span.h

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// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 The Bitcoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#ifndef BITCOIN_SPAN_H
#define BITCOIN_SPAN_H

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <span>
#include <type_traits>

#ifdef DEBUG
#define CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG
#define ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(x) assert((x))
#else
#define CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG constexpr
#define ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(x)
#endif

#if defined(__clang__)
#if __has_attribute(lifetimebound)
#define SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND [[clang::lifetimebound]]
#else
#define SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND
#endif
#else
#define SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND
#endif

template<typename C>
class Span
{
    C* m_data;
    std::size_t m_size{0};

    template <class T>
    struct is_Span_int : public std::false_type {};
    template <class T>
    struct is_Span_int<Span<T>> : public std::true_type {};
    template <class T>
    struct is_Span : public is_Span_int<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>{};


public:
    constexpr Span() noexcept : m_data(nullptr) {}

    template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<T (*)[], C (*)[]>::value, int>::type = 0>
    constexpr Span(T* begin, std::size_t size) noexcept : m_data(begin), m_size(size) {}

    template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<T (*)[], C (*)[]>::value, int>::type = 0>
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span(T* begin, T* end) noexcept : m_data(begin), m_size(end - begin)
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(end >= begin);
    }

    template <typename O, typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<O (*)[], C (*)[]>::value, int>::type = 0>
    constexpr Span(const Span<O>& other) noexcept : m_data(other.m_data), m_size(other.m_size) {}

    constexpr Span(const Span&) noexcept = default;

    Span& operator=(const Span& other) noexcept = default;

    template <int N>
    constexpr Span(C (&a)[N]) noexcept : m_data(a), m_size(N) {}

    template <typename V>
    constexpr Span(V& other SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND,
        typename std::enable_if<!is_Span<V>::value &&
                                std::is_convertible<typename std::remove_pointer<decltype(std::declval<V&>().data())>::type (*)[], C (*)[]>::value &&
                                std::is_convertible<decltype(std::declval<V&>().size()), std::size_t>::value, std::nullptr_t>::type = nullptr)
        : m_data(other.data()), m_size(other.size()){}

    template <typename V>
    constexpr Span(const V& other SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND,
        typename std::enable_if<!is_Span<V>::value &&
                                std::is_convertible<typename std::remove_pointer<decltype(std::declval<const V&>().data())>::type (*)[], C (*)[]>::value &&
                                std::is_convertible<decltype(std::declval<const V&>().size()), std::size_t>::value, std::nullptr_t>::type = nullptr)
        : m_data(other.data()), m_size(other.size()){}

    constexpr C* data() const noexcept { return m_data; }
    constexpr C* begin() const noexcept { return m_data; }
    constexpr C* end() const noexcept { return m_data + m_size; }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG C& front() const noexcept
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() > 0);
        return m_data[0];
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG C& back() const noexcept
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() > 0);
        return m_data[m_size - 1];
    }
    constexpr std::size_t size() const noexcept { return m_size; }
    constexpr std::size_t size_bytes() const noexcept { return sizeof(C) * m_size; }
    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return size() == 0; }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG C& operator[](std::size_t pos) const noexcept
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() > pos);
        return m_data[pos];
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> subspan(std::size_t offset) const noexcept
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= offset);
        return Span<C>(m_data + offset, m_size - offset);
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> subspan(std::size_t offset, std::size_t count) const noexcept
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= offset + count);
        return Span<C>(m_data + offset, count);
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> first(std::size_t count) const noexcept
    {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= count);
        return Span<C>(m_data, count);
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> last(std::size_t count) const noexcept
    {
         ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= count);
         return Span<C>(m_data + m_size - count, count);
    }

    friend constexpr bool operator==(const Span& a, const Span& b) noexcept { return a.size() == b.size() && std::equal(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin()); }
    friend constexpr bool operator!=(const Span& a, const Span& b) noexcept { return !(a == b); }
    friend constexpr bool operator<(const Span& a, const Span& b) noexcept { return std::lexicographical_compare(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), b.end()); }
    friend constexpr bool operator<=(const Span& a, const Span& b) noexcept { return !(b < a); }
    friend constexpr bool operator>(const Span& a, const Span& b) noexcept { return (b < a); }
    friend constexpr bool operator>=(const Span& a, const Span& b) noexcept { return !(a < b); }

    template <typename O> friend class Span;
};

// Return result of calling .data() method on type T. This is used to be able to
// write template deduction guides for the single-parameter Span constructor
// below that will work if the value that is passed has a .data() method, and if
// the data method does not return a void pointer.
//
// It is important to check for the void type specifically below, so the
// deduction guides can be used in SFINAE contexts to check whether objects can
// be converted to spans. If the deduction guides did not explicitly check for
// void, and an object was passed that returned void* from data (like
// std::vector<bool>), the template deduction would succeed, but the Span<void>
// object instantiation would fail, resulting in a hard error, rather than a
// SFINAE error.
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68759148/sfinae-to-detect-the-explicitness-of-a-ctad-deduction-guide
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16568986/what-happens-when-you-call-data-on-a-stdvectorbool
template<typename T>
using DataResult = std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(std::declval<T&>().data())>;

// Deduction guides for Span
// For the pointer/size based and iterator based constructor:
template <typename T, typename EndOrSize> Span(T*, EndOrSize) -> Span<T>;
// For the array constructor:
template <typename T, std::size_t N> Span(T (&)[N]) -> Span<T>;
// For the temporaries/rvalue references constructor, only supporting const output.
template <typename T> Span(T&&) -> Span<std::enable_if_t<!std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T> && !std::is_void_v<DataResult<T&&>>, const DataResult<T&&>>>;
// For (lvalue) references, supporting mutable output.
template <typename T> Span(T&) -> Span<std::enable_if_t<!std::is_void_v<DataResult<T&>>, DataResult<T&>>>;

template <typename T>
T& SpanPopBack(Span<T>& span)
{
    size_t size = span.size();
    ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size > 0);
    T& back = span[size - 1];
    span = Span<T>(span.data(), size - 1);
    return back;
}

// From C++20 as_bytes and as_writeable_bytes
template <typename T>
Span<const std::byte> AsBytes(Span<T> s) noexcept
{
    return {reinterpret_cast<const std::byte*>(s.data()), s.size_bytes()};
}
template <typename T>
Span<std::byte> AsWritableBytes(Span<T> s) noexcept
{
    return {reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(s.data()), s.size_bytes()};
}

template <typename V>
Span<const std::byte> MakeByteSpan(V&& v) noexcept
{
    return AsBytes(Span{std::forward<V>(v)});
}
template <typename V>
Span<std::byte> MakeWritableByteSpan(V&& v) noexcept
{
    return AsWritableBytes(Span{std::forward<V>(v)});
}

// Helper functions to safely cast basic byte pointers to unsigned char pointers.
inline unsigned char* UCharCast(char* c) { return reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(c); }
inline unsigned char* UCharCast(unsigned char* c) { return c; }
inline unsigned char* UCharCast(signed char* c) { return reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(c); }
inline unsigned char* UCharCast(std::byte* c) { return reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(c); }
inline const unsigned char* UCharCast(const char* c) { return reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(c); }
inline const unsigned char* UCharCast(const unsigned char* c) { return c; }
inline const unsigned char* UCharCast(const signed char* c) { return reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(c); }
inline const unsigned char* UCharCast(const std::byte* c) { return reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(c); }
// Helper concept for the basic byte types.
template <typename B>
concept BasicByte = requires { UCharCast(std::span<B>{}.data()); };

// Helper function to safely convert a Span to a Span<[const] unsigned char>.
template <typename T> constexpr auto UCharSpanCast(Span<T> s) -> Span<typename std::remove_pointer<decltype(UCharCast(s.data()))>::type> { return {UCharCast(s.data()), s.size()}; }

template <typename V> constexpr auto MakeUCharSpan(V&& v) -> decltype(UCharSpanCast(Span{std::forward<V>(v)})) { return UCharSpanCast(Span{std::forward<V>(v)}); }

#endif // BITCOIN_SPAN_H