Montowanie

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This page is a translated version of the page Mount and the translation is 25% complete.
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Mounting typically involves the attaching of an additional filesystem to the currently accessible filesystem of a computer. [1]

Instalacja

The mount command is part of the util-linux package. In Gentoo Linux, sys-apps/util-linux is part of the system set and is installed on all Gentoo systems by default.

If for some strange and unordinary reason it is missing it can be re-installed by running a simple emerge command (always use the --oneshot option). This can also be used after changing USE flags :

root # emerge --ask sys-apps/util-linux

Zastosowanie

root # mount --help 
Usage:
 mount [-lhV]
 mount -a [options]
 mount [options] [--source] <source> | [--target] <directory>
 mount [options] <source> <directory>
 mount <operation> <mountpoint> [<target>]
 
Mount a filesystem.
 
Options:
 -a, --all               mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
 -c, --no-canonicalize   don't canonicalize paths
 -f, --fake              dry run; skip the mount(2) syscall
 -F, --fork              fork off for each device (use with -a)
 -T, --fstab <path>      alternative file to /etc/fstab
 -i, --internal-only     don't call the mount.<type> helpers
 -l, --show-labels       show also filesystem labels
 -m, --mkdir[=<mode>]    alias to '-o X-mount.mkdir[=<mode>]'
 -n, --no-mtab           don't write to /etc/mtab
     --options-mode <mode>
                         what to do with options loaded from fstab
     --options-source <source>
                         mount options source
     --options-source-force
                         force use of options from fstab/mtab
 -o, --options <list>    comma-separated list of mount options
 -O, --test-opts <list>  limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
 -r, --read-only         mount the filesystem read-only (same as -o ro)
 -t, --types <list>      limit the set of filesystem types
     --source <src>      explicitly specifies source (path, label, uuid)
     --target <target>   explicitly specifies mountpoint
     --target-prefix <path>
                         specifies path used for all mountpoints
 -v, --verbose           say what is being done
 -w, --rw, --read-write  mount the filesystem read-write (default)
 -N, --namespace <ns>    perform mount in another namespace
 
 -h, --help              display this help
 -V, --version           display version
 
Source:
 -L, --label <label>     synonym for LABEL=<label>
 -U, --uuid <uuid>       synonym for UUID=<uuid>
 LABEL=<label>           specifies device by filesystem label
 UUID=<uuid>             specifies device by filesystem UUID
 PARTLABEL=<label>       specifies device by partition label
 PARTUUID=<uuid>         specifies device by partition UUID
 ID=<id>                 specifies device by udev hardware ID
 <device>                specifies device by path
 <directory>             mountpoint for bind mounts (see --bind/rbind)
 <file>                  regular file for loopdev setup
 
Operations:
 -B, --bind              mount a subtree somewhere else (same as -o bind)
 -M, --move              move a subtree to some other place
 -R, --rbind             mount a subtree and all submounts somewhere else
 --make-shared           mark a subtree as shared
 --make-slave            mark a subtree as slave
 --make-private          mark a subtree as private
 --make-unbindable       mark a subtree as unbindable
 --make-rshared          recursively mark a whole subtree as shared
 --make-rslave           recursively mark a whole subtree as slave
 --make-rprivate         recursively mark a whole subtree as private
 --make-runbindable      recursively mark a whole subtree as unbindable
 
For more details see mount(8).

List mounts

Pokaż zamontowane systemy plików, uruchamiając polecenie mount bez argumentów lub opcji:

root # mount
Wskazówka
There is also a more visual way of showing mounted filesystems using the findmnt tool also provided by sys-apps/util-linux . For more details see man 8 findmnt .

Mount filesystem

To mount a filesystem, a device file , UUID or label or other means of locating the partition or data source and a mount point are required. Non-system relevant filesystems are normally mounted in the /mnt directory. The proper syntax for mounting a file system is as follows:

root # mount <URZĄDZENIE> <ŚCIEŻKA>

Więcej szczegółowych informacji znajduje się w man 8 mount

The /media directory is generally used to mount removable devices such as USB drives or SD cards. After determining which device the USB drive shows up as, a command like the following could be used to mount its contents to a newly created usb folder in /media :

root # mkdir /media/usb
root # mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb
Wskazówka
{{{1}}}

Unmount a filesystem

To unmount a filesystem, the device file or the mount point can be specified:

root # umount <URZĄDZENIE>
root # umount <ŚCIEŻKA>

Invocation information:

user $ umount --help 
Usage:
 umount [-hV]
 umount -a [options]
 umount [options] <source> | <directory>
 
Unmount filesystems.
 
Options:
 -a, --all               unmount all filesystems
 -A, --all-targets       unmount all mountpoints for the given device in the
                           current namespace
 -c, --no-canonicalize   don't canonicalize paths
 -d, --detach-loop       if mounted loop device, also free this loop device
     --fake              dry run; skip the umount(2) syscall
 -f, --force             force unmount (in case of an unreachable NFS system)
 -i, --internal-only     don't call the umount.<type> helpers
 -n, --no-mtab           don't write to /etc/mtab
 -l, --lazy              detach the filesystem now, clean up things later
 -O, --test-opts <list>  limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
 -R, --recursive         recursively unmount a target with all its children
 -r, --read-only         in case unmounting fails, try to remount read-only
 -t, --types <list>      limit the set of filesystem types
 -v, --verbose           say what is being done
 -q, --quiet             suppress 'not mounted' error messages
 -N, --namespace <ns>    perform umount in another namespace
 
 -h, --help              display this help
 -V, --version           display version
 
For more details see umount(8).

Mount options

Czasem montowanie systemu plików wymaga specjalnych opcji.

root # mount [OPCJE] <URZĄDZENIE> <ŚCIEŻKA>
Program options:
Option Description
-f Simulate the mount
-t Specify the filesystem, e.g ext4
-o OPTION1,OPTION2,... Specify the mount options (see below)
-a Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab

The filesystem being used must support the mount option being passed. Many options are common, but some are filesystem specific.

Informacja
It is advised to always consult man pages of both mount and the particular filesystem (for example ext4(5) or xfs(5) ).
Mount options:
Option Description
defaults Use the default mount options: rw , suid , dev , exec , auto , nouser , async .
auto Mount the filesystem automatically on boot.
noauto Do not mount the filesystem automatically on boot.
ro Mount the filesystem read-only.
rw Mount the filesystem read-write.
sw Mount a swap partition.
atime Update inode access times on every read.
relatime Update inode access times only on writes to improve I/O performance.
noatime Never update inode access times for best I/O performance.
sync Sync drive after each write. Can shorten lifespan for e.g. some flash drives.
async Sync drive asynchronously.
discard The equivalent of trim support on Linux.
exec Allow execution of binaries.
noexec Do not allow execution of binaries.
suid Follow SUID and SGID bits.
nosuid Do not follow SUID and SGID bits.
user Allow a user to mount the filesystem. Implies nodev , noexec , and nosuid options unless explicitly setting dev , exec , or suid respectively.
users Allow every user to mount the filesystem.
nouser Allow only "root" to mount the filesystem.

Mount options of already-mounted filesystems can be changed using remount option. For example, setting a filesystem on /dev/foo to be mounted as read-write can be achieved using:

root # mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir

Tips

Mounting as non-superuser

According to man mount , only the superuser can mount filesystems. However, when /etc/fstab contains the user option on a line, any user will be capable of mounting the corresponding partition, device, drive, etc.

Mounting removable media

See the relevant section in the Removable media article.

Mounting Windows shares (CIFS)

Despite /etc/fstab entries, non-superuser mounts of Windows shares will fail (for security reasons). In the following example is found a fstab entry for Windows share; pay close attention to the cifs option:

FILE /etc/fstab 
[...]
//server/folder /home/larry/winmount cifs noauto,user 0 0
[...]
user $ mount /home/larry/winmount 
This program is not installed setuid root -  "user" CIFS mounts not supported.

The solution is to use sudo mount /home/larry/winmount in combination with a corresponding entry in /etc/sudoers to allow passwordless mounting.

Uwaga
Be sure to understand the sudo configuration before editing the /etc/sudoers file!
FILE /etc/sudoers 
[...]
larry    ALL = NOPASSWD: /bin/mount  /home/larry/winmount/, /bin/mount  /home/larry/winmount
larry    ALL = NOPASSWD: /bin/umount /home/larry/winmount/, /bin/umount /home/larry/winmount
[...]

Zobacz również

Referencje

  1. ↑ http://www.linfo.org/mounting.html
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