArg("-whitelistrelay", DEFAULT_WHITELISTRELAY);
    connOptions.m_capture_messages = args.GetBoolArg("-capturemessages", false);

    // Port to bind to if `-bind=addr` is provided without a `:port` suffix.
    const uint16_t default_bind_port =
        static_cast<uint16_t>(args.GetIntArg("-port", Params().GetDefaultPort()));

    const uint16_t default_bind_port_onion = default_bind_port + 1;

    const auto BadPortWarning = [](const char* prefix, uint16_t port) {
        return strprintf(_("%s request to listen on port %u. This port is considered \"bad\" and "
                           "thus it is unlikely that any peer will connect to it. See "
                           "doc/p2p-bad-ports.md for details and a full list."),
                         prefix,
                         port);
    };

    for (const std::string& bind_arg : args.GetArgs("-bind")) {
        std::optional<CService> bind_addr;
        const size_t index = bind_arg.rfind('=');
        if (index == std::string::npos) {
            bind_addr = Lookup(bind_arg, default_bind_port, /*fAllowLookup=*/false);
            if (bind_addr.has_value()) {
                connOptions.vBinds.push_back(bind_addr.value());
                if (IsBadPort(bind_addr.value().GetPort())) {
                    InitWarning(BadPortWarning("-bind", bind_addr.value().GetPort()));
                }
                continue;
            }
        } else {
            const std::string network_type = bind_arg.substr(index + 1);
            if (network_type == "onion") {
                const std::string truncated_bind_arg = bind_arg.substr(0, index);
                bind_addr = Lookup(truncated_bind_arg, default_bind_port_onion, false);
                if (bind_addr.has_value()) {
                    connOptions.onion_binds.push_back(bind_addr.value());
                    continue;
                }
            }
        }
        return InitError(ResolveErrMsg("bind", bind_arg));
    }

    for (const std::string& strBind : args.GetArgs("-whitebind")) {
        NetWhitebindPermissions whitebind;
        bilingual_str error;
        if (!NetWhitebindPermissions::TryParse(strBind, whitebind, error)) return InitError(error);
        connOptions.vWhiteBinds.push_back(whitebind);
    }

    // If the user did not specify -bind= or -whitebind= then we bind
    // on any address - 0.0.0.0 (IPv4) and :: (IPv6).
    connOptions.bind_on_any = args.GetArgs("-bind").empty() && args.GetArgs("-whitebind").empty();

    // Emit a warning if a bad port is given to -port= but only if -bind and -whitebind are not
    // given, because if they are, then -port= is ignored.
    if (connOptions.bind_on_any && args.IsArgSet("-port")) {
        const uint16_t port_arg = args.GetIntArg("-port", 0);
        if (IsBadPort(port_arg)) {
            InitWarning(BadPortWarning("-port", port_arg));
        }
    }

    CService onion_service_target;
    if (!connOptions.onion_binds.empty()) {
        onion_service_target = connOptions.onion_binds.front();
    } else if (!connOptions.vBinds.empty()) {
        onion_service_target = connOptions.vBinds.front();
    } else {
        onion_service_target = DefaultOnionServiceTarget(default_bind_port_onion);
        connOptions.onion_binds.push_back(onion_service_target);
    }

    if (listenonion) {
        if (connOptions.onion_binds.size() > 1) {
            InitWarning(strprintf(_("More than one onion bind address is provided. Using %s "
                                    "for the automatically created Tor onion service."),
                                  onion_service_target.ToStringAddrPort()));
        }
        StartTorControl(onion_service_target);
    }

    if (connOptions.bind_on_any) {
        // Only add all IP addresses of the machine if we would be listening on
        // any address - 0.0.0.0 (IPv4) and :: (IPv6).
        Discover();
    }

    for (const auto& net : args.GetArgs("-whitelist")) {
        NetWhitelistPermissions subnet;
        ConnectionDirection connection_direction;
        bilingual_str error;
        if (!NetWhitelistPermissions::TryParse(net, subnet, connection_direction, error)) return InitError(error);
        if (connection_direction & ConnectionDirection::In) {
            connOptions.vWhitelistedRangeIncoming.push_back(subnet);
        }
        if (connection_direction & ConnectionDirection::Out) {
            connOptions.vWhitelistedRangeOutgoing.push_back(subnet);
        }
    }

    connOptions.vSeedNodes = args.GetArgs("-seednode");

    const auto connect = args.GetArgs("-connect");
    if (!connect.empty() || args.IsArgNegated("-connect")) {
        // Do not initiate other outgoing connections when connecting to trusted
        // nodes, or when -noconnect is specified.
        connOptions.m_use_addrman_outgoing = false;

        if (connect.size() != 1 || connect[0] != "0") {
            connOptions.m_specified_outgoing = connect;
        }
        if (!connOptions.m_specified_outgoing.empty() && !connOptions.vSeedNodes.empty()) {
            LogInfo("-seednode is ignored when -connect is used");
        }

        if (args.IsArgSet("-dnsseed") && args.GetBoolArg("-dnsseed", DEFAULT_DNSSEED) && args.IsArgSet("-proxy")) {
            LogInfo("-dnsseed is ignored when -connect is used and -proxy is specified");
        }
    }

    const std::string& i2psam_arg = args.GetArg("-i2psam", "");
    if (!i2psam_arg.empty()) {
        const std::optional<CService> addr{Lookup(i2psam_arg, 7656, fNameLookup)};
        if (!addr.has_value() || !addr->IsValid()) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -i2psam address or hostname: '%s'"), i2psam_arg));
        }
        SetProxy(NET_I2P, Proxy{addr.value()});
    } else {
        if (!onlynets.empty() && g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_I2P)) {
            return InitError(
                _("Outbound connections restricted to i2p (-onlynet=i2p) but "
                  "-i2psam is not provided"));
        }
        g_reachable_nets.Remove(NET_I2P);
    }

    connOptions.m_i2p_accept_incoming = args.GetBoolArg("-i2pacceptincoming", DEFAULT_I2P_ACCEPT_INCOMING);

    if (auto conflict = CheckBindingConflicts(connOptions)) {
        return InitError(strprintf(
            _("Duplicate binding configuration for address %s. "
                "Please check your -bind, -bind=...=onion and -whitebind settings."),
                    conflict->ToStringAddrPort()));
    }

    if (args.GetBoolArg("-privatebroadcast", DEFAULT_PRIVATE_BROADCAST)) {
        // If -listenonion is set, then NET_ONION may not be reachable now
        // but may become reachable later, thus only error here if it is not
        // reachable and will not become reachable for sure.
        const bool onion_may_become_reachable{listenonion && (!args.IsArgSet("-onlynet") || onlynet_used_with_onion)};
        if (!g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_I2P) &&
            !g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_ONION) &&
            !onion_may_become_reachable) {
            return InitError(_("Private broadcast of own transactions requested (-privatebroadcast), "
                               "but none of Tor or I2P networks is reachable"));
        }
        if (!connOptions.m_use_addrman_outgoing) {
            return InitError(_("Private broadcast of own transactions requested (-privatebroadcast), "
                               "but -connect is also configured. They are incompatible because the "
                               "private broadcast needs to open new connections to randomly "
                               "chosen Tor or I2P peers. Consider using -maxconnections=0 -addnode=... "
                               "instead"));
        }
        if (!proxyRandomize && (g_reachable_nets.Contains(NET_ONION) || onion_may_become_reachable)) {
            InitWarning(_("Private broadcast of own transactions requested (-privatebroadcast) and "
                          "-proxyrandomize is disabled. Tor circuits for private broadcast connections "
                          "may be correlated to other connections over Tor. For maximum privacy set "
                          "-proxyrandomize=1."));
        }
    }

    if (!node.connman->Start(scheduler, connOptions)) {
        return false;
    }

    // ********************************************************* Step 13: finished

    // At this point, the RPC is "started", but still in warmup, which means it
    // cannot yet be called. Before we make it callable, we need to make sure
    // that the RPC's view of the best block is valid and consistent with
    // ChainstateManager's active tip.
    SetRPCWarmupFinished();

    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Done loading"));

    for (const auto& client : node.chain_clients) {
        client->start(scheduler);
    }

    BanMan* banman = node.banman.get();
    scheduler.scheduleEvery([banman]{
        banman->DumpBanlist();
    }, DUMP_BANS_INTERVAL);

    if (node.peerman) node.peerman->StartScheduledTasks(scheduler);

#if HAVE_SYSTEM
    StartupNotify(args);
#endif

    return true;
}

bool StartIndexBackgroundSync(NodeContext& node)
{
    ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(node.chainman);
    const Chainstate& chainstate = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.ValidatedChainstate());
    const CChain& index_chain = chainstate.m_chain;
    const int current_height = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return index_chain.Height());

    // Skip checking data availability if we have not synced any blocks yet
    if (current_height > 0) {
        // Before starting index sync, verify that all required block data is available
        // on disk from each index's current sync position up to the chain tip.
        //
        // This is done separately for undo and block data: First we verify block + undo
        // data existence from tip down to the lowest height required by any index that
        // needs undo data (e.g., coinstatsindex, blockfilterindex). Then, if any
        // block-only index needs to sync from a lower height than previously covered,
        // verify block data existence down to that lower height.
        //
        // This avoids checking undo data for blocks where no index requires it,
        // though currently block and undo data availability are synchronized on disk
        // under normal circumstances.
        std::optional<const CBlockIndex*> block_start;
        std::string block_start_name;
        std::optional<const CBlockIndex*> undo_start;
        std::string undo_start_name;

        for (const auto& index : node.indexes) {
            const IndexSummary& summary = index->GetSummary();
            if (summary.synced) continue;

            // Get the last common block between the index best block and the active chain
            const CBlockIndex* pindex = nullptr;
            {
                LOCK(::cs_main);
                pindex = chainman.m_blockman.LookupBlockIndex(summary.best_block_hash);
                if (!index_chain.Contains(pindex)) {
                    pindex = index_chain.FindFork(pindex);
                }
            }
            if (!pindex) {
                pindex = index_chain.Genesis();
            }

            bool need_undo = index->CustomOptions().connect_undo_data;
            auto& op_start_index = need_undo ? undo_start : block_start;
            auto& name_index = need_undo ? undo_start_name : block_start_name;

            if (op_start_index && pindex->nHeight >= op_start_index.value()->nHeight) continue;
            op_start_index = pindex;
            name_index = summary.name;
        }

        // Verify all blocks needed to sync to current tip are present including undo data.
        if (undo_start) {
            LOCK(::cs_main);
            if (!chainman.m_blockman.CheckBlockDataAvailability(*index_chain.Tip(), *Assert(undo_start.value()), BlockStatus{BLOCK_HAVE_DATA | BLOCK_HAVE_UNDO})) {
                return InitError(Untranslated(strprintf("%s best block of the index goes beyond pruned data (including undo data). Please disable the index or reindex (which will download the whole blockchain again)", undo_start_name)));
            }
        }

        // Verify all blocks needed to sync to current tip are present unless we already checked all of them above.
        if (block_start && !(undo_start && undo_start.value()->nHeight <= block_start.value()->nHeight)) {
            LOCK(::cs_main);
            if (!chainman.m_blockman.CheckBlockDataAvailability(*index_chain.Tip(), *Assert(block_start.value()), BlockStatus{BLOCK_HAVE_DATA})) {
                return InitError(Untranslated(strprintf("%s best block of the index goes beyond pruned data. Please disable the index or reindex (which will download the whole blockchain again)", block_start_name)));
            }
        }
    }

    // Start threads
    for (auto index : node.indexes) if (!index->StartBackgroundSync()) return false;
    return true;
}