7. String Services

The modules described in this chapter provide a wide range of string manipulation operations.

In addition, Python’s built-in string classes support the sequence type methods described in the Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange section, and also the string-specific methods described in the String Methods section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the % operator described in the String Formatting Operations section. Also, see the re module for string functions based on regular expressions.

• 7.1. string — Common string operations
  • 7.1.1. String constants
    • ascii_letters
    • ascii_lowercase
    • ascii_uppercase
    • digits
    • hexdigits
    • letters
    • lowercase
    • octdigits
    • punctuation
    • printable
    • uppercase
    • whitespace
  • 7.1.2. Custom String Formatting
    • Formatter
      • Formatter.format()
      • Formatter.vformat()
      • Formatter.parse()
      • Formatter.get_field()
      • Formatter.get_value()
      • Formatter.check_unused_args()
      • Formatter.format_field()
      • Formatter.convert_field()
  • 7.1.3. Format String Syntax
    • 7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language
    • 7.1.3.2. Format examples
  • 7.1.4. Template strings
    • Template
      • Template.substitute()
      • Template.safe_substitute()
      • Template.template
  • 7.1.5. String functions
    • capwords()
    • maketrans()
  • 7.1.6. Deprecated string functions
    • atof()
    • atoi()
    • atol()
    • capitalize()
    • expandtabs()
    • find()
    • rfind()
    • index()
    • rindex()
    • count()
    • lower()
    • split()
    • rsplit()
    • splitfields()
    • join()
    • joinfields()
    • lstrip()
    • rstrip()
    • strip()
    • swapcase()
    • translate()
    • upper()
    • ljust()
    • rjust()
    • center()
    • zfill()
    • replace()
• 7.2. re — Regular expression operations
  • 7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
  • 7.2.2. Module Contents
    • compile()
    • DEBUG
    • I
    • IGNORECASE
    • L
    • LOCALE
    • M
    • MULTILINE
    • S
    • DOTALL
    • U
    • UNICODE
    • X
    • VERBOSE
    • search()
    • match()
    • split()
    • findall()
    • finditer()
    • sub()
    • subn()
    • escape()
    • purge()
    • error
  • 7.2.3. Regular Expression Objects
    • RegexObject
      • RegexObject.search()
      • RegexObject.match()
      • RegexObject.split()
      • RegexObject.findall()
      • RegexObject.finditer()
      • RegexObject.sub()
      • RegexObject.subn()
      • RegexObject.flags
      • RegexObject.groups
      • RegexObject.groupindex
      • RegexObject.pattern
  • 7.2.4. Match Objects
    • MatchObject
      • MatchObject.expand()
      • MatchObject.group()
      • MatchObject.groups()
      • MatchObject.groupdict()
      • MatchObject.start()
      • MatchObject.end()
      • MatchObject.span()
      • MatchObject.pos
      • MatchObject.endpos
      • MatchObject.lastindex
      • MatchObject.lastgroup
      • MatchObject.re
      • MatchObject.string
  • 7.2.5. Examples
    • 7.2.5.1. Checking For a Pair
    • 7.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()
    • 7.2.5.3. search() vs. match()
    • 7.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook
    • 7.2.5.5. Text Munging
    • 7.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs
    • 7.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
    • 7.2.5.8. Raw String Notation
• 7.3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
  • 7.3.1. Functions and Exceptions
    • error
    • pack()
    • pack_into()
    • unpack()
    • unpack_from()
    • calcsize()
  • 7.3.2. Format Strings
    • 7.3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
    • 7.3.2.2. Format Characters
    • 7.3.2.3. Examples
  • 7.3.3. Classes
    • Struct
      • Struct.pack()
      • Struct.pack_into()
      • Struct.unpack()
      • Struct.unpack_from()
      • Struct.format
      • Struct.size
• 7.4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
  • SequenceMatcher
  • Differ
  • HtmlDiff
    • HtmlDiff.__init__()
    • HtmlDiff.make_file()
    • HtmlDiff.make_table()
  • context_diff()
  • get_close_matches()
  • ndiff()
  • restore()
  • unified_diff()
  • IS_LINE_JUNK()
  • IS_CHARACTER_JUNK()
  • 7.4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects
    • SequenceMatcher
      • SequenceMatcher.set_seqs()
      • SequenceMatcher.set_seq1()
      • SequenceMatcher.set_seq2()
      • SequenceMatcher.find_longest_match()
      • SequenceMatcher.get_matching_blocks()
      • SequenceMatcher.get_opcodes()
      • SequenceMatcher.get_grouped_opcodes()
      • SequenceMatcher.ratio()
      • SequenceMatcher.quick_ratio()
      • SequenceMatcher.real_quick_ratio()
  • 7.4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples
  • 7.4.3. Differ Objects
    • Differ
      • Differ.compare()
  • 7.4.4. Differ Example
  • 7.4.5. A command-line interface to difflib
• 7.5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
  • StringIO
  • StringIO.getvalue()
  • StringIO.close()
• 7.6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
  • StringIO()
  • InputType
  • OutputType
• 7.7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  • wrap()
  • fill()
  • dedent()
  • TextWrapper
    • TextWrapper.width
    • TextWrapper.expand_tabs
    • TextWrapper.replace_whitespace
    • TextWrapper.drop_whitespace
    • TextWrapper.initial_indent
    • TextWrapper.subsequent_indent
    • TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings
    • TextWrapper.break_long_words
    • TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens
    • TextWrapper.wrap()
    • TextWrapper.fill()
• 7.8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
  • encode()
  • decode()
  • register()
  • lookup()
  • getencoder()
  • getdecoder()
  • getincrementalencoder()
  • getincrementaldecoder()
  • getreader()
  • getwriter()
  • register_error()
  • lookup_error()
  • strict_errors()
  • replace_errors()
  • ignore_errors()
  • xmlcharrefreplace_errors()
  • backslashreplace_errors()
  • open()
  • EncodedFile()
  • iterencode()
  • iterdecode()
  • BOM
  • BOM_BE
  • BOM_LE
  • BOM_UTF8
  • BOM_UTF16
  • BOM_UTF16_BE
  • BOM_UTF16_LE
  • BOM_UTF32
  • BOM_UTF32_BE
  • BOM_UTF32_LE
  • 7.8.1. Codec Base Classes
    • 7.8.1.1. Codec Objects
      • Codec.encode()
      • Codec.decode()
    • 7.8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects
      • IncrementalEncoder
        • IncrementalEncoder.encode()
        • IncrementalEncoder.reset()
    • 7.8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects
      • IncrementalDecoder
        • IncrementalDecoder.decode()
        • IncrementalDecoder.reset()
    • 7.8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects
      • StreamWriter
        • StreamWriter.write()
        • StreamWriter.writelines()
        • StreamWriter.reset()
    • 7.8.1.5. StreamReader Objects
      • StreamReader
        • StreamReader.read()
        • StreamReader.readline()
        • StreamReader.readlines()
        • StreamReader.reset()
    • 7.8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects
      • StreamReaderWriter
    • 7.8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects
      • StreamRecoder
  • 7.8.2. Encodings and Unicode
  • 7.8.3. Standard Encodings
  • 7.8.4. Python Specific Encodings
  • 7.8.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
    • nameprep()
    • ToASCII()
    • ToUnicode()
  • 7.8.6. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
• 7.9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
  • lookup()
  • name()
  • decimal()
  • digit()
  • numeric()
  • category()
  • bidirectional()
  • combining()
  • east_asian_width()
  • mirrored()
  • decomposition()
  • normalize()
  • unidata_version
  • ucd_3_2_0
• 7.10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
  • in_table_a1()
  • in_table_b1()
  • map_table_b2()
  • map_table_b3()
  • in_table_c11()
  • in_table_c12()
  • in_table_c11_c12()
  • in_table_c21()
  • in_table_c22()
  • in_table_c21_c22()
  • in_table_c3()
  • in_table_c4()
  • in_table_c5()
  • in_table_c6()
  • in_table_c7()
  • in_table_c8()
  • in_table_c9()
  • in_table_d1()
  • in_table_d2()
• 7.11. fpformat — Floating point conversions
  • fix()
  • sci()
  • NotANumber