8. Data Types

The modules described in this chapter provide a variety of specialized data types such as dates and times, fixed-type arrays, heap queues, synchronized queues, and sets.

Python also provides some built-in data types, in particular, dict, list, set (which along with frozenset, replaces the deprecated sets module), and tuple. The str class can be used to handle binary data and 8-bit text, and the unicode class to handle Unicode text.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

• 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
  • MINYEAR
  • MAXYEAR
  • 8.1.1. Available Types
  • 8.1.2. timedelta Objects
    • timedelta
    • timedelta.min
    • timedelta.max
    • timedelta.resolution
    • timedelta.total_seconds()
  • 8.1.3. date Objects
    • date
    • date.today()
    • date.fromtimestamp()
    • date.fromordinal()
    • date.min
    • date.max
    • date.resolution
    • date.year
    • date.month
    • date.day
    • date.replace()
    • date.timetuple()
    • date.toordinal()
    • date.weekday()
    • date.isoweekday()
    • date.isocalendar()
    • date.isoformat()
    • date.__str__()
    • date.ctime()
    • date.strftime()
    • date.__format__()
  • 8.1.4. datetime Objects
    • datetime
    • datetime.today()
    • datetime.now()
    • datetime.utcnow()
    • datetime.fromtimestamp()
    • datetime.utcfromtimestamp()
    • datetime.fromordinal()
    • datetime.combine()
    • datetime.strptime()
    • datetime.min
    • datetime.max
    • datetime.resolution
    • datetime.year
    • datetime.month
    • datetime.day
    • datetime.hour
    • datetime.minute
    • datetime.second
    • datetime.microsecond
    • datetime.tzinfo
    • datetime.date()
    • datetime.time()
    • datetime.timetz()
    • datetime.replace()
    • datetime.astimezone()
    • datetime.utcoffset()
    • datetime.dst()
    • datetime.tzname()
    • datetime.timetuple()
    • datetime.utctimetuple()
    • datetime.toordinal()
    • datetime.weekday()
    • datetime.isoweekday()
    • datetime.isocalendar()
    • datetime.isoformat()
    • datetime.__str__()
    • datetime.ctime()
    • datetime.strftime()
    • datetime.__format__()
  • 8.1.5. time Objects
    • time
    • time.min
    • time.max
    • time.resolution
    • time.hour
    • time.minute
    • time.second
    • time.microsecond
    • time.tzinfo
    • time.replace()
    • time.isoformat()
    • time.__str__()
    • time.strftime()
    • time.__format__()
    • time.utcoffset()
    • time.dst()
    • time.tzname()
  • 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects
    • tzinfo
    • tzinfo.utcoffset()
    • tzinfo.dst()
    • tzinfo.tzname()
    • tzinfo.fromutc()
  • 8.1.7. strftime() and strptime() Behavior
• 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
  • Calendar
    • Calendar.iterweekdays()
    • Calendar.itermonthdates()
    • Calendar.itermonthdays2()
    • Calendar.itermonthdays()
    • Calendar.monthdatescalendar()
    • Calendar.monthdays2calendar()
    • Calendar.monthdayscalendar()
    • Calendar.yeardatescalendar()
    • Calendar.yeardays2calendar()
    • Calendar.yeardayscalendar()
  • TextCalendar
    • TextCalendar.formatmonth()
    • TextCalendar.prmonth()
    • TextCalendar.formatyear()
    • TextCalendar.pryear()
  • HTMLCalendar
    • HTMLCalendar.formatmonth()
    • HTMLCalendar.formatyear()
    • HTMLCalendar.formatyearpage()
  • LocaleTextCalendar
  • LocaleHTMLCalendar
  • setfirstweekday()
  • firstweekday()
  • isleap()
  • leapdays()
  • weekday()
  • weekheader()
  • monthrange()
  • monthcalendar()
  • prmonth()
  • month()
  • prcal()
  • calendar()
  • timegm()
  • day_name
  • day_abbr
  • month_name
  • month_abbr
• 8.3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
  • 8.3.1. Counter objects
    • Counter
      • Counter.elements()
      • Counter.most_common()
      • Counter.subtract()
      • Counter.fromkeys()
      • Counter.update()
  • 8.3.2. deque objects
    • deque
      • deque.append()
      • deque.appendleft()
      • deque.clear()
      • deque.count()
      • deque.extend()
      • deque.extendleft()
      • deque.pop()
      • deque.popleft()
      • deque.remove()
      • deque.reverse()
      • deque.rotate()
      • deque.maxlen
    • 8.3.2.1. deque Recipes
  • 8.3.3. defaultdict objects
    • defaultdict
      • defaultdict.__missing__()
      • defaultdict.default_factory
    • 8.3.3.1. defaultdict Examples
  • 8.3.4. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields
    • namedtuple()
    • somenamedtuple._make()
    • somenamedtuple._asdict()
    • somenamedtuple._replace()
    • somenamedtuple._fields
  • 8.3.5. OrderedDict objects
    • OrderedDict
    • OrderedDict.popitem()
    • 8.3.5.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes
  • 8.3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes
    • Container
    • Hashable
    • Sized
    • Callable
    • Iterable
    • Iterator
    • Sequence
    • MutableSequence
    • Set
    • MutableSet
    • Mapping
    • MutableMapping
    • MappingView
    • ItemsView
    • KeysView
    • ValuesView
• 8.4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
  • heappush()
  • heappop()
  • heappushpop()
  • heapify()
  • heapreplace()
  • merge()
  • nlargest()
  • nsmallest()
  • 8.4.1. Basic Examples
  • 8.4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
  • 8.4.3. Theory
• 8.5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
  • bisect_left()
  • bisect_right()
  • bisect()
  • insort_left()
  • insort_right()
  • insort()
  • 8.5.1. Searching Sorted Lists
  • 8.5.2. Other Examples
• 8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  • array
  • ArrayType
  • array.typecode
  • array.itemsize
  • array.append()
  • array.buffer_info()
  • array.byteswap()
  • array.count()
  • array.extend()
  • array.fromfile()
  • array.fromlist()
  • array.fromstring()
  • array.fromunicode()
  • array.index()
  • array.insert()
  • array.pop()
  • array.read()
  • array.remove()
  • array.reverse()
  • array.tofile()
  • array.tolist()
  • array.tostring()
  • array.tounicode()
  • array.write()
• 8.7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
  • Set
  • ImmutableSet
  • 8.7.1. Set Objects
  • 8.7.2. Example
  • 8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
  • 8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in set types
• 8.8. sched — Event scheduler
  • scheduler
  • 8.8.1. Scheduler Objects
    • scheduler.enterabs()
    • scheduler.enter()
    • scheduler.cancel()
    • scheduler.empty()
    • scheduler.run()
    • scheduler.queue
• 8.9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
  • mutex
  • 8.9.1. Mutex Objects
    • mutex.test()
    • mutex.testandset()
    • mutex.lock()
    • mutex.unlock()
• 8.10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
  • Queue
  • LifoQueue
  • PriorityQueue
  • Empty
  • Full
  • 8.10.1. Queue Objects
    • Queue.qsize()
    • Queue.empty()
    • Queue.full()
    • Queue.put()
    • Queue.put_nowait()
    • Queue.get()
    • Queue.get_nowait()
    • Queue.task_done()
    • Queue.join()
• 8.11. weakref — Weak references
  • ref
  • proxy()
  • getweakrefcount()
  • getweakrefs()
  • WeakKeyDictionary
  • WeakKeyDictionary.iterkeyrefs()
  • WeakKeyDictionary.keyrefs()
  • WeakValueDictionary
  • WeakValueDictionary.itervaluerefs()
  • WeakValueDictionary.valuerefs()
  • WeakSet
  • ReferenceType
  • ProxyType
  • CallableProxyType
  • ProxyTypes
  • ReferenceError
  • 8.11.1. Weak Reference Objects
  • 8.11.2. Example
• 8.12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
  • UserDict
  • IterableUserDict
  • IterableUserDict.data
  • DictMixin
• 8.13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
  • UserList
  • UserList.data
• 8.14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
  • UserString
  • MutableString
  • MutableString.data
• 8.15. types — Names for built-in types
  • NoneType
  • TypeType
  • BooleanType
  • IntType
  • LongType
  • FloatType
  • ComplexType
  • StringType
  • UnicodeType
  • TupleType
  • ListType
  • DictType
  • DictionaryType
  • FunctionType
  • LambdaType
  • GeneratorType
  • CodeType
  • ClassType
  • InstanceType
  • MethodType
  • UnboundMethodType
  • BuiltinFunctionType
  • BuiltinMethodType
  • ModuleType
  • FileType
  • XRangeType
  • SliceType
  • EllipsisType
  • TracebackType
  • FrameType
  • BufferType
  • DictProxyType
  • NotImplementedType
  • GetSetDescriptorType
  • MemberDescriptorType
  • StringTypes
• 8.16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
  • instance()
  • instancemethod()
  • function()
  • code()
  • module()
  • classobj()
• 8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  • copy()
  • deepcopy()
  • error
• 8.18. pprint — Data pretty printer
  • PrettyPrinter
  • pformat()
  • pprint()
  • isreadable()
  • isrecursive()
  • saferepr()
  • 8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
    • PrettyPrinter.pformat()
    • PrettyPrinter.pprint()
    • PrettyPrinter.isreadable()
    • PrettyPrinter.isrecursive()
    • PrettyPrinter.format()
  • 8.18.2. pprint Example
• 8.19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
  • Repr
  • aRepr
  • repr()
  • 8.19.1. Repr Objects
    • Repr.maxlevel
    • Repr.maxdict
    • Repr.maxlist
    • Repr.maxtuple
    • Repr.maxset
    • Repr.maxfrozenset
    • Repr.maxdeque
    • Repr.maxarray
    • Repr.maxlong
    • Repr.maxstring
    • Repr.maxother
    • Repr.repr()
    • Repr.repr1()
  • 8.19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects