Python Documentation contents

• What’s New in Python
  • What’s New in Python 2.7
    • The Future for Python 2.x
    • Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
    • Post-EOS fixes
    • Python 3.1 Features
    • PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
    • PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
    • PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
    • PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
    • PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
    • PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
    • Other Language Changes
      • Interpreter Changes
      • Optimizations
    • New and Improved Modules
      • New module: importlib
      • New module: sysconfig
      • ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk
      • Updated module: unittest
      • Updated module: ElementTree 1.3
    • Build and C API Changes
      • Capsules
      • Port-Specific Changes: Windows
      • Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
      • Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD
    • Other Changes and Fixes
    • Porting to Python 2.7
    • New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
      • Two new environment variables for debug mode
      • PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
      • PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
      • PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
        • Bootstrapping pip By Default
        • Documentation Changes
      • PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
      • PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
      • New make regen-all build target
      • Removal of make touch build target
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.6
    • Python 3.0
    • Changes to the Development Process
      • New Issue Tracker: Roundup
      • New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx
    • PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
      • Writing Context Managers
      • The contextlib module
    • PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
    • PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory
    • PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package
    • PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
    • PEP 3105: print As a Function
    • PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
    • PEP 3112: Byte Literals
    • PEP 3116: New I/O Library
    • PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
    • PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
    • PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
    • PEP 3129: Class Decorators
    • PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
      • The fractions Module
    • Other Language Changes
      • Optimizations
      • Interpreter Changes
    • New and Improved Modules
      • The ast module
      • The future_builtins module
      • The json module: JavaScript Object Notation
      • The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser
      • ctypes Enhancements
      • Improved SSL Support
    • Deprecations and Removals
    • Build and C API Changes
      • Port-Specific Changes: Windows
      • Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
      • Port-Specific Changes: IRIX
    • Porting to Python 2.6
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.5
    • PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
    • PEP 309: Partial Function Application
    • PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
    • PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
    • PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
    • PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
    • PEP 342: New Generator Features
    • PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
      • Writing Context Managers
      • The contextlib module
    • PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
    • PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
    • PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
    • Other Language Changes
      • Interactive Interpreter Changes
      • Optimizations
    • New, Improved, and Removed Modules
      • The ctypes package
      • The ElementTree package
      • The hashlib package
      • The sqlite3 package
      • The wsgiref package
    • Build and C API Changes
      • Port-Specific Changes
    • Porting to Python 2.5
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.4
    • PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
    • PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
    • PEP 289: Generator Expressions
    • PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
    • PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
    • PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
    • PEP 324: New subprocess Module
    • PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
      • Why is Decimal needed?
      • The Decimal type
      • The Context type
    • PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
    • PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
    • Other Language Changes
      • Optimizations
    • New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
      • cookielib
      • doctest
    • Build and C API Changes
      • Port-Specific Changes
    • Porting to Python 2.4
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.3
    • PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
    • PEP 255: Simple Generators
    • PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
    • PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
    • PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
    • PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
    • PEP 279: enumerate()
    • PEP 282: The logging Package
    • PEP 285: A Boolean Type
    • PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
    • PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
    • PEP 302: New Import Hooks
    • PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
    • PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
    • Extended Slices
    • Other Language Changes
      • String Changes
      • Optimizations
    • New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
      • Date/Time Type
      • The optparse Module
    • Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
    • Build and C API Changes
      • Port-Specific Changes
    • Other Changes and Fixes
    • Porting to Python 2.3
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.2
    • Introduction
    • PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
      • Old and New Classes
      • Descriptors
      • Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule
      • Attribute Access
      • Related Links
    • PEP 234: Iterators
    • PEP 255: Simple Generators
    • PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
    • PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
    • Unicode Changes
    • PEP 227: Nested Scopes
    • New and Improved Modules
    • Interpreter Changes and Fixes
    • Other Changes and Fixes
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.1
    • Introduction
    • PEP 227: Nested Scopes
    • PEP 236: __future__ Directives
    • PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
    • PEP 230: Warning Framework
    • PEP 229: New Build System
    • PEP 205: Weak References
    • PEP 232: Function Attributes
    • PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
    • PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
    • PEP 208: New Coercion Model
    • PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
    • New and Improved Modules
    • Other Changes and Fixes
    • Acknowledgements
  • What’s New in Python 2.0
    • Introduction
    • What About Python 1.6?
    • New Development Process
    • Unicode
    • List Comprehensions
    • Augmented Assignment
    • String Methods
    • Garbage Collection of Cycles
    • Other Core Changes
      • Minor Language Changes
      • Changes to Built-in Functions
    • Porting to 2.0
    • Extending/Embedding Changes
    • Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
    • XML Modules
      • SAX2 Support
      • DOM Support
      • Relationship to PyXML
    • Module changes
    • New modules
    • IDLE Improvements
    • Deleted and Deprecated Modules
    • Acknowledgements
• The Python Tutorial
  • 1. Whetting Your Appetite
  • 2. Using the Python Interpreter
    • 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
      • 2.1.1. Argument Passing
      • 2.1.2. Interactive Mode
    • 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment
      • 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding
  • 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
    • 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
      • 3.1.1. Numbers
      • 3.1.2. Strings
      • 3.1.3. Unicode Strings
      • 3.1.4. Lists
    • 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
  • 4. More Control Flow Tools
    • 4.1. if Statements
    • 4.2. for Statements
    • 4.3. The range() Function
    • 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
    • 4.5. pass Statements
    • 4.6. Defining Functions
    • 4.7. More on Defining Functions
      • 4.7.1. Default Argument Values
      • 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments
      • 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists
      • 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists
      • 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions
      • 4.7.6. Documentation Strings
    • 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style
  • 5. Data Structures
    • 5.1. More on Lists
      • 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
      • 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
      • 5.1.3. Functional Programming Tools
      • 5.1.4. List Comprehensions
        • 5.1.4.1. Nested List Comprehensions
    • 5.2. The del statement
    • 5.3. Tuples and Sequences
    • 5.4. Sets
    • 5.5. Dictionaries
    • 5.6. Looping Techniques
    • 5.7. More on Conditions
    • 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
  • 6. Modules
    • 6.1. More on Modules
      • 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
      • 6.1.2. The Module Search Path
      • 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
    • 6.2. Standard Modules
    • 6.3. The dir() Function
    • 6.4. Packages
      • 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
      • 6.4.2. Intra-package References
      • 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
  • 7. Input and Output
    • 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
      • 7.1.1. Old string formatting
    • 7.2. Reading and Writing Files
      • 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
      • 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json
  • 8. Errors and Exceptions
    • 8.1. Syntax Errors
    • 8.2. Exceptions
    • 8.3. Handling Exceptions
    • 8.4. Raising Exceptions
    • 8.5. User-defined Exceptions
    • 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions
    • 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions
  • 9. Classes
    • 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
    • 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
    • 9.3. A First Look at Classes
      • 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
      • 9.3.2. Class Objects
      • 9.3.3. Instance Objects
      • 9.3.4. Method Objects
      • 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
    • 9.4. Random Remarks
    • 9.5. Inheritance
      • 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance
    • 9.6. Private Variables and Class-local References
    • 9.7. Odds and Ends
    • 9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too
    • 9.9. Iterators
    • 9.10. Generators
    • 9.11. Generator Expressions
  • 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
    • 10.1. Operating System Interface
    • 10.2. File Wildcards
    • 10.3. Command Line Arguments
    • 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
    • 10.5. String Pattern Matching
    • 10.6. Mathematics
    • 10.7. Internet Access
    • 10.8. Dates and Times
    • 10.9. Data Compression
    • 10.10. Performance Measurement
    • 10.11. Quality Control
    • 10.12. Batteries Included
  • 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II
    • 11.1. Output Formatting
    • 11.2. Templating
    • 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
    • 11.4. Multi-threading
    • 11.5. Logging
    • 11.6. Weak References
    • 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
    • 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
  • 12. What Now?
  • 13. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
    • 13.1. Line Editing
    • 13.2. History Substitution
    • 13.3. Key Bindings
    • 13.4. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
  • 14. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
    • 14.1. Representation Error
  • 15. Appendix
    • 15.1. Interactive Mode
      • 15.1.1. Error Handling
      • 15.1.2. Executable Python Scripts
      • 15.1.3. The Interactive Startup File
      • 15.1.4. The Customization Modules
• Python Setup and Usage
  • 1. Command line and environment
    • 1.1. Command line
      • 1.1.1. Interface options
      • 1.1.2. Generic options
      • 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options
      • 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use
    • 1.2. Environment variables
      • 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables
  • 2. Using Python on Unix platforms
    • 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python
      • 2.1.1. On Linux
      • 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD
      • 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris
    • 2.2. Building Python
    • 2.3. Python-related paths and files
    • 2.4. Miscellaneous
    • 2.5. Editors and IDEs
  • 3. Using Python on Windows
    • 3.1. Installing Python
    • 3.2. Alternative bundles
    • 3.3. Configuring Python
      • 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables
      • 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable
      • 3.3.3. Finding modules
      • 3.3.4. Executing scripts
    • 3.4. Additional modules
      • 3.4.1. PyWin32
      • 3.4.2. Py2exe
      • 3.4.3. WConio
    • 3.5. Compiling Python on Windows
    • 3.6. Other resources
  • 4. Using Python on a Macintosh
    • 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython
      • 4.1.1. How to run a Python script
      • 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI
      • 4.1.3. Configuration
    • 4.2. The IDE
    • 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages
    • 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac
    • 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
    • 4.6. Other Resources
• The Python Language Reference
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1. Alternate Implementations
    • 1.2. Notation
  • 2. Lexical analysis
    • 2.1. Line structure
      • 2.1.1. Logical lines
      • 2.1.2. Physical lines
      • 2.1.3. Comments
      • 2.1.4. Encoding declarations
      • 2.1.5. Explicit line joining
      • 2.1.6. Implicit line joining
      • 2.1.7. Blank lines
      • 2.1.8. Indentation
      • 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens
    • 2.2. Other tokens
    • 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
      • 2.3.1. Keywords
      • 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers
    • 2.4. Literals
      • 2.4.1. String literals
      • 2.4.2. String literal concatenation
      • 2.4.3. Numeric literals
      • 2.4.4. Integer and long integer literals
      • 2.4.5. Floating point literals
      • 2.4.6. Imaginary literals
    • 2.5. Operators
    • 2.6. Delimiters
  • 3. Data model
    • 3.1. Objects, values and types
    • 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
      • slice.indices()
    • 3.3. New-style and classic classes
    • 3.4. Special method names
      • 3.4.1. Basic customization
        • object.__new__()
        • object.__init__()
        • object.__del__()
        • object.__repr__()
        • object.__str__()
        • object.__lt__()
        • object.__le__()
        • object.__eq__()
        • object.__ne__()
        • object.__gt__()
        • object.__ge__()
        • object.__cmp__()
        • object.__rcmp__()
        • object.__hash__()
        • object.__nonzero__()
        • object.__unicode__()
      • 3.4.2. Customizing attribute access
        • object.__getattr__()
        • object.__setattr__()
        • object.__delattr__()
        • 3.4.2.1. More attribute access for new-style classes
          • object.__getattribute__()
        • 3.4.2.2. Implementing Descriptors
          • object.__get__()
          • object.__set__()
          • object.__delete__()
        • 3.4.2.3. Invoking Descriptors
        • 3.4.2.4. __slots__
          • __slots__
      • 3.4.3. Customizing class creation
        • __metaclass__
      • 3.4.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
        • class.__instancecheck__()
        • class.__subclasscheck__()
      • 3.4.5. Emulating callable objects
        • object.__call__()
      • 3.4.6. Emulating container types
        • object.__len__()
        • object.__getitem__()
        • object.__setitem__()
        • object.__delitem__()
        • object.__missing__()
        • object.__iter__()
        • object.__reversed__()
        • object.__contains__()
      • 3.4.7. Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
        • object.__getslice__()
        • object.__setslice__()
        • object.__delslice__()
      • 3.4.8. Emulating numeric types
        • object.__add__()
        • object.__sub__()
        • object.__mul__()
        • object.__floordiv__()
        • object.__mod__()
        • object.__divmod__()
        • object.__pow__()
        • object.__lshift__()
        • object.__rshift__()
        • object.__and__()
        • object.__xor__()
        • object.__or__()
        • object.__div__()
        • object.__truediv__()
        • object.__radd__()
        • object.__rsub__()
        • object.__rmul__()
        • object.__rdiv__()
        • object.__rtruediv__()
        • object.__rfloordiv__()
        • object.__rmod__()
        • object.__rdivmod__()
        • object.__rpow__()
        • object.__rlshift__()
        • object.__rrshift__()
        • object.__rand__()
        • object.__rxor__()
        • object.__ror__()
        • object.__iadd__()
        • object.__isub__()
        • object.__imul__()
        • object.__idiv__()
        • object.__itruediv__()
        • object.__ifloordiv__()
        • object.__imod__()
        • object.__ipow__()
        • object.__ilshift__()
        • object.__irshift__()
        • object.__iand__()
        • object.__ixor__()
        • object.__ior__()
        • object.__neg__()
        • object.__pos__()
        • object.__abs__()
        • object.__invert__()
        • object.__complex__()
        • object.__int__()
        • object.__long__()
        • object.__float__()
        • object.__oct__()
        • object.__hex__()
        • object.__index__()
        • object.__coerce__()
      • 3.4.9. Coercion rules
      • 3.4.10. With Statement Context Managers
        • object.__enter__()
        • object.__exit__()
      • 3.4.11. Special method lookup for old-style classes
      • 3.4.12. Special method lookup for new-style classes
  • 4. Execution model
    • 4.1. Naming and binding
      • 4.1.1. Interaction with dynamic features
    • 4.2. Exceptions
  • 5. Expressions
    • 5.1. Arithmetic conversions
    • 5.2. Atoms
      • 5.2.1. Identifiers (Names)
      • 5.2.2. Literals
      • 5.2.3. Parenthesized forms
      • 5.2.4. List displays
      • 5.2.5. Displays for sets and dictionaries
      • 5.2.6. Generator expressions
      • 5.2.7. Dictionary displays
      • 5.2.8. Set displays
      • 5.2.9. String conversions
      • 5.2.10. Yield expressions
        • 5.2.10.1. Generator-iterator methods
          • generator.next()
          • generator.send()
          • generator.throw()
          • generator.close()
    • 5.3. Primaries
      • 5.3.1. Attribute references
      • 5.3.2. Subscriptions
      • 5.3.3. Slicings
      • 5.3.4. Calls
    • 5.4. The power operator
    • 5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
    • 5.6. Binary arithmetic operations
    • 5.7. Shifting operations
    • 5.8. Binary bitwise operations
    • 5.9. Comparisons
      • 5.9.1. Value comparisons
      • 5.9.2. Membership test operations
      • 5.9.3. Identity comparisons
    • 5.10. Boolean operations
    • 5.11. Conditional Expressions
    • 5.12. Lambdas
    • 5.13. Expression lists
    • 5.14. Evaluation order
    • 5.15. Operator precedence
  • 6. Simple statements
    • 6.1. Expression statements
    • 6.2. Assignment statements
      • 6.2.1. Augmented assignment statements
    • 6.3. The assert statement
    • 6.4. The pass statement
    • 6.5. The del statement
    • 6.6. The print statement
    • 6.7. The return statement
    • 6.8. The yield statement
    • 6.9. The raise statement
    • 6.10. The break statement
    • 6.11. The continue statement
    • 6.12. The import statement
      • 6.12.1. Future statements
    • 6.13. The global statement
    • 6.14. The exec statement
  • 7. Compound statements
    • 7.1. The if statement
    • 7.2. The while statement
    • 7.3. The for statement
    • 7.4. The try statement
    • 7.5. The with statement
    • 7.6. Function definitions
    • 7.7. Class definitions
  • 8. Top-level components
    • 8.1. Complete Python programs
    • 8.2. File input
    • 8.3. Interactive input
    • 8.4. Expression input
  • 9. Full Grammar specification
• The Python Standard Library
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Built-in Functions
    • abs()
    • all()
    • any()
    • basestring()
    • bin()
    • bool
    • bytearray
    • callable()
    • chr()
    • classmethod()
    • cmp()
    • compile()
    • complex
    • delattr()
    • dir()
    • divmod()
    • enumerate()
    • eval()
    • execfile()
    • file()
    • filter()
    • float
    • format()
    • getattr()
    • globals()
    • hasattr()
    • hash()
    • help()
    • hex()
    • id()
    • input()
    • int
    • isinstance()
    • issubclass()
    • iter()
    • len()
    • locals()
    • long
    • map()
    • max()
    • min()
    • next()
    • object
    • oct()
    • open()
    • ord()
    • pow()
    • print()
    • property
    • range()
    • raw_input()
    • reduce()
    • reload()
    • repr()
    • reversed()
    • round()
    • setattr()
    • slice
    • sorted()
    • staticmethod()
    • str
    • sum()
    • super()
    • tuple()
    • type
    • unichr()
    • unicode()
    • vars()
    • xrange()
    • zip()
    • __import__()
  • 3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
    • apply()
    • buffer()
    • coerce()
    • intern()
  • 4. Built-in Constants
    • False
    • True
    • None
    • NotImplemented
    • Ellipsis
    • __debug__
    • 4.1. Constants added by the site module
      • quit
      • exit
      • copyright
      • credits
      • license
  • 5. Built-in Types
    • 5.1. Truth Value Testing
    • 5.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
    • 5.3. Comparisons
    • 5.4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
      • 5.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types
      • 5.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types
        • int.bit_length()
        • long.bit_length()
      • 5.4.3. Additional Methods on Float
        • float.as_integer_ratio()
        • float.is_integer()
        • float.hex()
        • float.fromhex()
    • 5.5. Iterator Types
      • container.__iter__()
      • iterator.__iter__()
      • iterator.next()
      • 5.5.1. Generator Types
    • 5.6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
      • 5.6.1. String Methods
        • str.capitalize()
        • str.center()
        • str.count()
        • str.decode()
        • str.encode()
        • str.endswith()
        • str.expandtabs()
        • str.find()
        • str.format()
        • str.index()
        • str.isalnum()
        • str.isalpha()
        • str.isdigit()
        • str.islower()
        • str.isspace()
        • str.istitle()
        • str.isupper()
        • str.join()
        • str.ljust()
        • str.lower()
        • str.lstrip()
        • str.partition()
        • str.replace()
        • str.rfind()
        • str.rindex()
        • str.rjust()
        • str.rpartition()
        • str.rsplit()
        • str.rstrip()
        • str.split()
        • str.splitlines()
        • unicode.splitlines()
        • str.startswith()
        • str.strip()
        • str.swapcase()
        • str.title()
        • str.translate()
        • str.upper()
        • str.zfill()
        • unicode.isnumeric()
        • unicode.isdecimal()
      • 5.6.2. String Formatting Operations
      • 5.6.3. XRange Type
      • 5.6.4. Mutable Sequence Types
    • 5.7. Set Types — set, frozenset
      • set
      • frozenset
        • frozenset.isdisjoint()
        • frozenset.issubset()
        • frozenset.issuperset()
        • frozenset.union()
        • frozenset.intersection()
        • frozenset.difference()
        • frozenset.symmetric_difference()
        • frozenset.copy()
        • frozenset.update()
        • frozenset.intersection_update()
        • frozenset.difference_update()
        • frozenset.symmetric_difference_update()
        • frozenset.add()
        • frozenset.remove()
        • frozenset.discard()
        • frozenset.pop()
        • frozenset.clear()
    • 5.8. Mapping Types — dict
      • dict
        • dict.clear()
        • dict.copy()
        • dict.fromkeys()
        • dict.get()
        • dict.has_key()
        • dict.items()
        • dict.iteritems()
        • dict.iterkeys()
        • dict.itervalues()
        • dict.keys()
        • dict.pop()
        • dict.popitem()
        • dict.setdefault()
        • dict.update()
        • dict.values()
        • dict.viewitems()
        • dict.viewkeys()
        • dict.viewvalues()
      • 5.8.1. Dictionary view objects
    • 5.9. File Objects
      • file.close()
      • file.flush()
      • file.fileno()
      • file.isatty()
      • file.next()
      • file.read()
      • file.readline()
      • file.readlines()
      • file.xreadlines()
      • file.seek()
      • file.tell()
      • file.truncate()
      • file.write()
      • file.writelines()
      • file.closed
      • file.encoding
      • file.errors
      • file.mode
      • file.name
      • file.newlines
      • file.softspace
    • 5.10. memoryview type
      • memoryview
        • memoryview.tobytes()
        • memoryview.tolist()
        • memoryview.format
        • memoryview.itemsize
        • memoryview.shape
        • memoryview.ndim
        • memoryview.strides
        • memoryview.readonly
    • 5.11. Context Manager Types
      • contextmanager.__enter__()
      • contextmanager.__exit__()
    • 5.12. Other Built-in Types
      • 5.12.1. Modules
      • 5.12.2. Classes and Class Instances
      • 5.12.3. Functions
      • 5.12.4. Methods
      • 5.12.5. Code Objects
      • 5.12.6. Type Objects
      • 5.12.7. The Null Object
      • 5.12.8. The Ellipsis Object
      • 5.12.9. The NotImplemented Object
      • 5.12.10. Boolean Values
      • 5.12.11. Internal Objects
    • 5.13. Special Attributes
      • object.__dict__
      • object.__methods__
      • object.__members__
      • instance.__class__
      • class.__bases__
      • definition.__name__
      • class.__mro__
      • class.mro()
      • class.__subclasses__()
  • 6. Built-in Exceptions
    • BaseException
      • BaseException.args
    • Exception
    • StandardError
    • ArithmeticError
    • BufferError
    • LookupError
    • EnvironmentError
    • AssertionError
    • AttributeError
    • EOFError
    • FloatingPointError
    • GeneratorExit
    • IOError
    • ImportError
    • IndexError
    • KeyError
    • KeyboardInterrupt
    • MemoryError
    • NameError
    • NotImplementedError
    • OSError
    • OverflowError
    • ReferenceError
    • RuntimeError
    • StopIteration
    • SyntaxError
    • IndentationError
    • TabError
    • SystemError
    • SystemExit
    • TypeError
    • UnboundLocalError
    • UnicodeError
      • UnicodeError.encoding
      • UnicodeError.reason
      • UnicodeError.object
      • UnicodeError.start
      • UnicodeError.end
    • UnicodeEncodeError
    • UnicodeDecodeError
    • UnicodeTranslateError
    • ValueError
    • VMSError
    • WindowsError
    • ZeroDivisionError
    • Warning
    • UserWarning
    • DeprecationWarning
    • PendingDeprecationWarning
    • SyntaxWarning
    • RuntimeWarning
    • FutureWarning
    • ImportWarning
    • UnicodeWarning
    • BytesWarning
    • 6.1. Exception hierarchy
  • 7. String Services
    • 7.1. string — Common string operations
      • 7.1.1. String constants
        • ascii_letters
        • ascii_lowercase
        • ascii_uppercase
        • digits
        • hexdigits
        • letters
        • lowercase
        • octdigits
        • punctuation
        • printable
        • uppercase
        • whitespace
      • 7.1.2. Custom String Formatting
        • Formatter
          • Formatter.format()
          • Formatter.vformat()
          • Formatter.parse()
          • Formatter.get_field()
          • Formatter.get_value()
          • Formatter.check_unused_args()
          • Formatter.format_field()
          • Formatter.convert_field()
      • 7.1.3. Format String Syntax
        • 7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language
        • 7.1.3.2. Format examples
      • 7.1.4. Template strings
        • Template
          • Template.substitute()
          • Template.safe_substitute()
          • Template.template
      • 7.1.5. String functions
        • capwords()
        • maketrans()
      • 7.1.6. Deprecated string functions
        • atof()
        • atoi()
        • atol()
        • capitalize()
        • expandtabs()
        • find()
        • rfind()
        • index()
        • rindex()
        • count()
        • lower()
        • split()
        • rsplit()
        • splitfields()
        • join()
        • joinfields()
        • lstrip()
        • rstrip()
        • strip()
        • swapcase()
        • translate()
        • upper()
        • ljust()
        • rjust()
        • center()
        • zfill()
        • replace()
    • 7.2. re — Regular expression operations
      • 7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
      • 7.2.2. Module Contents
        • compile()
        • DEBUG
        • I
        • IGNORECASE
        • L
        • LOCALE
        • M
        • MULTILINE
        • S
        • DOTALL
        • U
        • UNICODE
        • X
        • VERBOSE
        • search()
        • match()
        • split()
        • findall()
        • finditer()
        • sub()
        • subn()
        • escape()
        • purge()
        • error
      • 7.2.3. Regular Expression Objects
        • RegexObject
          • RegexObject.search()
          • RegexObject.match()
          • RegexObject.split()
          • RegexObject.findall()
          • RegexObject.finditer()
          • RegexObject.sub()
          • RegexObject.subn()
          • RegexObject.flags
          • RegexObject.groups
          • RegexObject.groupindex
          • RegexObject.pattern
      • 7.2.4. Match Objects
        • MatchObject
          • MatchObject.expand()
          • MatchObject.group()
          • MatchObject.groups()
          • MatchObject.groupdict()
          • MatchObject.start()
          • MatchObject.end()
          • MatchObject.span()
          • MatchObject.pos
          • MatchObject.endpos
          • MatchObject.lastindex
          • MatchObject.lastgroup
          • MatchObject.re
          • MatchObject.string
      • 7.2.5. Examples
        • 7.2.5.1. Checking For a Pair
        • 7.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()
        • 7.2.5.3. search() vs. match()
        • 7.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook
        • 7.2.5.5. Text Munging
        • 7.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs
        • 7.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
        • 7.2.5.8. Raw String Notation
    • 7.3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
      • 7.3.1. Functions and Exceptions
        • error
        • pack()
        • pack_into()
        • unpack()
        • unpack_from()
        • calcsize()
      • 7.3.2. Format Strings
        • 7.3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
        • 7.3.2.2. Format Characters
        • 7.3.2.3. Examples
      • 7.3.3. Classes
        • Struct
          • Struct.pack()
          • Struct.pack_into()
          • Struct.unpack()
          • Struct.unpack_from()
          • Struct.format
          • Struct.size
    • 7.4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
      • SequenceMatcher
      • Differ
      • HtmlDiff
        • HtmlDiff.__init__()
        • HtmlDiff.make_file()
        • HtmlDiff.make_table()
      • context_diff()
      • get_close_matches()
      • ndiff()
      • restore()
      • unified_diff()
      • IS_LINE_JUNK()
      • IS_CHARACTER_JUNK()
      • 7.4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects
        • SequenceMatcher
          • SequenceMatcher.set_seqs()
          • SequenceMatcher.set_seq1()
          • SequenceMatcher.set_seq2()
          • SequenceMatcher.find_longest_match()
          • SequenceMatcher.get_matching_blocks()
          • SequenceMatcher.get_opcodes()
          • SequenceMatcher.get_grouped_opcodes()
          • SequenceMatcher.ratio()
          • SequenceMatcher.quick_ratio()
          • SequenceMatcher.real_quick_ratio()
      • 7.4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples
      • 7.4.3. Differ Objects
        • Differ
          • Differ.compare()
      • 7.4.4. Differ Example
      • 7.4.5. A command-line interface to difflib
    • 7.5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
      • StringIO
      • StringIO.getvalue()
      • StringIO.close()
    • 7.6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
      • StringIO()
      • InputType
      • OutputType
    • 7.7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
      • wrap()
      • fill()
      • dedent()
      • TextWrapper
        • TextWrapper.width
        • TextWrapper.expand_tabs
        • TextWrapper.replace_whitespace
        • TextWrapper.drop_whitespace
        • TextWrapper.initial_indent
        • TextWrapper.subsequent_indent
        • TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings
        • TextWrapper.break_long_words
        • TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens
        • TextWrapper.wrap()
        • TextWrapper.fill()
    • 7.8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
      • encode()
      • decode()
      • register()
      • lookup()
      • getencoder()
      • getdecoder()
      • getincrementalencoder()
      • getincrementaldecoder()
      • getreader()
      • getwriter()
      • register_error()
      • lookup_error()
      • strict_errors()
      • replace_errors()
      • ignore_errors()
      • xmlcharrefreplace_errors()
      • backslashreplace_errors()
      • open()
      • EncodedFile()
      • iterencode()
      • iterdecode()
      • BOM
      • BOM_BE
      • BOM_LE
      • BOM_UTF8
      • BOM_UTF16
      • BOM_UTF16_BE
      • BOM_UTF16_LE
      • BOM_UTF32
      • BOM_UTF32_BE
      • BOM_UTF32_LE
      • 7.8.1. Codec Base Classes
        • 7.8.1.1. Codec Objects
          • Codec.encode()
          • Codec.decode()
        • 7.8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects
          • IncrementalEncoder
            • IncrementalEncoder.encode()
            • IncrementalEncoder.reset()
        • 7.8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects
          • IncrementalDecoder
            • IncrementalDecoder.decode()
            • IncrementalDecoder.reset()
        • 7.8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects
          • StreamWriter
            • StreamWriter.write()
            • StreamWriter.writelines()
            • StreamWriter.reset()
        • 7.8.1.5. StreamReader Objects
          • StreamReader
            • StreamReader.read()
            • StreamReader.readline()
            • StreamReader.readlines()
            • StreamReader.reset()
        • 7.8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects
          • StreamReaderWriter
        • 7.8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects
          • StreamRecoder
      • 7.8.2. Encodings and Unicode
      • 7.8.3. Standard Encodings
      • 7.8.4. Python Specific Encodings
      • 7.8.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
        • nameprep()
        • ToASCII()
        • ToUnicode()
      • 7.8.6. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
    • 7.9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
      • lookup()
      • name()
      • decimal()
      • digit()
      • numeric()
      • category()
      • bidirectional()
      • combining()
      • east_asian_width()
      • mirrored()
      • decomposition()
      • normalize()
      • unidata_version
      • ucd_3_2_0
    • 7.10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
      • in_table_a1()
      • in_table_b1()
      • map_table_b2()
      • map_table_b3()
      • in_table_c11()
      • in_table_c12()
      • in_table_c11_c12()
      • in_table_c21()
      • in_table_c22()
      • in_table_c21_c22()
      • in_table_c3()
      • in_table_c4()
      • in_table_c5()
      • in_table_c6()
      • in_table_c7()
      • in_table_c8()
      • in_table_c9()
      • in_table_d1()
      • in_table_d2()
    • 7.11. fpformat — Floating point conversions
      • fix()
      • sci()
      • NotANumber
  • 8. Data Types
    • 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
      • MINYEAR
      • MAXYEAR
      • 8.1.1. Available Types
      • 8.1.2. timedelta Objects
        • timedelta
        • timedelta.min
        • timedelta.max
        • timedelta.resolution
        • timedelta.total_seconds()
      • 8.1.3. date Objects
        • date
        • date.today()
        • date.fromtimestamp()
        • date.fromordinal()
        • date.min
        • date.max
        • date.resolution
        • date.year
        • date.month
        • date.day
        • date.replace()
        • date.timetuple()
        • date.toordinal()
        • date.weekday()
        • date.isoweekday()
        • date.isocalendar()
        • date.isoformat()
        • date.__str__()
        • date.ctime()
        • date.strftime()
        • date.__format__()
      • 8.1.4. datetime Objects
        • datetime
        • datetime.today()
        • datetime.now()
        • datetime.utcnow()
        • datetime.fromtimestamp()
        • datetime.utcfromtimestamp()
        • datetime.fromordinal()
        • datetime.combine()
        • datetime.strptime()
        • datetime.min
        • datetime.max
        • datetime.resolution
        • datetime.year
        • datetime.month
        • datetime.day
        • datetime.hour
        • datetime.minute
        • datetime.second
        • datetime.microsecond
        • datetime.tzinfo
        • datetime.date()
        • datetime.time()
        • datetime.timetz()
        • datetime.replace()
        • datetime.astimezone()
        • datetime.utcoffset()
        • datetime.dst()
        • datetime.tzname()
        • datetime.timetuple()
        • datetime.utctimetuple()
        • datetime.toordinal()
        • datetime.weekday()
        • datetime.isoweekday()
        • datetime.isocalendar()
        • datetime.isoformat()
        • datetime.__str__()
        • datetime.ctime()
        • datetime.strftime()
        • datetime.__format__()
      • 8.1.5. time Objects
        • time
        • time.min
        • time.max
        • time.resolution
        • time.hour
        • time.minute
        • time.second
        • time.microsecond
        • time.tzinfo
        • time.replace()
        • time.isoformat()
        • time.__str__()
        • time.strftime()
        • time.__format__()
        • time.utcoffset()
        • time.dst()
        • time.tzname()
      • 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects
        • tzinfo
        • tzinfo.utcoffset()
        • tzinfo.dst()
        • tzinfo.tzname()
        • tzinfo.fromutc()
      • 8.1.7. strftime() and strptime() Behavior
    • 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
      • Calendar
        • Calendar.iterweekdays()
        • Calendar.itermonthdates()
        • Calendar.itermonthdays2()
        • Calendar.itermonthdays()
        • Calendar.monthdatescalendar()
        • Calendar.monthdays2calendar()
        • Calendar.monthdayscalendar()
        • Calendar.yeardatescalendar()
        • Calendar.yeardays2calendar()
        • Calendar.yeardayscalendar()
      • TextCalendar
        • TextCalendar.formatmonth()
        • TextCalendar.prmonth()
        • TextCalendar.formatyear()
        • TextCalendar.pryear()
      • HTMLCalendar
        • HTMLCalendar.formatmonth()
        • HTMLCalendar.formatyear()
        • HTMLCalendar.formatyearpage()
      • LocaleTextCalendar
      • LocaleHTMLCalendar
      • setfirstweekday()
      • firstweekday()
      • isleap()
      • leapdays()
      • weekday()
      • weekheader()
      • monthrange()
      • monthcalendar()
      • prmonth()
      • month()
      • prcal()
      • calendar()
      • timegm()
      • day_name
      • day_abbr
      • month_name
      • month_abbr
    • 8.3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
      • 8.3.1. Counter objects
        • Counter
          • Counter.elements()
          • Counter.most_common()
          • Counter.subtract()
          • Counter.fromkeys()
          • Counter.update()
      • 8.3.2. deque objects
        • deque
          • deque.append()
          • deque.appendleft()
          • deque.clear()
          • deque.count()
          • deque.extend()
          • deque.extendleft()
          • deque.pop()
          • deque.popleft()
          • deque.remove()
          • deque.reverse()
          • deque.rotate()
          • deque.maxlen
        • 8.3.2.1. deque Recipes
      • 8.3.3. defaultdict objects
        • defaultdict
          • defaultdict.__missing__()
          • defaultdict.default_factory
        • 8.3.3.1. defaultdict Examples
      • 8.3.4. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields
        • namedtuple()
        • somenamedtuple._make()
        • somenamedtuple._asdict()
        • somenamedtuple._replace()
        • somenamedtuple._fields
      • 8.3.5. OrderedDict objects
        • OrderedDict
        • OrderedDict.popitem()
        • 8.3.5.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes
      • 8.3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes
        • Container
        • Hashable
        • Sized
        • Callable
        • Iterable
        • Iterator
        • Sequence
        • MutableSequence
        • Set
        • MutableSet
        • Mapping
        • MutableMapping
        • MappingView
        • ItemsView
        • KeysView
        • ValuesView
    • 8.4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
      • heappush()
      • heappop()
      • heappushpop()
      • heapify()
      • heapreplace()
      • merge()
      • nlargest()
      • nsmallest()
      • 8.4.1. Basic Examples
      • 8.4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
      • 8.4.3. Theory
    • 8.5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
      • bisect_left()
      • bisect_right()
      • bisect()
      • insort_left()
      • insort_right()
      • insort()
      • 8.5.1. Searching Sorted Lists
      • 8.5.2. Other Examples
    • 8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
      • array
      • ArrayType
      • array.typecode
      • array.itemsize
      • array.append()
      • array.buffer_info()
      • array.byteswap()
      • array.count()
      • array.extend()
      • array.fromfile()
      • array.fromlist()
      • array.fromstring()
      • array.fromunicode()
      • array.index()
      • array.insert()
      • array.pop()
      • array.read()
      • array.remove()
      • array.reverse()
      • array.tofile()
      • array.tolist()
      • array.tostring()
      • array.tounicode()
      • array.write()
    • 8.7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
      • Set
      • ImmutableSet
      • 8.7.1. Set Objects
      • 8.7.2. Example
      • 8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
      • 8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in set types
    • 8.8. sched — Event scheduler
      • scheduler
      • 8.8.1. Scheduler Objects
        • scheduler.enterabs()
        • scheduler.enter()
        • scheduler.cancel()
        • scheduler.empty()
        • scheduler.run()
        • scheduler.queue
    • 8.9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
      • mutex
      • 8.9.1. Mutex Objects
        • mutex.test()
        • mutex.testandset()
        • mutex.lock()
        • mutex.unlock()
    • 8.10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
      • Queue
      • LifoQueue
      • PriorityQueue
      • Empty
      • Full
      • 8.10.1. Queue Objects
        • Queue.qsize()
        • Queue.empty()
        • Queue.full()
        • Queue.put()
        • Queue.put_nowait()
        • Queue.get()
        • Queue.get_nowait()
        • Queue.task_done()
        • Queue.join()
    • 8.11. weakref — Weak references
      • ref
      • proxy()
      • getweakrefcount()
      • getweakrefs()
      • WeakKeyDictionary
      • WeakKeyDictionary.iterkeyrefs()
      • WeakKeyDictionary.keyrefs()
      • WeakValueDictionary
      • WeakValueDictionary.itervaluerefs()
      • WeakValueDictionary.valuerefs()
      • WeakSet
      • ReferenceType
      • ProxyType
      • CallableProxyType
      • ProxyTypes
      • ReferenceError
      • 8.11.1. Weak Reference Objects
      • 8.11.2. Example
    • 8.12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
      • UserDict
      • IterableUserDict
      • IterableUserDict.data
      • DictMixin
    • 8.13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
      • UserList
      • UserList.data
    • 8.14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
      • UserString
      • MutableString
      • MutableString.data
    • 8.15. types — Names for built-in types
      • NoneType
      • TypeType
      • BooleanType
      • IntType
      • LongType
      • FloatType
      • ComplexType
      • StringType
      • UnicodeType
      • TupleType
      • ListType
      • DictType
      • DictionaryType
      • FunctionType
      • LambdaType
      • GeneratorType
      • CodeType
      • ClassType
      • InstanceType
      • MethodType
      • UnboundMethodType
      • BuiltinFunctionType
      • BuiltinMethodType
      • ModuleType
      • FileType
      • XRangeType
      • SliceType
      • EllipsisType
      • TracebackType
      • FrameType
      • BufferType
      • DictProxyType
      • NotImplementedType
      • GetSetDescriptorType
      • MemberDescriptorType
      • StringTypes
    • 8.16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
      • instance()
      • instancemethod()
      • function()
      • code()
      • module()
      • classobj()
    • 8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
      • copy()
      • deepcopy()
      • error
    • 8.18. pprint — Data pretty printer
      • PrettyPrinter
      • pformat()
      • pprint()
      • isreadable()
      • isrecursive()
      • saferepr()
      • 8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
        • PrettyPrinter.pformat()
        • PrettyPrinter.pprint()
        • PrettyPrinter.isreadable()
        • PrettyPrinter.isrecursive()
        • PrettyPrinter.format()
      • 8.18.2. pprint Example
    • 8.19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
      • Repr
      • aRepr
      • repr()
      • 8.19.1. Repr Objects
        • Repr.maxlevel
        • Repr.maxdict
        • Repr.maxlist
        • Repr.maxtuple
        • Repr.maxset
        • Repr.maxfrozenset
        • Repr.maxdeque
        • Repr.maxarray
        • Repr.maxlong
        • Repr.maxstring
        • Repr.maxother
        • Repr.repr()
        • Repr.repr1()
      • 8.19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects
  • 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
    • 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
      • Number
      • 9.1.1. The numeric tower
        • Complex
          • Complex.real
          • Complex.imag
          • Complex.conjugate()
        • Real
        • Rational
          • Rational.numerator
          • Rational.denominator
        • Integral
      • 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors
        • 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs
        • 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations
    • 9.2. math — Mathematical functions
      • 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions
        • ceil()
        • copysign()
        • fabs()
        • factorial()
        • floor()
        • fmod()
        • frexp()
        • fsum()
        • isinf()
        • isnan()
        • ldexp()
        • modf()
        • trunc()
      • 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions
        • exp()
        • expm1()
        • log()
        • log1p()
        • log10()
        • pow()
        • sqrt()
      • 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions
        • acos()
        • asin()
        • atan()
        • atan2()
        • cos()
        • hypot()
        • sin()
        • tan()
      • 9.2.4. Angular conversion
        • degrees()
        • radians()
      • 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions
        • acosh()
        • asinh()
        • atanh()
        • cosh()
        • sinh()
        • tanh()
      • 9.2.6. Special functions
        • erf()
        • erfc()
        • gamma()
        • lgamma()
      • 9.2.7. Constants
        • pi
        • e
    • 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
      • 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates
        • phase()
        • polar()
        • rect()
      • 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions
        • exp()
        • log()
        • log10()
        • sqrt()
      • 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions
        • acos()
        • asin()
        • atan()
        • cos()
        • sin()
        • tan()
      • 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions
        • acosh()
        • asinh()
        • atanh()
        • cosh()
        • sinh()
        • tanh()
      • 9.3.5. Classification functions
        • isinf()
        • isnan()
      • 9.3.6. Constants
        • pi
        • e
    • 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
      • 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial
      • 9.4.2. Decimal objects
        • Decimal
          • Decimal.adjusted()
          • Decimal.as_tuple()
          • Decimal.canonical()
          • Decimal.compare()
          • Decimal.compare_signal()
          • Decimal.compare_total()
          • Decimal.compare_total_mag()
          • Decimal.conjugate()
          • Decimal.copy_abs()
          • Decimal.copy_negate()
          • Decimal.copy_sign()
          • Decimal.exp()
          • Decimal.from_float()
          • Decimal.fma()
          • Decimal.is_canonical()
          • Decimal.is_finite()
          • Decimal.is_infinite()
          • Decimal.is_nan()
          • Decimal.is_normal()
          • Decimal.is_qnan()
          • Decimal.is_signed()
          • Decimal.is_snan()
          • Decimal.is_subnormal()
          • Decimal.is_zero()
          • Decimal.ln()
          • Decimal.log10()
          • Decimal.logb()
          • Decimal.logical_and()
          • Decimal.logical_invert()
          • Decimal.logical_or()
          • Decimal.logical_xor()
          • Decimal.max()
          • Decimal.max_mag()
          • Decimal.min()
          • Decimal.min_mag()
          • Decimal.next_minus()
          • Decimal.next_plus()
          • Decimal.next_toward()
          • Decimal.normalize()
          • Decimal.number_class()
          • Decimal.quantize()
          • Decimal.radix()
          • Decimal.remainder_near()
          • Decimal.rotate()
          • Decimal.same_quantum()
          • Decimal.scaleb()
          • Decimal.shift()
          • Decimal.sqrt()
          • Decimal.to_eng_string()
          • Decimal.to_integral()
          • Decimal.to_integral_exact()
          • Decimal.to_integral_value()
        • 9.4.2.1. Logical operands
      • 9.4.3. Context objects
        • getcontext()
        • setcontext()
        • localcontext()
        • BasicContext
        • ExtendedContext
        • DefaultContext
        • Context
          • Context.clear_flags()
          • Context.copy()
          • Context.copy_decimal()
          • Context.create_decimal()
          • Context.create_decimal_from_float()
          • Context.Etiny()
          • Context.Etop()
          • Context.abs()
          • Context.add()
          • Context.canonical()
          • Context.compare()
          • Context.compare_signal()
          • Context.compare_total()
          • Context.compare_total_mag()
          • Context.copy_abs()
          • Context.copy_negate()
          • Context.copy_sign()
          • Context.divide()
          • Context.divide_int()
          • Context.divmod()
          • Context.exp()
          • Context.fma()
          • Context.is_canonical()
          • Context.is_finite()
          • Context.is_infinite()
          • Context.is_nan()
          • Context.is_normal()
          • Context.is_qnan()
          • Context.is_signed()
          • Context.is_snan()
          • Context.is_subnormal()
          • Context.is_zero()
          • Context.ln()
          • Context.log10()
          • Context.logb()
          • Context.logical_and()
          • Context.logical_invert()
          • Context.logical_or()
          • Context.logical_xor()
          • Context.max()
          • Context.max_mag()
          • Context.min()
          • Context.min_mag()
          • Context.minus()
          • Context.multiply()
          • Context.next_minus()
          • Context.next_plus()
          • Context.next_toward()
          • Context.normalize()
          • Context.number_class()
          • Context.plus()
          • Context.power()
          • Context.quantize()
          • Context.radix()
          • Context.remainder()
          • Context.remainder_near()
          • Context.rotate()
          • Context.same_quantum()
          • Context.scaleb()
          • Context.shift()
          • Context.sqrt()
          • Context.subtract()
          • Context.to_eng_string()
          • Context.to_integral_exact()
          • Context.to_sci_string()
      • 9.4.4. Signals
        • Clamped
        • DecimalException
        • DivisionByZero
        • Inexact
        • InvalidOperation
        • Overflow
        • Rounded
        • Subnormal
        • Underflow
      • 9.4.5. Floating Point Notes
        • 9.4.5.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
        • 9.4.5.2. Special values
      • 9.4.6. Working with threads
      • 9.4.7. Recipes
      • 9.4.8. Decimal FAQ
    • 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
      • Fraction
        • Fraction.from_float()
        • Fraction.from_decimal()
        • Fraction.limit_denominator()
      • gcd()
    • 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
      • seed()
      • getstate()
      • setstate()
      • jumpahead()
      • getrandbits()
      • randrange()
      • randint()
      • choice()
      • shuffle()
      • sample()
      • random()
      • uniform()
      • triangular()
      • betavariate()
      • expovariate()
      • gammavariate()
      • gauss()
      • lognormvariate()
      • normalvariate()
      • vonmisesvariate()
      • paretovariate()
      • weibullvariate()
      • WichmannHill
      • whseed()
      • SystemRandom
    • 9.7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
      • 9.7.1. Itertool functions
        • chain()
        • chain.from_iterable()
        • combinations()
        • combinations_with_replacement()
        • compress()
        • count()
        • cycle()
        • dropwhile()
        • groupby()
        • ifilter()
        • ifilterfalse()
        • imap()
        • islice()
        • izip()
        • izip_longest()
        • permutations()
        • product()
        • repeat()
        • starmap()
        • takewhile()
        • tee()
      • 9.7.2. Recipes
    • 9.8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
      • cmp_to_key()
      • total_ordering()
      • reduce()
      • partial()
      • update_wrapper()
      • wraps()
      • 9.8.1. partial Objects
        • partial.func
        • partial.args
        • partial.keywords
    • 9.9. operator — Standard operators as functions
      • lt()
      • le()
      • eq()
      • ne()
      • ge()
      • gt()
      • __lt__()
      • __le__()
      • __eq__()
      • __ne__()
      • __ge__()
      • __gt__()
      • not_()
      • __not__()
      • truth()
      • is_()
      • is_not()
      • abs()
      • __abs__()
      • add()
      • __add__()
      • and_()
      • __and__()
      • div()
      • __div__()
      • floordiv()
      • __floordiv__()
      • index()
      • __index__()
      • inv()
      • invert()
      • __inv__()
      • __invert__()
      • lshift()
      • __lshift__()
      • mod()
      • __mod__()
      • mul()
      • __mul__()
      • neg()
      • __neg__()
      • or_()
      • __or__()
      • pos()
      • __pos__()
      • pow()
      • __pow__()
      • rshift()
      • __rshift__()
      • sub()
      • __sub__()
      • truediv()
      • __truediv__()
      • xor()
      • __xor__()
      • concat()
      • __concat__()
      • contains()
      • __contains__()
      • countOf()
      • delitem()
      • __delitem__()
      • delslice()
      • __delslice__()
      • getitem()
      • __getitem__()
      • getslice()
      • __getslice__()
      • indexOf()
      • repeat()
      • __repeat__()
      • sequenceIncludes()
      • setitem()
      • __setitem__()
      • setslice()
      • __setslice__()
      • iadd()
      • __iadd__()
      • iand()
      • __iand__()
      • iconcat()
      • __iconcat__()
      • idiv()
      • __idiv__()
      • ifloordiv()
      • __ifloordiv__()
      • ilshift()
      • __ilshift__()
      • imod()
      • __imod__()
      • imul()
      • __imul__()
      • ior()
      • __ior__()
      • ipow()
      • __ipow__()
      • irepeat()
      • __irepeat__()
      • irshift()
      • __irshift__()
      • isub()
      • __isub__()
      • itruediv()
      • __itruediv__()
      • ixor()
      • __ixor__()
      • isCallable()
      • isMappingType()
      • isNumberType()
      • isSequenceType()
      • attrgetter()
      • itemgetter()
      • methodcaller()
      • 9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions
  • 10. File and Directory Access
    • 10.1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
      • abspath()
      • basename()
      • commonprefix()
      • dirname()
      • exists()
      • lexists()
      • expanduser()
      • expandvars()
      • getatime()
      • getmtime()
      • getctime()
      • getsize()
      • isabs()
      • isfile()
      • isdir()
      • islink()
      • ismount()
      • join()
      • normcase()
      • normpath()
      • realpath()
      • relpath()
      • samefile()
      • sameopenfile()
      • samestat()
      • split()
      • splitdrive()
      • splitext()
      • splitunc()
      • walk()
      • supports_unicode_filenames
    • 10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
      • input()
      • filename()
      • fileno()
      • lineno()
      • filelineno()
      • isfirstline()
      • isstdin()
      • nextfile()
      • close()
      • FileInput
      • hook_compressed()
      • hook_encoded()
    • 10.3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
      • S_ISDIR()
      • S_ISCHR()
      • S_ISBLK()
      • S_ISREG()
      • S_ISFIFO()
      • S_ISLNK()
      • S_ISSOCK()
      • S_IMODE()
      • S_IFMT()
      • ST_MODE
      • ST_INO
      • ST_DEV
      • ST_NLINK
      • ST_UID
      • ST_GID
      • ST_SIZE
      • ST_ATIME
      • ST_MTIME
      • ST_CTIME
      • S_IFSOCK
      • S_IFLNK
      • S_IFREG
      • S_IFBLK
      • S_IFDIR
      • S_IFCHR
      • S_IFIFO
      • S_ISUID
      • S_ISGID
      • S_ISVTX
      • S_IRWXU
      • S_IRUSR
      • S_IWUSR
      • S_IXUSR
      • S_IRWXG
      • S_IRGRP
      • S_IWGRP
      • S_IXGRP
      • S_IRWXO
      • S_IROTH
      • S_IWOTH
      • S_IXOTH
      • S_ENFMT
      • S_IREAD
      • S_IWRITE
      • S_IEXEC
      • UF_NODUMP
      • UF_IMMUTABLE
      • UF_APPEND
      • UF_OPAQUE
      • UF_NOUNLINK
      • UF_COMPRESSED
      • UF_HIDDEN
      • SF_ARCHIVED
      • SF_IMMUTABLE
      • SF_APPEND
      • SF_NOUNLINK
      • SF_SNAPSHOT
    • 10.4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
      • F_BSIZE
      • F_FRSIZE
      • F_BLOCKS
      • F_BFREE
      • F_BAVAIL
      • F_FILES
      • F_FFREE
      • F_FAVAIL
      • F_FLAG
      • F_NAMEMAX
    • 10.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
      • cmp()
      • cmpfiles()
      • 10.5.1. The dircmp class
        • dircmp
          • dircmp.report()
          • dircmp.report_partial_closure()
          • dircmp.report_full_closure()
          • dircmp.left
          • dircmp.right
          • dircmp.left_list
          • dircmp.right_list
          • dircmp.common
          • dircmp.left_only
          • dircmp.right_only
          • dircmp.common_dirs
          • dircmp.common_files
          • dircmp.common_funny
          • dircmp.same_files
          • dircmp.diff_files
          • dircmp.funny_files
          • dircmp.subdirs
    • 10.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
      • TemporaryFile()
      • NamedTemporaryFile()
      • SpooledTemporaryFile()
      • mkstemp()
      • mkdtemp()
      • mktemp()
      • tempdir
      • gettempdir()
      • template
      • gettempprefix()
    • 10.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
      • glob()
      • iglob()
    • 10.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
      • fnmatch()
      • fnmatchcase()
      • filter()
      • translate()
    • 10.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
      • getline()
      • clearcache()
      • checkcache()
    • 10.10. shutil — High-level file operations
      • 10.10.1. Directory and files operations
        • copyfileobj()
        • copyfile()
        • copymode()
        • copystat()
        • copy()
        • copy2()
        • ignore_patterns()
        • copytree()
        • rmtree()
        • move()
        • Error
        • 10.10.1.1. copytree example
      • 10.10.2. Archiving operations
        • make_archive()
        • get_archive_formats()
        • register_archive_format()
        • unregister_archive_format()
        • 10.10.2.1. Archiving example
    • 10.11. dircache — Cached directory listings
      • reset()
      • listdir()
      • opendir()
      • annotate()
    • 10.12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
  • 11. Data Persistence
    • 11.1. pickle — Python object serialization
      • 11.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules
      • 11.1.2. Data stream format
      • 11.1.3. Usage
        • HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
        • dump()
        • load()
        • dumps()
        • loads()
        • PickleError
        • PicklingError
        • UnpicklingError
        • Pickler
          • Pickler.dump()
          • Pickler.clear_memo()
        • Unpickler
          • Unpickler.load()
          • Unpickler.noload()
      • 11.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?
      • 11.1.5. The pickle protocol
        • 11.1.5.1. Pickling and unpickling normal class instances
          • object.__getinitargs__()
          • object.__getnewargs__()
          • object.__getstate__()
          • object.__setstate__()
        • 11.1.5.2. Pickling and unpickling extension types
          • object.__reduce__()
          • object.__reduce_ex__()
        • 11.1.5.3. Pickling and unpickling external objects
      • 11.1.6. Subclassing Unpicklers
      • 11.1.7. Example
    • 11.2. cPickle — A faster pickle
    • 11.3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
      • constructor()
      • pickle()
      • 11.3.1. Example
    • 11.4. shelve — Python object persistence
      • open()
      • Shelf.sync()
      • Shelf.close()
      • 11.4.1. Restrictions
        • Shelf
        • BsdDbShelf
        • DbfilenameShelf
      • 11.4.2. Example
    • 11.5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
      • dump()
      • load()
      • dumps()
      • loads()
      • version
    • 11.6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
      • open()
      • error
      • close()
    • 11.7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
      • whichdb()
    • 11.8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
      • error
      • library
      • open()
        • close()
    • 11.9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
      • error
      • open()
      • firstkey()
      • nextkey()
      • reorganize()
      • sync()
      • close()
    • 11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
      • error
      • open()
      • 11.10.1. Database Objects
        • dbhash.first()
        • dbhash.last()
        • dbhash.next()
        • dbhash.previous()
        • dbhash.sync()
    • 11.11. bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
      • hashopen()
      • btopen()
      • rnopen()
      • 11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects
        • bsddbobject.close()
        • bsddbobject.keys()
        • bsddbobject.has_key()
        • bsddbobject.set_location()
        • bsddbobject.first()
        • bsddbobject.next()
        • bsddbobject.previous()
        • bsddbobject.last()
        • bsddbobject.sync()
    • 11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
      • error
      • open()
      • close()
      • 11.12.1. Dumbdbm Objects
        • dumbdbm.sync()
    • 11.13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
      • 11.13.1. Module functions and constants
        • version
        • version_info
        • sqlite_version
        • sqlite_version_info
        • PARSE_DECLTYPES
        • PARSE_COLNAMES
        • connect()
        • register_converter()
        • register_adapter()
        • complete_statement()
        • enable_callback_tracebacks()
      • 11.13.2. Connection Objects
        • Connection
          • Connection.isolation_level
          • Connection.cursor()
          • Connection.commit()
          • Connection.rollback()
          • Connection.close()
          • Connection.execute()
          • Connection.executemany()
          • Connection.executescript()
          • Connection.create_function()
          • Connection.create_aggregate()
          • Connection.create_collation()
          • Connection.interrupt()
          • Connection.set_authorizer()
          • Connection.set_progress_handler()
          • Connection.enable_load_extension()
          • Connection.load_extension()
          • Connection.row_factory
          • Connection.text_factory
          • Connection.total_changes
          • Connection.iterdump
      • 11.13.3. Cursor Objects
        • Cursor
          • Cursor.execute()
          • Cursor.executemany()
          • Cursor.executescript()
          • Cursor.fetchone()
          • Cursor.fetchmany()
          • Cursor.fetchall()
          • Cursor.rowcount
          • Cursor.lastrowid
          • Cursor.description
          • Cursor.connection
      • 11.13.4. Row Objects
        • Row
          • Row.keys()
      • 11.13.5. SQLite and Python types
        • 11.13.5.1. Introduction
        • 11.13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases
          • 11.13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself
          • 11.13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable
        • 11.13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types
        • 11.13.5.4. Default adapters and converters
      • 11.13.6. Controlling Transactions
      • 11.13.7. Using sqlite3 efficiently
        • 11.13.7.1. Using shortcut methods
        • 11.13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index
        • 11.13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager
      • 11.13.8. Common issues
        • 11.13.8.1. Multithreading
  • 12. Data Compression and Archiving
    • 12.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
      • error
      • adler32()
      • compress()
      • compressobj()
      • crc32()
      • decompress()
      • decompressobj()
      • Compress.compress()
      • Compress.flush()
      • Compress.copy()
      • Decompress.unused_data
      • Decompress.unconsumed_tail
      • Decompress.decompress()
      • Decompress.flush()
      • Decompress.copy()
    • 12.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
      • GzipFile
      • open()
      • 12.2.1. Examples of usage
    • 12.3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
      • 12.3.1. (De)compression of files
        • BZ2File
          • BZ2File.close()
          • BZ2File.read()
          • BZ2File.readline()
          • BZ2File.readlines()
          • BZ2File.xreadlines()
          • BZ2File.seek()
          • BZ2File.tell()
          • BZ2File.write()
          • BZ2File.writelines()
      • 12.3.2. Sequential (de)compression
        • BZ2Compressor
          • BZ2Compressor.compress()
          • BZ2Compressor.flush()
        • BZ2Decompressor
          • BZ2Decompressor.decompress()
      • 12.3.3. One-shot (de)compression
        • compress()
        • decompress()
    • 12.4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
      • BadZipfile
      • LargeZipFile
      • PyZipFile
      • ZipInfo
      • is_zipfile()
      • ZIP_STORED
      • ZIP_DEFLATED
      • 12.4.1. ZipFile Objects
        • ZipFile
        • ZipFile.close()
        • ZipFile.getinfo()
        • ZipFile.infolist()
        • ZipFile.namelist()
        • ZipFile.open()
        • ZipFile.extract()
        • ZipFile.extractall()
        • ZipFile.printdir()
        • ZipFile.setpassword()
        • ZipFile.read()
        • ZipFile.testzip()
        • ZipFile.write()
        • ZipFile.writestr()
        • ZipFile.debug
        • ZipFile.comment
      • 12.4.2. PyZipFile Objects
        • PyZipFile.writepy()
      • 12.4.3. ZipInfo Objects
        • ZipInfo.filename
        • ZipInfo.date_time
        • ZipInfo.compress_type
        • ZipInfo.comment
        • ZipInfo.extra
        • ZipInfo.create_system
        • ZipInfo.create_version
        • ZipInfo.extract_version
        • ZipInfo.reserved
        • ZipInfo.flag_bits
        • ZipInfo.volume
        • ZipInfo.internal_attr
        • ZipInfo.external_attr
        • ZipInfo.header_offset
        • ZipInfo.CRC
        • ZipInfo.compress_size
        • ZipInfo.file_size
      • 12.4.4. Command-Line Interface
        • 12.4.4.1. Command-line options
      • 12.4.5. Decompression pitfalls
        • 12.4.5.1. From file itself
        • 12.4.5.2. File System limitations
        • 12.4.5.3. Resources limitations
        • 12.4.5.4. Interruption
        • 12.4.5.5. Default behaviors of extraction
    • 12.5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
      • open()
      • TarFile
      • is_tarfile()
      • TarFileCompat
        • TarFileCompat.TAR_PLAIN
        • TarFileCompat.TAR_GZIPPED
      • TarError
      • ReadError
      • CompressionError
      • StreamError
      • ExtractError
      • ENCODING
      • HeaderError
      • USTAR_FORMAT
      • GNU_FORMAT
      • PAX_FORMAT
      • DEFAULT_FORMAT
      • 12.5.1. TarFile Objects
        • TarFile
        • TarFile.open()
        • TarFile.getmember()
        • TarFile.getmembers()
        • TarFile.getnames()
        • TarFile.list()
        • TarFile.next()
        • TarFile.extractall()
        • TarFile.extract()
        • TarFile.extractfile()
        • TarFile.add()
        • TarFile.addfile()
        • TarFile.gettarinfo()
        • TarFile.close()
        • TarFile.posix
        • TarFile.pax_headers
      • 12.5.2. TarInfo Objects
        • TarInfo
        • TarInfo.frombuf()
        • TarInfo.fromtarfile()
        • TarInfo.tobuf()
        • TarInfo.name
        • TarInfo.size
        • TarInfo.mtime
        • TarInfo.mode
        • TarInfo.type
        • TarInfo.linkname
        • TarInfo.uid
        • TarInfo.gid
        • TarInfo.uname
        • TarInfo.gname
        • TarInfo.pax_headers
        • TarInfo.isfile()
        • TarInfo.isreg()
        • TarInfo.isdir()
        • TarInfo.issym()
        • TarInfo.islnk()
        • TarInfo.ischr()
        • TarInfo.isblk()
        • TarInfo.isfifo()
        • TarInfo.isdev()
      • 12.5.3. Examples
      • 12.5.4. Supported tar formats
      • 12.5.5. Unicode issues
  • 13. File Formats
    • 13.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
      • 13.1.1. Module Contents
        • reader()
        • writer()
        • register_dialect()
        • unregister_dialect()
        • get_dialect()
        • list_dialects()
        • field_size_limit()
        • DictReader
        • DictWriter
        • Dialect
        • excel
        • excel_tab
        • Sniffer
          • Sniffer.sniff()
          • Sniffer.has_header()
        • QUOTE_ALL
        • QUOTE_MINIMAL
        • QUOTE_NONNUMERIC
        • QUOTE_NONE
        • Error
      • 13.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters
        • Dialect.delimiter
        • Dialect.doublequote
        • Dialect.escapechar
        • Dialect.lineterminator
        • Dialect.quotechar
        • Dialect.quoting
        • Dialect.skipinitialspace
        • Dialect.strict
      • 13.1.3. Reader Objects
        • csvreader.next()
        • csvreader.dialect
        • csvreader.line_num
        • csvreader.fieldnames
      • 13.1.4. Writer Objects
        • csvwriter.writerow()
        • csvwriter.writerows()
        • csvwriter.dialect
        • DictWriter.writeheader()
      • 13.1.5. Examples
    • 13.2. ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
      • RawConfigParser
      • ConfigParser
      • SafeConfigParser
      • Error
      • NoSectionError
      • DuplicateSectionError
      • NoOptionError
      • InterpolationError
      • InterpolationDepthError
      • InterpolationMissingOptionError
      • InterpolationSyntaxError
      • MissingSectionHeaderError
      • ParsingError
      • MAX_INTERPOLATION_DEPTH
      • 13.2.1. RawConfigParser Objects
        • RawConfigParser.defaults()
        • RawConfigParser.sections()
        • RawConfigParser.add_section()
        • RawConfigParser.has_section()
        • RawConfigParser.options()
        • RawConfigParser.has_option()
        • RawConfigParser.read()
        • RawConfigParser.readfp()
        • RawConfigParser.get()
        • RawConfigParser.getint()
        • RawConfigParser.getfloat()
        • RawConfigParser.getboolean()
        • RawConfigParser.items()
        • RawConfigParser.set()
        • RawConfigParser.write()
        • RawConfigParser.remove_option()
        • RawConfigParser.remove_section()
        • RawConfigParser.optionxform()
      • 13.2.2. ConfigParser Objects
        • ConfigParser.get()
        • ConfigParser.items()
      • 13.2.3. SafeConfigParser Objects
        • SafeConfigParser.set()
      • 13.2.4. Examples
    • 13.3. robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
      • RobotFileParser
        • RobotFileParser.set_url()
        • RobotFileParser.read()
        • RobotFileParser.parse()
        • RobotFileParser.can_fetch()
        • RobotFileParser.mtime()
        • RobotFileParser.modified()
    • 13.4. netrc — netrc file processing
      • netrc
      • NetrcParseError
      • 13.4.1. netrc Objects
        • netrc.authenticators()
        • netrc.__repr__()
        • netrc.hosts
        • netrc.macros
    • 13.5. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
      • Packer
      • Unpacker
      • 13.5.1. Packer Objects
        • Packer.get_buffer()
        • Packer.reset()
        • Packer.pack_float()
        • Packer.pack_double()
        • Packer.pack_fstring()
        • Packer.pack_fopaque()
        • Packer.pack_string()
        • Packer.pack_opaque()
        • Packer.pack_bytes()
        • Packer.pack_list()
        • Packer.pack_farray()
        • Packer.pack_array()
      • 13.5.2. Unpacker Objects
        • Unpacker.reset()
        • Unpacker.get_position()
        • Unpacker.set_position()
        • Unpacker.get_buffer()
        • Unpacker.done()
        • Unpacker.unpack_float()
        • Unpacker.unpack_double()
        • Unpacker.unpack_fstring()
        • Unpacker.unpack_fopaque()
        • Unpacker.unpack_string()
        • Unpacker.unpack_opaque()
        • Unpacker.unpack_bytes()
        • Unpacker.unpack_list()
        • Unpacker.unpack_farray()
        • Unpacker.unpack_array()
      • 13.5.3. Exceptions
        • Error
        • ConversionError
    • 13.6. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
      • readPlist()
      • writePlist()
      • readPlistFromString()
      • writePlistToString()
      • readPlistFromResource()
      • writePlistToResource()
      • Data
      • 13.6.1. Examples
  • 14. Cryptographic Services
    • 14.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
      • hashlib.algorithms
      • algorithms_guaranteed
      • algorithms_available
      • hash.digest_size
      • hash.block_size
      • hash.update()
      • hash.digest()
      • hash.hexdigest()
      • hash.copy()
      • 14.1.1. Key derivation
        • pbkdf2_hmac()
    • 14.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
      • new()
      • HMAC.update()
      • HMAC.digest()
      • HMAC.hexdigest()
      • HMAC.copy()
      • compare_digest()
    • 14.3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
      • digest_size
      • new()
      • md5()
      • md5.update()
      • md5.digest()
      • md5.hexdigest()
      • md5.copy()
    • 14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
      • new()
      • blocksize
      • digest_size
      • sha.update()
      • sha.digest()
      • sha.hexdigest()
      • sha.copy()
  • 15. Generic Operating System Services
    • 15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
      • error
      • name
      • 15.1.1. Process Parameters
        • environ
        • ctermid()
        • getegid()
        • geteuid()
        • getgid()
        • getgroups()
        • initgroups()
        • getlogin()
        • getpgid()
        • getpgrp()
        • getpid()
        • getppid()
        • getresuid()
        • getresgid()
        • getuid()
        • getenv()
        • putenv()
        • setegid()
        • seteuid()
        • setgid()
        • setgroups()
        • setpgrp()
        • setpgid()
        • setregid()
        • setresgid()
        • setresuid()
        • setreuid()
        • getsid()
        • setsid()
        • setuid()
        • strerror()
        • umask()
        • uname()
        • unsetenv()
      • 15.1.2. File Object Creation
        • fdopen()
        • popen()
        • tmpfile()
        • popen2()
        • popen3()
        • popen4()
      • 15.1.3. File Descriptor Operations
        • close()
        • closerange()
        • dup()
        • dup2()
        • fchmod()
        • fchown()
        • fdatasync()
        • fpathconf()
        • fstat()
        • fstatvfs()
        • fsync()
        • ftruncate()
        • isatty()
        • lseek()
        • SEEK_SET
        • SEEK_CUR
        • SEEK_END
        • open()
        • openpty()
        • pipe()
        • read()
        • tcgetpgrp()
        • tcsetpgrp()
        • ttyname()
        • write()
        • 15.1.3.1. open() flag constants
          • O_RDONLY
          • O_WRONLY
          • O_RDWR
          • O_APPEND
          • O_CREAT
          • O_EXCL
          • O_TRUNC
          • O_DSYNC
          • O_RSYNC
          • O_SYNC
          • O_NDELAY
          • O_NONBLOCK
          • O_NOCTTY
          • O_BINARY
          • O_NOINHERIT
          • O_SHORT_LIVED
          • O_TEMPORARY
          • O_RANDOM
          • O_SEQUENTIAL
          • O_TEXT
          • O_ASYNC
          • O_DIRECT
          • O_DIRECTORY
          • O_NOFOLLOW
          • O_NOATIME
          • O_SHLOCK
          • O_EXLOCK
      • 15.1.4. Files and Directories
        • access()
        • F_OK
        • R_OK
        • W_OK
        • X_OK
        • chdir()
        • fchdir()
        • getcwd()
        • getcwdu()
        • chflags()
        • chroot()
        • chmod()
        • chown()
        • lchflags()
        • lchmod()
        • lchown()
        • link()
        • listdir()
        • lstat()
        • mkfifo()
        • mknod()
        • major()
        • minor()
        • makedev()
        • mkdir()
        • makedirs()
        • pathconf()
        • pathconf_names
        • readlink()
        • remove()
        • removedirs()
        • rename()
        • renames()
        • rmdir()
        • stat()
        • stat_float_times()
        • statvfs()
        • symlink()
        • tempnam()
        • tmpnam()
        • TMP_MAX
        • unlink()
        • utime()
        • walk()
      • 15.1.5. Process Management
        • abort()
        • execl()
        • execle()
        • execlp()
        • execlpe()
        • execv()
        • execve()
        • execvp()
        • execvpe()
        • _exit()
        • EX_OK
        • EX_USAGE
        • EX_DATAERR
        • EX_NOINPUT
        • EX_NOUSER
        • EX_NOHOST
        • EX_UNAVAILABLE
        • EX_SOFTWARE
        • EX_OSERR
        • EX_OSFILE
        • EX_CANTCREAT
        • EX_IOERR
        • EX_TEMPFAIL
        • EX_PROTOCOL
        • EX_NOPERM
        • EX_CONFIG
        • EX_NOTFOUND
        • fork()
        • forkpty()
        • kill()
        • killpg()
        • nice()
        • plock()
        • spawnl()
        • spawnle()
        • spawnlp()
        • spawnlpe()
        • spawnv()
        • spawnve()
        • spawnvp()
        • spawnvpe()
        • P_NOWAIT
        • P_NOWAITO
        • P_WAIT
        • P_DETACH
        • P_OVERLAY
        • startfile()
        • system()
        • times()
        • wait()
        • waitpid()
        • wait3()
        • wait4()
        • WNOHANG
        • WCONTINUED
        • WUNTRACED
        • WCOREDUMP()
        • WIFCONTINUED()
        • WIFSTOPPED()
        • WIFSIGNALED()
        • WIFEXITED()
        • WEXITSTATUS()
        • WSTOPSIG()
        • WTERMSIG()
      • 15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Information
        • confstr()
        • confstr_names
        • getloadavg()
        • sysconf()
        • sysconf_names
        • curdir
        • pardir
        • sep
        • altsep
        • extsep
        • pathsep
        • defpath
        • linesep
        • devnull
      • 15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functions
        • urandom()
    • 15.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
      • 15.2.1. Module Interface
        • DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
        • open()
        • BlockingIOError
          • BlockingIOError.characters_written
        • UnsupportedOperation
      • 15.2.2. I/O Base Classes
        • IOBase
          • IOBase.close()
          • IOBase.closed
          • IOBase.fileno()
          • IOBase.flush()
          • IOBase.isatty()
          • IOBase.readable()
          • IOBase.readline()
          • IOBase.readlines()
          • IOBase.seek()
          • IOBase.seekable()
          • IOBase.tell()
          • IOBase.truncate()
          • IOBase.writable()
          • IOBase.writelines()
          • IOBase.__del__()
        • RawIOBase
          • RawIOBase.read()
          • RawIOBase.readall()
          • RawIOBase.readinto()
          • RawIOBase.write()
        • BufferedIOBase
          • BufferedIOBase.raw
          • BufferedIOBase.detach()
          • BufferedIOBase.read()
          • BufferedIOBase.read1()
          • BufferedIOBase.readinto()
          • BufferedIOBase.write()
      • 15.2.3. Raw File I/O
        • FileIO
          • FileIO.mode
          • FileIO.name
      • 15.2.4. Buffered Streams
        • BytesIO
          • BytesIO.getvalue()
          • BytesIO.read1()
        • BufferedReader
          • BufferedReader.peek()
          • BufferedReader.read()
          • BufferedReader.read1()
        • BufferedWriter
          • BufferedWriter.flush()
          • BufferedWriter.write()
        • BufferedRandom
        • BufferedRWPair
      • 15.2.5. Text I/O
        • TextIOBase
          • TextIOBase.encoding
          • TextIOBase.errors
          • TextIOBase.newlines
          • TextIOBase.buffer
          • TextIOBase.detach()
          • TextIOBase.read()
          • TextIOBase.readline()
          • TextIOBase.seek()
          • TextIOBase.tell()
          • TextIOBase.write()
        • TextIOWrapper
          • TextIOWrapper.line_buffering
        • StringIO
          • StringIO.getvalue()
        • IncrementalNewlineDecoder
      • 15.2.6. Advanced topics
        • 15.2.6.1. Performance
          • 15.2.6.1.1. Binary I/O
          • 15.2.6.1.2. Text I/O
        • 15.2.6.2. Multi-threading
        • 15.2.6.3. Reentrancy
    • 15.3. time — Time access and conversions
      • accept2dyear
      • altzone
      • asctime()
      • clock()
      • ctime()
      • daylight
      • gmtime()
      • localtime()
      • mktime()
      • sleep()
      • strftime()
      • strptime()
      • struct_time
      • time()
      • timezone
      • tzname
      • tzset()
    • 15.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
      • 15.4.1. Example
        • 15.4.1.1. Creating a parser
        • 15.4.1.2. Adding arguments
        • 15.4.1.3. Parsing arguments
      • 15.4.2. ArgumentParser objects
        • ArgumentParser
        • 15.4.2.1. prog
        • 15.4.2.2. usage
        • 15.4.2.3. description
        • 15.4.2.4. epilog
        • 15.4.2.5. parents
        • 15.4.2.6. formatter_class
          • RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
          • RawTextHelpFormatter
          • ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
        • 15.4.2.7. prefix_chars
        • 15.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars
        • 15.4.2.9. argument_default
        • 15.4.2.10. conflict_handler
        • 15.4.2.11. add_help
      • 15.4.3. The add_argument() method
        • ArgumentParser.add_argument()
        • 15.4.3.1. name or flags
        • 15.4.3.2. action
        • 15.4.3.3. nargs
        • 15.4.3.4. const
        • 15.4.3.5. default
        • 15.4.3.6. type
        • 15.4.3.7. choices
        • 15.4.3.8. required
        • 15.4.3.9. help
        • 15.4.3.10. metavar
        • 15.4.3.11. dest
        • 15.4.3.12. Action classes
          • Action
      • 15.4.4. The parse_args() method
        • ArgumentParser.parse_args()
        • 15.4.4.1. Option value syntax
        • 15.4.4.2. Invalid arguments
        • 15.4.4.3. Arguments containing -
        • 15.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
        • 15.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv
        • 15.4.4.6. The Namespace object
          • Namespace
      • 15.4.5. Other utilities
        • 15.4.5.1. Sub-commands
          • ArgumentParser.add_subparsers()
        • 15.4.5.2. FileType objects
          • FileType
        • 15.4.5.3. Argument groups
          • ArgumentParser.add_argument_group()
        • 15.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion
          • ArgumentParser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        • 15.4.5.5. Parser defaults
          • ArgumentParser.set_defaults()
          • ArgumentParser.get_default()
        • 15.4.5.6. Printing help
          • ArgumentParser.print_usage()
          • ArgumentParser.print_help()
          • ArgumentParser.format_usage()
          • ArgumentParser.format_help()
        • 15.4.5.7. Partial parsing
          • ArgumentParser.parse_known_args()
        • 15.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing
          • ArgumentParser.convert_arg_line_to_args()
        • 15.4.5.9. Exiting methods
          • ArgumentParser.exit()
          • ArgumentParser.error()
      • 15.4.6. Upgrading optparse code
    • 15.5. optparse — Parser for command line options
      • 15.5.1. Background
        • 15.5.1.1. Terminology
        • 15.5.1.2. What are options for?
        • 15.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?
      • 15.5.2. Tutorial
        • 15.5.2.1. Understanding option actions
        • 15.5.2.2. The store action
        • 15.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options
        • 15.5.2.4. Other actions
        • 15.5.2.5. Default values
        • 15.5.2.6. Generating help
          • 15.5.2.6.1. Grouping Options
            • OptionGroup
            • OptionParser.get_option_group()
        • 15.5.2.7. Printing a version string
          • OptionParser.print_version()
          • OptionParser.get_version()
        • 15.5.2.8. How optparse handles errors
        • 15.5.2.9. Putting it all together
      • 15.5.3. Reference Guide
        • 15.5.3.1. Creating the parser
          • OptionParser
        • 15.5.3.2. Populating the parser
        • 15.5.3.3. Defining options
          • OptionParser.add_option()
        • 15.5.3.4. Option attributes
          • Option.action
          • Option.type
          • Option.dest
          • Option.default
          • Option.nargs
          • Option.const
          • Option.choices
          • Option.callback
          • Option.callback_args
          • Option.callback_kwargs
          • Option.help
          • Option.metavar
        • 15.5.3.5. Standard option actions
        • 15.5.3.6. Standard option types
        • 15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments
        • 15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
          • OptionParser.disable_interspersed_args()
          • OptionParser.enable_interspersed_args()
          • OptionParser.get_option()
          • OptionParser.has_option()
          • OptionParser.remove_option()
        • 15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options
        • 15.5.3.10. Cleanup
        • 15.5.3.11. Other methods
          • OptionParser.set_usage()
          • OptionParser.print_usage()
          • OptionParser.get_usage()
          • OptionParser.set_defaults()
      • 15.5.4. Option Callbacks
        • 15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option
        • 15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called
        • 15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
        • 15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
        • 15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
        • 15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
        • 15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
        • 15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
        • 15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
      • 15.5.5. Extending optparse
        • 15.5.5.1. Adding new types
          • Option.TYPES
          • Option.TYPE_CHECKER
        • 15.5.5.2. Adding new actions
          • Option.ACTIONS
          • Option.STORE_ACTIONS
          • Option.TYPED_ACTIONS
          • Option.ALWAYS_TYPED_ACTIONS
    • 15.6. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
      • getopt()
      • gnu_getopt()
      • GetoptError
      • error
    • 15.7. logging — Logging facility for Python
      • 15.7.1. Logger Objects
        • Logger
        • Logger.propagate
        • Logger.setLevel()
        • Logger.isEnabledFor()
        • Logger.getEffectiveLevel()
        • Logger.getChild()
        • Logger.debug()
        • Logger.info()
        • Logger.warning()
        • Logger.error()
        • Logger.critical()
        • Logger.log()
        • Logger.exception()
        • Logger.addFilter()
        • Logger.removeFilter()
        • Logger.filter()
        • Logger.addHandler()
        • Logger.removeHandler()
        • Logger.findCaller()
        • Logger.handle()
        • Logger.makeRecord()
      • 15.7.2. Logging Levels
      • 15.7.3. Handler Objects
        • Handler.__init__()
        • Handler.createLock()
        • Handler.acquire()
        • Handler.release()
        • Handler.setLevel()
        • Handler.setFormatter()
        • Handler.addFilter()
        • Handler.removeFilter()
        • Handler.filter()
        • Handler.flush()
        • Handler.close()
        • Handler.handle()
        • Handler.handleError()
        • Handler.format()
        • Handler.emit()
      • 15.7.4. Formatter Objects
        • Formatter
          • Formatter.format()
          • Formatter.formatTime()
          • Formatter.formatException()
      • 15.7.5. Filter Objects
        • Filter
          • Filter.filter()
      • 15.7.6. LogRecord Objects
        • LogRecord
          • LogRecord.getMessage()
      • 15.7.7. LogRecord attributes
      • 15.7.8. LoggerAdapter Objects
        • LoggerAdapter
          • LoggerAdapter.process()
      • 15.7.9. Thread Safety
      • 15.7.10. Module-Level Functions
        • getLogger()
        • getLoggerClass()
        • debug()
        • info()
        • warning()
        • error()
        • critical()
        • exception()
        • log()
        • disable()
        • addLevelName()
        • getLevelName()
        • makeLogRecord()
        • basicConfig()
        • shutdown()
        • setLoggerClass()
      • 15.7.11. Integration with the warnings module
        • captureWarnings()
    • 15.8. logging.config — Logging configuration
      • 15.8.1. Configuration functions
        • dictConfig()
        • fileConfig()
        • listen()
        • stopListening()
      • 15.8.2. Configuration dictionary schema
        • 15.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details
        • 15.8.2.2. Incremental Configuration
        • 15.8.2.3. Object connections
        • 15.8.2.4. User-defined objects
        • 15.8.2.5. Access to external objects
        • 15.8.2.6. Access to internal objects
        • 15.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers
      • 15.8.3. Configuration file format
    • 15.9. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
      • 15.9.1. StreamHandler
        • StreamHandler
          • StreamHandler.emit()
          • StreamHandler.flush()
      • 15.9.2. FileHandler
        • FileHandler
          • FileHandler.close()
          • FileHandler.emit()
      • 15.9.3. NullHandler
        • NullHandler
          • NullHandler.emit()
          • NullHandler.handle()
          • NullHandler.createLock()
      • 15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler
        • WatchedFileHandler
          • WatchedFileHandler.emit()
      • 15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler
        • RotatingFileHandler
          • RotatingFileHandler.doRollover()
          • RotatingFileHandler.emit()
      • 15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
        • TimedRotatingFileHandler
          • TimedRotatingFileHandler.doRollover()
          • TimedRotatingFileHandler.emit()
      • 15.9.7. SocketHandler
        • SocketHandler
          • SocketHandler.close()
          • SocketHandler.emit()
          • SocketHandler.handleError()
          • SocketHandler.makeSocket()
          • SocketHandler.makePickle()
          • SocketHandler.send()
          • SocketHandler.createSocket()
      • 15.9.8. DatagramHandler
        • DatagramHandler
          • DatagramHandler.emit()
          • DatagramHandler.makeSocket()
          • DatagramHandler.send()
      • 15.9.9. SysLogHandler
        • SysLogHandler
          • SysLogHandler.close()
          • SysLogHandler.emit()
          • SysLogHandler.encodePriority()
          • SysLogHandler.mapPriority()
      • 15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler
        • NTEventLogHandler
          • NTEventLogHandler.close()
          • NTEventLogHandler.emit()
          • NTEventLogHandler.getEventCategory()
          • NTEventLogHandler.getEventType()
          • NTEventLogHandler.getMessageID()
      • 15.9.11. SMTPHandler
        • SMTPHandler
          • SMTPHandler.emit()
          • SMTPHandler.getSubject()
      • 15.9.12. MemoryHandler
        • BufferingHandler
          • BufferingHandler.emit()
          • BufferingHandler.flush()
          • BufferingHandler.shouldFlush()
        • MemoryHandler
          • MemoryHandler.close()
          • MemoryHandler.flush()
          • MemoryHandler.setTarget()
          • MemoryHandler.shouldFlush()
      • 15.9.13. HTTPHandler
        • HTTPHandler
          • HTTPHandler.mapLogRecord()
          • HTTPHandler.emit()
    • 15.10. getpass — Portable password input
      • getpass()
      • GetPassWarning
      • getuser()
    • 15.11. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
      • 15.11.1. Functions
        • error
        • baudrate()
        • beep()
        • can_change_color()
        • cbreak()
        • color_content()
        • color_pair()
        • curs_set()
        • def_prog_mode()
        • def_shell_mode()
        • delay_output()
        • doupdate()
        • echo()
        • endwin()
        • erasechar()
        • filter()
        • flash()
        • flushinp()
        • getmouse()
        • getsyx()
        • getwin()
        • has_colors()
        • has_ic()
        • has_il()
        • has_key()
        • halfdelay()
        • init_color()
        • init_pair()
        • initscr()
        • is_term_resized()
        • isendwin()
        • keyname()
        • killchar()
        • longname()
        • meta()
        • mouseinterval()
        • mousemask()
        • napms()
        • newpad()
        • newwin()
        • nl()
        • nocbreak()
        • noecho()
        • nonl()
        • noqiflush()
        • noraw()
        • pair_content()
        • pair_number()
        • putp()
        • qiflush()
        • raw()
        • reset_prog_mode()
        • reset_shell_mode()
        • resetty()
        • resize_term()
        • resizeterm()
        • savetty()
        • setsyx()
        • setupterm()
        • start_color()
        • termattrs()
        • termname()
        • tigetflag()
        • tigetnum()
        • tigetstr()
        • tparm()
        • typeahead()
        • unctrl()
        • ungetch()
        • ungetmouse()
        • use_env()
        • use_default_colors()
        • wrapper()
      • 15.11.2. Window Objects
        • window.addch()
        • window.addnstr()
        • window.addstr()
        • window.attroff()
        • window.attron()
        • window.attrset()
        • window.bkgd()
        • window.bkgdset()
        • window.border()
        • window.box()
        • window.chgat()
        • window.clear()
        • window.clearok()
        • window.clrtobot()
        • window.clrtoeol()
        • window.cursyncup()
        • window.delch()
        • window.deleteln()
        • window.derwin()
        • window.echochar()
        • window.enclose()
        • window.erase()
        • window.getbegyx()
        • window.getbkgd()
        • window.getch()
        • window.getkey()
        • window.getmaxyx()
        • window.getparyx()
        • window.getstr()
        • window.getyx()
        • window.hline()
        • window.idcok()
        • window.idlok()
        • window.immedok()
        • window.inch()
        • window.insch()
        • window.insdelln()
        • window.insertln()
        • window.insnstr()
        • window.insstr()
        • window.instr()
        • window.is_linetouched()
        • window.is_wintouched()
        • window.keypad()
        • window.leaveok()
        • window.move()
        • window.mvderwin()
        • window.mvwin()
        • window.nodelay()
        • window.notimeout()
        • window.noutrefresh()
        • window.overlay()
        • window.overwrite()
        • window.putwin()
        • window.redrawln()
        • window.redrawwin()
        • window.refresh()
        • window.resize()
        • window.scroll()
        • window.scrollok()
        • window.setscrreg()
        • window.standend()
        • window.standout()
        • window.subpad()
        • window.subwin()
        • window.syncdown()
        • window.syncok()
        • window.syncup()
        • window.timeout()
        • window.touchline()
        • window.touchwin()
        • window.untouchwin()
        • window.vline()
      • 15.11.3. Constants
        • ERR
        • OK
        • version
    • 15.12. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
      • rectangle()
      • 15.12.1. Textbox objects
        • Textbox
          • Textbox.edit()
          • Textbox.do_command()
          • Textbox.gather()
          • Textbox.stripspaces
    • 15.13. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
      • isalnum()
      • isalpha()
      • isascii()
      • isblank()
      • iscntrl()
      • isdigit()
      • isgraph()
      • islower()
      • isprint()
      • ispunct()
      • isspace()
      • isupper()
      • isxdigit()
      • isctrl()
      • ismeta()
      • ascii()
      • ctrl()
      • alt()
      • unctrl()
      • controlnames
    • 15.14. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
      • 15.14.1. Functions
        • bottom_panel()
        • new_panel()
        • top_panel()
        • update_panels()
      • 15.14.2. Panel Objects
        • Panel.above()
        • Panel.below()
        • Panel.bottom()
        • Panel.hidden()
        • Panel.hide()
        • Panel.move()
        • Panel.replace()
        • Panel.set_userptr()
        • Panel.show()
        • Panel.top()
        • Panel.userptr()
        • Panel.window()
    • 15.15. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
      • 15.15.1. Cross Platform
        • architecture()
        • machine()
        • node()
        • platform()
        • processor()
        • python_build()
        • python_compiler()
        • python_branch()
        • python_implementation()
        • python_revision()
        • python_version()
        • python_version_tuple()
        • release()
        • system()
        • system_alias()
        • version()
        • uname()
      • 15.15.2. Java Platform
        • java_ver()
      • 15.15.3. Windows Platform
        • win32_ver()
        • 15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific
          • popen()
      • 15.15.4. Mac OS Platform
        • mac_ver()
      • 15.15.5. Unix Platforms
        • dist()
        • linux_distribution()
        • libc_ver()
    • 15.16. errno — Standard errno system symbols
      • errorcode
      • EPERM
      • ENOENT
      • ESRCH
      • EINTR
      • EIO
      • ENXIO
      • E2BIG
      • ENOEXEC
      • EBADF
      • ECHILD
      • EAGAIN
      • ENOMEM
      • EACCES
      • EFAULT
      • ENOTBLK
      • EBUSY
      • EEXIST
      • EXDEV
      • ENODEV
      • ENOTDIR
      • EISDIR
      • EINVAL
      • ENFILE
      • EMFILE
      • ENOTTY
      • ETXTBSY
      • EFBIG
      • ENOSPC
      • ESPIPE
      • EROFS
      • EMLINK
      • EPIPE
      • EDOM
      • ERANGE
      • EDEADLK
      • ENAMETOOLONG
      • ENOLCK
      • ENOSYS
      • ENOTEMPTY
      • ELOOP
      • EWOULDBLOCK
      • ENOMSG
      • EIDRM
      • ECHRNG
      • EL2NSYNC
      • EL3HLT
      • EL3RST
      • ELNRNG
      • EUNATCH
      • ENOCSI
      • EL2HLT
      • EBADE
      • EBADR
      • EXFULL
      • ENOANO
      • EBADRQC
      • EBADSLT
      • EDEADLOCK
      • EBFONT
      • ENOSTR
      • ENODATA
      • ETIME
      • ENOSR
      • ENONET
      • ENOPKG
      • EREMOTE
      • ENOLINK
      • EADV
      • ESRMNT
      • ECOMM
      • EPROTO
      • EMULTIHOP
      • EDOTDOT
      • EBADMSG
      • EOVERFLOW
      • ENOTUNIQ
      • EBADFD
      • EREMCHG
      • ELIBACC
      • ELIBBAD
      • ELIBSCN
      • ELIBMAX
      • ELIBEXEC
      • EILSEQ
      • ERESTART
      • ESTRPIPE
      • EUSERS
      • ENOTSOCK
      • EDESTADDRREQ
      • EMSGSIZE
      • EPROTOTYPE
      • ENOPROTOOPT
      • EPROTONOSUPPORT
      • ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
      • EOPNOTSUPP
      • EPFNOSUPPORT
      • EAFNOSUPPORT
      • EADDRINUSE
      • EADDRNOTAVAIL
      • ENETDOWN
      • ENETUNREACH
      • ENETRESET
      • ECONNABORTED
      • ECONNRESET
      • ENOBUFS
      • EISCONN
      • ENOTCONN
      • ESHUTDOWN
      • ETOOMANYREFS
      • ETIMEDOUT
      • ECONNREFUSED
      • EHOSTDOWN
      • EHOSTUNREACH
      • EALREADY
      • EINPROGRESS
      • ESTALE
      • EUCLEAN
      • ENOTNAM
      • ENAVAIL
      • EISNAM
      • EREMOTEIO
      • EDQUOT
    • 15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
      • 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
        • 15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
        • 15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
        • 15.17.1.3. Calling functions
        • 15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types
        • 15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued
        • 15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
        • 15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
        • 15.17.1.8. Return types
        • 15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
        • 15.17.1.10. Structures and unions
        • 15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
        • 15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
        • 15.17.1.13. Arrays
        • 15.17.1.14. Pointers
        • 15.17.1.15. Type conversions
        • 15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types
        • 15.17.1.17. Callback functions
        • 15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
        • 15.17.1.19. Surprises
        • 15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types
      • 15.17.2. ctypes reference
        • 15.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries
        • 15.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries
          • CDLL
          • OleDLL
          • WinDLL
          • PyDLL
          • PyDLL._handle
          • PyDLL._name
          • LibraryLoader
            • LibraryLoader.LoadLibrary()
        • 15.17.2.3. Foreign functions
          • _FuncPtr
            • _FuncPtr.restype
            • _FuncPtr.argtypes
            • _FuncPtr.errcheck
          • ArgumentError
        • 15.17.2.4. Function prototypes
          • CFUNCTYPE()
          • WINFUNCTYPE()
          • PYFUNCTYPE()
        • 15.17.2.5. Utility functions
          • addressof()
          • alignment()
          • byref()
          • cast()
          • create_string_buffer()
          • create_unicode_buffer()
          • DllCanUnloadNow()
          • DllGetClassObject()
          • find_library()
          • find_msvcrt()
          • FormatError()
          • GetLastError()
          • get_errno()
          • get_last_error()
          • memmove()
          • memset()
          • POINTER()
          • pointer()
          • resize()
          • set_conversion_mode()
          • set_errno()
          • set_last_error()
          • sizeof()
          • string_at()
          • WinError()
          • wstring_at()
        • 15.17.2.6. Data types
          • _CData
            • _CData.from_buffer()
            • _CData.from_buffer_copy()
            • _CData.from_address()
            • _CData.from_param()
            • _CData.in_dll()
            • _CData._b_base_
            • _CData._b_needsfree_
            • _CData._objects
        • 15.17.2.7. Fundamental data types
          • _SimpleCData
            • _SimpleCData.value
          • c_byte
          • c_char
          • c_char_p
          • c_double
          • c_longdouble
          • c_float
          • c_int
          • c_int8
          • c_int16
          • c_int32
          • c_int64
          • c_long
          • c_longlong
          • c_short
          • c_size_t
          • c_ssize_t
          • c_ubyte
          • c_uint
          • c_uint8
          • c_uint16
          • c_uint32
          • c_uint64
          • c_ulong
          • c_ulonglong
          • c_ushort
          • c_void_p
          • c_wchar
          • c_wchar_p
          • c_bool
          • HRESULT
          • py_object
        • 15.17.2.8. Structured data types
          • Union
          • BigEndianStructure
          • LittleEndianStructure
          • Structure
            • Structure._fields_
            • Structure._pack_
            • Structure._anonymous_
        • 15.17.2.9. Arrays and pointers
          • Array
            • Array._length_
            • Array._type_
          • _Pointer
            • _Pointer._type_
            • _Pointer.contents
  • 16. Optional Operating System Services
    • 16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
      • error
      • epoll()
      • poll()
      • kqueue()
      • kevent()
      • select()
      • select.PIPE_BUF
      • 16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
        • epoll.close()
        • epoll.fileno()
        • epoll.fromfd()
        • epoll.register()
        • epoll.modify()
        • epoll.unregister()
        • epoll.poll()
      • 16.1.2. Polling Objects
        • poll.register()
        • poll.modify()
        • poll.unregister()
        • poll.poll()
      • 16.1.3. Kqueue Objects
        • kqueue.close()
        • kqueue.fileno()
        • kqueue.fromfd()
        • kqueue.control()
      • 16.1.4. Kevent Objects
        • kevent.ident
        • kevent.filter
        • kevent.flags
        • kevent.fflags
        • kevent.data
        • kevent.udata
    • 16.2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
      • active_count()
      • activeCount()
      • current_thread()
      • currentThread()
      • enumerate()
      • local
      • Lock()
      • RLock()
      • BoundedSemaphore()
      • settrace()
      • setprofile()
      • stack_size()
      • ThreadError
      • 16.2.1. Thread Objects
        • Thread
          • Thread.start()
          • Thread.run()
          • Thread.join()
          • Thread.name
          • Thread.getName()
          • Thread.setName()
          • Thread.ident
          • Thread.is_alive()
          • Thread.isAlive()
          • Thread.daemon
          • Thread.isDaemon()
          • Thread.setDaemon()
      • 16.2.2. Lock Objects
        • Lock.acquire()
        • Lock.release()
          • Lock.locked()
      • 16.2.3. RLock Objects
        • RLock.acquire()
        • RLock.release()
      • 16.2.4. Condition Objects
        • Condition
          • Condition.acquire()
          • Condition.release()
          • Condition.wait()
          • Condition.notify()
          • Condition.notify_all()
          • Condition.notifyAll()
      • 16.2.5. Semaphore Objects
        • Semaphore
          • Semaphore.acquire()
          • Semaphore.release()
        • 16.2.5.1. Semaphore Example
      • 16.2.6. Event Objects
        • Event
          • Event.is_set()
          • Event.isSet()
          • Event.set()
          • Event.clear()
          • Event.wait()
      • 16.2.7. Timer Objects
        • Timer
          • Timer.cancel()
      • 16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
      • 16.2.9. Importing in threaded code
    • 16.3. thread — Multiple threads of control
      • error
      • LockType
      • start_new_thread()
      • interrupt_main()
      • exit()
      • allocate_lock()
      • get_ident()
      • stack_size()
      • lock.acquire()
      • lock.release()
      • lock.locked()
    • 16.4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
    • 16.5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
    • 16.6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
      • 16.6.1. Introduction
        • 16.6.1.1. The Process class
        • 16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
        • 16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes
        • 16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes
        • 16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers
      • 16.6.2. Reference
        • 16.6.2.1. Process and exceptions
          • Process
            • Process.run()
            • Process.start()
            • Process.join()
            • Process.name
            • Process.is_alive()
            • Process.daemon
            • Process.pid
            • Process.exitcode
            • Process.authkey
            • Process.terminate()
          • BufferTooShort
        • 16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues
          • Pipe()
          • Queue
            • Queue.qsize()
            • Queue.empty()
            • Queue.full()
            • Queue.put()
            • Queue.put_nowait()
            • Queue.get()
            • Queue.get_nowait()
            • Queue.close()
            • Queue.join_thread()
            • Queue.cancel_join_thread()
          • multiprocessing.queues.SimpleQueue
            • multiprocessing.queues.SimpleQueue.empty()
            • multiprocessing.queues.SimpleQueue.get()
            • multiprocessing.queues.SimpleQueue.put()
          • JoinableQueue
            • JoinableQueue.task_done()
            • JoinableQueue.join()
        • 16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous
          • active_children()
          • cpu_count()
          • current_process()
          • freeze_support()
          • set_executable()
        • 16.6.2.4. Connection Objects
          • Connection
            • Connection.send()
            • Connection.recv()
            • Connection.fileno()
            • Connection.close()
            • Connection.poll()
            • Connection.send_bytes()
            • Connection.recv_bytes()
            • Connection.recv_bytes_into()
        • 16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives
          • BoundedSemaphore
          • Condition
          • Event
          • Lock
            • Lock.acquire()
            • Lock.release()
          • RLock
            • RLock.acquire()
            • RLock.release()
          • Semaphore
        • 16.6.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects
          • Value()
          • Array()
          • 16.6.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
            • RawArray()
            • RawValue()
            • Array()
            • Value()
            • copy()
            • synchronized()
        • 16.6.2.7. Managers
          • multiprocessing.Manager()
          • BaseManager
            • BaseManager.start()
            • BaseManager.get_server()
            • BaseManager.connect()
            • BaseManager.shutdown()
            • BaseManager.register()
            • BaseManager.address
          • SyncManager
            • SyncManager.BoundedSemaphore()
            • SyncManager.Condition()
            • SyncManager.Event()
            • SyncManager.Lock()
            • SyncManager.Namespace()
            • SyncManager.Queue()
            • SyncManager.RLock()
            • SyncManager.Semaphore()
            • SyncManager.Array()
            • SyncManager.Value()
            • SyncManager.dict()
            • SyncManager.list()
          • Namespace
          • 16.6.2.7.1. Customized managers
          • 16.6.2.7.2. Using a remote manager
        • 16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects
          • BaseProxy
            • BaseProxy._callmethod()
            • BaseProxy._getvalue()
            • BaseProxy.__repr__()
            • BaseProxy.__str__()
          • 16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup
        • 16.6.2.9. Process Pools
          • multiprocessing.Pool
            • multiprocessing.Pool.apply()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.apply_async()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.map()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.map_async()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.imap()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.imap_unordered()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.close()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.terminate()
            • multiprocessing.Pool.join()
          • AsyncResult
            • AsyncResult.get()
            • AsyncResult.wait()
            • AsyncResult.ready()
            • AsyncResult.successful()
        • 16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients
          • deliver_challenge()
          • answer_challenge()
          • Client()
          • Listener
            • Listener.accept()
            • Listener.close()
            • Listener.address
            • Listener.last_accepted
          • ProcessError
          • BufferTooShort
          • AuthenticationError
          • TimeoutError
          • 16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats
        • 16.6.2.11. Authentication keys
        • 16.6.2.12. Logging
          • get_logger()
          • log_to_stderr()
        • 16.6.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module
      • 16.6.3. Programming guidelines
        • 16.6.3.1. All platforms
        • 16.6.3.2. Windows
      • 16.6.4. Examples
    • 16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
      • mmap
      • mmap.close()
      • mmap.find()
      • mmap.flush()
      • mmap.move()
      • mmap.read()
      • mmap.read_byte()
      • mmap.readline()
      • mmap.resize()
      • mmap.rfind()
      • mmap.seek()
      • mmap.size()
      • mmap.tell()
      • mmap.write()
      • mmap.write_byte()
    • 16.8. readline — GNU readline interface
      • 16.8.1. Init file
        • parse_and_bind()
        • read_init_file()
      • 16.8.2. Line buffer
        • get_line_buffer()
        • insert_text()
        • redisplay()
      • 16.8.3. History file
        • read_history_file()
        • write_history_file()
        • get_history_length()
        • set_history_length()
      • 16.8.4. History list
        • clear_history()
        • get_current_history_length()
        • get_history_item()
        • remove_history_item()
        • replace_history_item()
        • add_history()
      • 16.8.5. Startup hooks
        • set_startup_hook()
        • set_pre_input_hook()
      • 16.8.6. Completion
        • set_completer()
        • get_completer()
        • get_completion_type()
        • get_begidx()
        • get_endidx()
        • set_completer_delims()
        • get_completer_delims()
        • set_completion_display_matches_hook()
      • 16.8.7. Example
    • 16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
      • 16.9.1. Completer Objects
        • Completer.complete()
  • 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
    • 17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management
      • 17.1.1. Using the subprocess Module
        • call()
        • check_call()
        • check_output()
        • PIPE
        • STDOUT
        • CalledProcessError
          • CalledProcessError.returncode
          • CalledProcessError.cmd
          • CalledProcessError.output
        • 17.1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments
        • 17.1.1.2. Popen Constructor
          • Popen
        • 17.1.1.3. Exceptions
        • 17.1.1.4. Security
      • 17.1.2. Popen Objects
        • Popen.poll()
        • Popen.wait()
        • Popen.communicate()
        • Popen.send_signal()
        • Popen.terminate()
        • Popen.kill()
        • Popen.stdin
        • Popen.stdout
        • Popen.stderr
        • Popen.pid
        • Popen.returncode
      • 17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers
        • STARTUPINFO
          • STARTUPINFO.dwFlags
          • STARTUPINFO.hStdInput
          • STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput
          • STARTUPINFO.hStdError
          • STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow
        • 17.1.3.1. Constants
          • STD_INPUT_HANDLE
          • STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE
          • STD_ERROR_HANDLE
          • SW_HIDE
          • STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
          • STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
          • CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE
          • CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
      • 17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
        • 17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
        • 17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline
        • 17.1.4.3. Replacing os.system()
        • 17.1.4.4. Replacing the os.spawn family
        • 17.1.4.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
        • 17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module
      • 17.1.5. Notes
        • 17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
    • 17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface
      • error
      • herror
      • gaierror
      • timeout
      • AF_UNIX
      • AF_INET
      • AF_INET6
      • SOCK_STREAM
      • SOCK_DGRAM
      • SOCK_RAW
      • SOCK_RDM
      • SOCK_SEQPACKET
      • SOMAXCONN
      • has_ipv6
      • create_connection()
      • getaddrinfo()
      • getfqdn()
      • gethostbyname()
      • gethostbyname_ex()
      • gethostname()
      • gethostbyaddr()
      • getnameinfo()
      • getprotobyname()
      • getservbyname()
      • getservbyport()
      • socket()
      • socketpair()
      • fromfd()
      • ntohl()
      • ntohs()
      • htonl()
      • htons()
      • inet_aton()
      • inet_ntoa()
      • inet_pton()
      • inet_ntop()
      • getdefaulttimeout()
      • setdefaulttimeout()
      • SocketType
      • 17.2.1. Socket Objects
        • socket.accept()
        • socket.bind()
        • socket.close()
        • socket.connect()
        • socket.connect_ex()
        • socket.fileno()
        • socket.getpeername()
        • socket.getsockname()
        • socket.getsockopt()
        • socket.ioctl()
        • socket.listen()
        • socket.makefile()
        • socket.recv()
        • socket.recvfrom()
        • socket.recvfrom_into()
        • socket.recv_into()
        • socket.send()
        • socket.sendall()
        • socket.sendto()
        • socket.setblocking()
        • socket.settimeout()
        • socket.gettimeout()
        • socket.setsockopt()
        • socket.shutdown()
        • socket.family
        • socket.type
        • socket.proto
      • 17.2.2. Example
    • 17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
      • 17.3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
        • SSLError
          • SSLError.library
          • SSLError.reason
        • SSLZeroReturnError
        • SSLWantReadError
        • SSLWantWriteError
        • SSLSyscallError
        • SSLEOFError
        • CertificateError
        • 17.3.1.1. Socket creation
          • wrap_socket()
        • 17.3.1.2. Context creation
          • create_default_context()
          • _https_verify_certificates()
        • 17.3.1.3. Random generation
          • RAND_status()
          • RAND_egd()
          • RAND_add()
        • 17.3.1.4. Certificate handling
          • match_hostname()
          • cert_time_to_seconds()
          • get_server_certificate()
          • DER_cert_to_PEM_cert()
          • PEM_cert_to_DER_cert()
          • get_default_verify_paths()
          • enum_certificates()
          • enum_crls()
        • 17.3.1.5. Constants
          • CERT_NONE
          • CERT_OPTIONAL
          • CERT_REQUIRED
          • VERIFY_DEFAULT
          • VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF
          • VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN
          • VERIFY_X509_STRICT
          • VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST
          • PROTOCOL_TLS
          • PROTOCOL_SSLv23
          • PROTOCOL_SSLv2
          • PROTOCOL_SSLv3
          • PROTOCOL_TLSv1
          • PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1
          • PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
          • OP_ALL
          • OP_NO_SSLv2
          • OP_NO_SSLv3
          • OP_NO_TLSv1
          • OP_NO_TLSv1_1
          • OP_NO_TLSv1_2
          • OP_NO_TLSv1_3
          • OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE
          • OP_SINGLE_DH_USE
          • OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE
          • OP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPAT
          • OP_NO_COMPRESSION
          • HAS_ALPN
          • HAS_ECDH
          • HAS_SNI
          • HAS_NPN
          • HAS_TLSv1_3
          • CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES
          • OPENSSL_VERSION
          • OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO
          • OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER
          • ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
          • ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR
          • Purpose.SERVER_AUTH
          • Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH
      • 17.3.2. SSL Sockets
        • SSLSocket.do_handshake()
        • SSLSocket.getpeercert()
        • SSLSocket.cipher()
        • SSLSocket.compression()
        • SSLSocket.get_channel_binding()
        • SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol()
        • SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol()
        • SSLSocket.unwrap()
        • SSLSocket.version()
        • SSLSocket.context
      • 17.3.3. SSL Contexts
        • SSLContext
        • SSLContext.cert_store_stats()
        • SSLContext.load_cert_chain()
        • SSLContext.load_default_certs()
        • SSLContext.load_verify_locations()
        • SSLContext.get_ca_certs()
        • SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths()
        • SSLContext.set_ciphers()
        • SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols()
        • SSLContext.set_npn_protocols()
        • SSLContext.set_servername_callback()
        • SSLContext.load_dh_params()
        • SSLContext.set_ecdh_curve()
        • SSLContext.wrap_socket()
        • SSLContext.session_stats()
        • SSLContext.check_hostname
        • SSLContext.options
        • SSLContext.protocol
        • SSLContext.verify_flags
        • SSLContext.verify_mode
      • 17.3.4. Certificates
        • 17.3.4.1. Certificate chains
        • 17.3.4.2. CA certificates
        • 17.3.4.3. Combined key and certificate
        • 17.3.4.4. Self-signed certificates
      • 17.3.5. Examples
        • 17.3.5.1. Testing for SSL support
        • 17.3.5.2. Client-side operation
        • 17.3.5.3. Server-side operation
      • 17.3.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets
      • 17.3.7. Security considerations
        • 17.3.7.1. Best defaults
        • 17.3.7.2. Manual settings
          • 17.3.7.2.1. Verifying certificates
          • 17.3.7.2.2. Protocol versions
          • 17.3.7.2.3. Cipher selection
        • 17.3.7.3. Multi-processing
      • 17.3.8. LibreSSL support
    • 17.4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
      • SIG_DFL
      • SIG_IGN
      • CTRL_C_EVENT
      • CTRL_BREAK_EVENT
      • NSIG
      • ITIMER_REAL
      • ITIMER_VIRTUAL
      • ITIMER_PROF
      • ItimerError
      • alarm()
      • getsignal()
      • pause()
      • setitimer()
      • getitimer()
      • set_wakeup_fd()
      • siginterrupt()
      • signal()
      • 17.4.1. Example
    • 17.5. popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
      • popen2()
      • popen3()
      • popen4()
      • Popen3
      • Popen4
      • 17.5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
        • Popen3.poll()
        • Popen3.wait()
        • Popen3.fromchild
        • Popen3.tochild
        • Popen3.childerr
        • Popen3.pid
      • 17.5.2. Flow Control Issues
    • 17.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
      • loop()
      • dispatcher
        • dispatcher.handle_read()
        • dispatcher.handle_write()
        • dispatcher.handle_expt()
        • dispatcher.handle_connect()
        • dispatcher.handle_close()
        • dispatcher.handle_error()
        • dispatcher.handle_accept()
        • dispatcher.readable()
        • dispatcher.writable()
        • dispatcher.create_socket()
        • dispatcher.connect()
        • dispatcher.send()
        • dispatcher.recv()
        • dispatcher.listen()
        • dispatcher.bind()
        • dispatcher.accept()
        • dispatcher.close()
      • dispatcher_with_send
      • file_dispatcher
      • file_wrapper
      • 17.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client
      • 17.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server
    • 17.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
      • async_chat
        • async_chat.ac_in_buffer_size
        • async_chat.ac_out_buffer_size
      • async_chat.close_when_done()
      • async_chat.collect_incoming_data()
      • async_chat.discard_buffers()
      • async_chat.found_terminator()
      • async_chat.get_terminator()
      • async_chat.push()
      • async_chat.push_with_producer()
      • async_chat.set_terminator()
      • 17.7.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes
        • fifo
          • fifo.is_empty()
          • fifo.first()
          • fifo.push()
          • fifo.pop()
      • 17.7.2. asynchat Example
  • 18. Internet Data Handling
    • 18.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
      • 18.1.1. email.message: Representing an email message
        • Message
          • Message.as_string()
          • Message.__str__()
          • Message.is_multipart()
          • Message.set_unixfrom()
          • Message.get_unixfrom()
          • Message.attach()
          • Message.get_payload()
          • Message.set_payload()
          • Message.set_charset()
          • Message.get_charset()
          • Message.__len__()
          • Message.__contains__()
          • Message.__getitem__()
          • Message.__setitem__()
          • Message.__delitem__()
          • Message.has_key()
          • Message.keys()
          • Message.values()
          • Message.items()
          • Message.get()
          • Message.get_all()
          • Message.add_header()
          • Message.replace_header()
          • Message.get_content_type()
          • Message.get_content_maintype()
          • Message.get_content_subtype()
          • Message.get_default_type()
          • Message.set_default_type()
          • Message.get_params()
          • Message.get_param()
          • Message.set_param()
          • Message.del_param()
          • Message.set_type()
          • Message.get_filename()
          • Message.get_boundary()
          • Message.set_boundary()
          • Message.get_content_charset()
          • Message.get_charsets()
          • Message.walk()
          • Message.preamble
          • Message.epilogue
          • Message.defects
      • 18.1.2. email.parser: Parsing email messages
        • 18.1.2.1. FeedParser API
          • FeedParser
            • FeedParser.feed()
            • FeedParser.close()
        • 18.1.2.2. Parser class API
          • Parser
            • Parser.parse()
            • Parser.parsestr()
          • message_from_string()
          • message_from_file()
        • 18.1.2.3. Additional notes
      • 18.1.3. email.generator: Generating MIME documents
        • Generator
          • Generator.flatten()
          • Generator.clone()
          • Generator.write()
        • DecodedGenerator
      • 18.1.4. email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
        • MIMEBase
        • MIMENonMultipart
        • MIMEMultipart
        • MIMEApplication
        • MIMEAudio
        • MIMEImage
        • MIMEMessage
        • MIMEText
      • 18.1.5. email.header: Internationalized headers
        • Header
          • Header.append()
          • Header.encode()
          • Header.__str__()
          • Header.__unicode__()
          • Header.__eq__()
          • Header.__ne__()
        • decode_header()
        • make_header()
      • 18.1.6. email.charset: Representing character sets
        • Charset
          • Charset.input_charset
          • Charset.header_encoding
          • Charset.body_encoding
          • Charset.output_charset
          • Charset.input_codec
          • Charset.output_codec
          • Charset.get_body_encoding()
          • Charset.convert()
          • Charset.to_splittable()
          • Charset.from_splittable()
          • Charset.get_output_charset()
          • Charset.encoded_header_len()
          • Charset.header_encode()
          • Charset.body_encode()
          • Charset.__str__()
          • Charset.__eq__()
          • Charset.__ne__()
        • add_charset()
        • add_alias()
        • add_codec()
      • 18.1.7. email.encoders: Encoders
        • encode_quopri()
        • encode_base64()
        • encode_7or8bit()
        • encode_noop()
      • 18.1.8. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes
        • MessageError
        • MessageParseError
        • HeaderParseError
        • BoundaryError
        • MultipartConversionError
      • 18.1.9. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities
        • quote()
        • unquote()
        • parseaddr()
        • formataddr()
        • getaddresses()
        • parsedate()
        • parsedate_tz()
        • mktime_tz()
        • formatdate()
        • make_msgid()
        • decode_rfc2231()
        • encode_rfc2231()
        • collapse_rfc2231_value()
        • decode_params()
      • 18.1.10. email.iterators: Iterators
        • body_line_iterator()
        • typed_subpart_iterator()
        • _structure()
      • 18.1.11. email: Examples
      • 18.1.12. Package History
      • 18.1.13. Differences from mimelib
    • 18.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
      • 18.2.1. Basic Usage
        • dump()
        • dumps()
        • load()
        • loads()
      • 18.2.2. Encoders and Decoders
        • JSONDecoder
          • JSONDecoder.decode()
          • JSONDecoder.raw_decode()
        • JSONEncoder
          • JSONEncoder.default()
          • JSONEncoder.encode()
          • JSONEncoder.iterencode()
      • 18.2.3. Standard Compliance and Interoperability
        • 18.2.3.1. Character Encodings
        • 18.2.3.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values
        • 18.2.3.3. Repeated Names Within an Object
        • 18.2.3.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values
        • 18.2.3.5. Implementation Limitations
    • 18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
      • findmatch()
      • getcaps()
    • 18.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
      • 18.4.1. Mailbox objects
        • Mailbox
          • Mailbox.add()
          • Mailbox.remove()
          • Mailbox.__delitem__()
          • Mailbox.discard()
          • Mailbox.__setitem__()
          • Mailbox.iterkeys()
          • Mailbox.keys()
          • Mailbox.itervalues()
          • Mailbox.__iter__()
          • Mailbox.values()
          • Mailbox.iteritems()
          • Mailbox.items()
          • Mailbox.get()
          • Mailbox.__getitem__()
          • Mailbox.get_message()
          • Mailbox.get_string()
          • Mailbox.get_file()
          • Mailbox.has_key()
          • Mailbox.__contains__()
          • Mailbox.__len__()
          • Mailbox.clear()
          • Mailbox.pop()
          • Mailbox.popitem()
          • Mailbox.update()
          • Mailbox.flush()
          • Mailbox.lock()
          • Mailbox.unlock()
          • Mailbox.close()
        • 18.4.1.1. Maildir
          • Maildir
            • Maildir.list_folders()
            • Maildir.get_folder()
            • Maildir.add_folder()
            • Maildir.remove_folder()
            • Maildir.clean()
            • Maildir.add()
            • Maildir.__setitem__()
            • Maildir.update()
            • Maildir.flush()
            • Maildir.lock()
            • Maildir.unlock()
            • Maildir.close()
            • Maildir.get_file()
        • 18.4.1.2. mbox
          • mbox
            • mbox.get_file()
            • mbox.lock()
            • mbox.unlock()
        • 18.4.1.3. MH
          • MH
            • MH.list_folders()
            • MH.get_folder()
            • MH.add_folder()
            • MH.remove_folder()
            • MH.get_sequences()
            • MH.set_sequences()
            • MH.pack()
            • MH.remove()
            • MH.__delitem__()
            • MH.discard()
            • MH.lock()
            • MH.unlock()
            • MH.get_file()
            • MH.flush()
            • MH.close()
        • 18.4.1.4. Babyl
          • Babyl
            • Babyl.get_labels()
            • Babyl.get_file()
            • Babyl.lock()
            • Babyl.unlock()
        • 18.4.1.5. MMDF
          • MMDF
            • MMDF.get_file()
            • MMDF.lock()
            • MMDF.unlock()
      • 18.4.2. Message objects
        • Message
        • 18.4.2.1. MaildirMessage
          • MaildirMessage
            • MaildirMessage.get_subdir()
            • MaildirMessage.set_subdir()
            • MaildirMessage.get_flags()
            • MaildirMessage.set_flags()
            • MaildirMessage.add_flag()
            • MaildirMessage.remove_flag()
            • MaildirMessage.get_date()
            • MaildirMessage.set_date()
            • MaildirMessage.get_info()
            • MaildirMessage.set_info()
        • 18.4.2.2. mboxMessage
          • mboxMessage
            • mboxMessage.get_from()
            • mboxMessage.set_from()
            • mboxMessage.get_flags()
            • mboxMessage.set_flags()
            • mboxMessage.add_flag()
            • mboxMessage.remove_flag()
        • 18.4.2.3. MHMessage
          • MHMessage
            • MHMessage.get_sequences()
            • MHMessage.set_sequences()
            • MHMessage.add_sequence()
            • MHMessage.remove_sequence()
        • 18.4.2.4. BabylMessage
          • BabylMessage
            • BabylMessage.get_labels()
            • BabylMessage.set_labels()
            • BabylMessage.add_label()
            • BabylMessage.remove_label()
            • BabylMessage.get_visible()
            • BabylMessage.set_visible()
            • BabylMessage.update_visible()
        • 18.4.2.5. MMDFMessage
          • MMDFMessage
            • MMDFMessage.get_from()
            • MMDFMessage.set_from()
            • MMDFMessage.get_flags()
            • MMDFMessage.set_flags()
            • MMDFMessage.add_flag()
            • MMDFMessage.remove_flag()
      • 18.4.3. Exceptions
        • Error
        • NoSuchMailboxError
        • NotEmptyError
        • ExternalClashError
        • FormatError
      • 18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods
        • oldmailbox.next()
        • UnixMailbox
        • PortableUnixMailbox
        • MmdfMailbox
        • MHMailbox
        • BabylMailbox
      • 18.4.5. Examples
    • 18.5. mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
      • MH
      • Folder
      • Message
      • 18.5.1. MH Objects
        • MH.error()
        • MH.getprofile()
        • MH.getpath()
        • MH.getcontext()
        • MH.setcontext()
        • MH.listfolders()
        • MH.listallfolders()
        • MH.listsubfolders()
        • MH.listallsubfolders()
        • MH.makefolder()
        • MH.deletefolder()
        • MH.openfolder()
      • 18.5.2. Folder Objects
        • Folder.error()
        • Folder.getfullname()
        • Folder.getsequencesfilename()
        • Folder.getmessagefilename()
        • Folder.listmessages()
        • Folder.getcurrent()
        • Folder.setcurrent()
        • Folder.parsesequence()
        • Folder.getlast()
        • Folder.setlast()
        • Folder.getsequences()
        • Folder.putsequences()
        • Folder.removemessages()
        • Folder.refilemessages()
        • Folder.movemessage()
        • Folder.copymessage()
      • 18.5.3. Message Objects
        • Message.openmessage()
    • 18.6. mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
      • Message
      • choose_boundary()
      • decode()
      • encode()
      • copyliteral()
      • copybinary()
      • 18.6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects
        • Message.getplist()
        • Message.getparam()
        • Message.getencoding()
        • Message.gettype()
        • Message.getmaintype()
        • Message.getsubtype()
    • 18.7. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
      • guess_type()
      • guess_all_extensions()
      • guess_extension()
      • init()
      • read_mime_types()
      • add_type()
      • inited
      • knownfiles
      • suffix_map
      • encodings_map
      • types_map
      • common_types
      • 18.7.1. MimeTypes Objects
        • MimeTypes
          • MimeTypes.suffix_map
          • MimeTypes.encodings_map
          • MimeTypes.types_map
          • MimeTypes.types_map_inv
          • MimeTypes.guess_extension()
          • MimeTypes.guess_type()
          • MimeTypes.guess_all_extensions()
          • MimeTypes.read()
          • MimeTypes.readfp()
          • MimeTypes.read_windows_registry()
    • 18.8. MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
      • MimeWriter
      • 18.8.1. MimeWriter Objects
        • MimeWriter.addheader()
        • MimeWriter.flushheaders()
        • MimeWriter.startbody()
        • MimeWriter.startmultipartbody()
        • MimeWriter.nextpart()
        • MimeWriter.lastpart()
    • 18.9. mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
      • mimify()
      • unmimify()
      • mime_decode_header()
      • mime_encode_header()
      • MAXLEN
      • CHARSET
    • 18.10. multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
      • MultiFile
      • 18.10.1. MultiFile Objects
        • MultiFile.readline()
        • MultiFile.readlines()
        • MultiFile.read()
        • MultiFile.seek()
        • MultiFile.tell()
        • MultiFile.next()
        • MultiFile.is_data()
        • MultiFile.push()
        • MultiFile.pop()
        • MultiFile.section_divider()
        • MultiFile.end_marker()
        • MultiFile.level
        • MultiFile.last
      • 18.10.2. MultiFile Example
    • 18.11. rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
      • Message
      • AddressList
      • quote()
      • unquote()
      • parseaddr()
      • dump_address_pair()
      • parsedate()
      • parsedate_tz()
      • mktime_tz()
      • 18.11.1. Message Objects
        • Message.rewindbody()
        • Message.isheader()
        • Message.islast()
        • Message.iscomment()
        • Message.getallmatchingheaders()
        • Message.getfirstmatchingheader()
        • Message.getrawheader()
        • Message.getheader()
        • Message.get()
        • Message.getaddr()
        • Message.getaddrlist()
        • Message.getdate()
        • Message.getdate_tz()
        • Message.headers
        • Message.fp
        • Message.unixfrom
      • 18.11.2. AddressList Objects
        • AddressList.__len__()
        • AddressList.__str__()
        • AddressList.__add__()
        • AddressList.__iadd__()
        • AddressList.__sub__()
        • AddressList.__isub__()
        • AddressList.addresslist
    • 18.12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
      • b64encode()
      • b64decode()
      • standard_b64encode()
      • standard_b64decode()
      • urlsafe_b64encode()
      • urlsafe_b64decode()
      • b32encode()
      • b32decode()
      • b16encode()
      • b16decode()
      • decode()
      • decodestring()
      • encode()
      • encodestring()
    • 18.13. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
      • binhex()
      • hexbin()
      • Error
      • 18.13.1. Notes
    • 18.14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
      • a2b_uu()
      • b2a_uu()
      • a2b_base64()
      • b2a_base64()
      • a2b_qp()
      • b2a_qp()
      • a2b_hqx()
      • rledecode_hqx()
      • rlecode_hqx()
      • b2a_hqx()
      • crc_hqx()
      • crc32()
      • b2a_hex()
      • hexlify()
      • a2b_hex()
      • unhexlify()
      • Error
      • Incomplete
    • 18.15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
      • decode()
      • encode()
      • decodestring()
      • encodestring()
    • 18.16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
      • encode()
      • decode()
      • Error
  • 19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
    • 19.1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
      • HTMLParser
      • HTMLParseError
      • 19.1.1. Example HTML Parser Application
      • 19.1.2. HTMLParser Methods
        • HTMLParser.feed()
        • HTMLParser.close()
        • HTMLParser.reset()
        • HTMLParser.getpos()
        • HTMLParser.get_starttag_text()
        • HTMLParser.handle_starttag()
        • HTMLParser.handle_endtag()
        • HTMLParser.handle_startendtag()
        • HTMLParser.handle_data()
        • HTMLParser.handle_entityref()
        • HTMLParser.handle_charref()
        • HTMLParser.handle_comment()
        • HTMLParser.handle_decl()
        • HTMLParser.handle_pi()
        • HTMLParser.unknown_decl()
      • 19.1.3. Examples
    • 19.2. sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
      • SGMLParser
      • SGMLParseError
      • SGMLParser.reset()
      • SGMLParser.setnomoretags()
      • SGMLParser.setliteral()
      • SGMLParser.feed()
      • SGMLParser.close()
      • SGMLParser.get_starttag_text()
      • SGMLParser.handle_starttag()
      • SGMLParser.handle_endtag()
      • SGMLParser.handle_data()
      • SGMLParser.handle_charref()
      • SGMLParser.convert_charref()
      • SGMLParser.convert_codepoint()
      • SGMLParser.handle_entityref()
      • SGMLParser.convert_entityref()
      • SGMLParser.handle_comment()
      • SGMLParser.handle_decl()
      • SGMLParser.report_unbalanced()
      • SGMLParser.unknown_starttag()
      • SGMLParser.unknown_endtag()
      • SGMLParser.unknown_charref()
      • SGMLParser.unknown_entityref()
    • 19.3. htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
      • HTMLParser
      • HTMLParseError
      • 19.3.1. HTMLParser Objects
        • HTMLParser.formatter
        • HTMLParser.nofill
        • HTMLParser.anchor_bgn()
        • HTMLParser.anchor_end()
        • HTMLParser.handle_image()
        • HTMLParser.save_bgn()
        • HTMLParser.save_end()
    • 19.4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
      • entitydefs
      • name2codepoint
      • codepoint2name
    • 19.5. XML Processing Modules
    • 19.6. XML vulnerabilities
      • 19.6.1. defused packages
    • 19.7. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
      • 19.7.1. Tutorial
        • 19.7.1.1. XML tree and elements
        • 19.7.1.2. Parsing XML
        • 19.7.1.3. Finding interesting elements
        • 19.7.1.4. Modifying an XML File
        • 19.7.1.5. Building XML documents
        • 19.7.1.6. Parsing XML with Namespaces
        • 19.7.1.7. Additional resources
      • 19.7.2. XPath support
        • 19.7.2.1. Example
        • 19.7.2.2. Supported XPath syntax
      • 19.7.3. Reference
        • 19.7.3.1. Functions
          • Comment()
          • dump()
          • fromstring()
          • fromstringlist()
          • iselement()
          • iterparse()
          • parse()
          • ProcessingInstruction()
          • register_namespace()
          • SubElement()
          • tostring()
          • tostringlist()
          • XML()
          • XMLID()
        • 19.7.3.2. Element Objects
          • Element
            • Element.tag
            • Element.text
            • Element.tail
            • Element.attrib
            • Element.clear()
            • Element.get()
            • Element.items()
            • Element.keys()
            • Element.set()
            • Element.append()
            • Element.extend()
            • Element.find()
            • Element.findall()
            • Element.findtext()
            • Element.getchildren()
            • Element.getiterator()
            • Element.insert()
            • Element.iter()
            • Element.iterfind()
            • Element.itertext()
            • Element.makeelement()
            • Element.remove()
        • 19.7.3.3. ElementTree Objects
          • ElementTree
            • ElementTree._setroot()
            • ElementTree.find()
            • ElementTree.findall()
            • ElementTree.findtext()
            • ElementTree.getiterator()
            • ElementTree.getroot()
            • ElementTree.iter()
            • ElementTree.iterfind()
            • ElementTree.parse()
            • ElementTree.write()
        • 19.7.3.4. QName Objects
          • QName
        • 19.7.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects
          • TreeBuilder
            • TreeBuilder.close()
            • TreeBuilder.data()
            • TreeBuilder.end()
            • TreeBuilder.start()
            • TreeBuilder.doctype()
        • 19.7.3.6. XMLParser Objects
          • XMLParser
            • XMLParser.close()
            • XMLParser.doctype()
            • XMLParser.feed()
    • 19.8. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
      • 19.8.1. Module Contents
        • registerDOMImplementation()
        • getDOMImplementation()
        • EMPTY_NAMESPACE
        • XML_NAMESPACE
        • XMLNS_NAMESPACE
        • XHTML_NAMESPACE
      • 19.8.2. Objects in the DOM
        • 19.8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
          • DOMImplementation.hasFeature()
          • DOMImplementation.createDocument()
          • DOMImplementation.createDocumentType()
        • 19.8.2.2. Node Objects
          • Node.nodeType
          • Node.parentNode
          • Node.attributes
          • Node.previousSibling
          • Node.nextSibling
          • Node.childNodes
          • Node.firstChild
          • Node.lastChild
          • Node.localName
          • Node.prefix
          • Node.namespaceURI
          • Node.nodeName
          • Node.nodeValue
          • Node.hasAttributes()
          • Node.hasChildNodes()
          • Node.isSameNode()
          • Node.appendChild()
          • Node.insertBefore()
          • Node.removeChild()
          • Node.replaceChild()
          • Node.normalize()
          • Node.cloneNode()
        • 19.8.2.3. NodeList Objects
          • NodeList.item()
          • NodeList.length
        • 19.8.2.4. DocumentType Objects
          • DocumentType.publicId
          • DocumentType.systemId
          • DocumentType.internalSubset
          • DocumentType.name
          • DocumentType.entities
          • DocumentType.notations
        • 19.8.2.5. Document Objects
          • Document.documentElement
          • Document.createElement()
          • Document.createElementNS()
          • Document.createTextNode()
          • Document.createComment()
          • Document.createProcessingInstruction()
          • Document.createAttribute()
          • Document.createAttributeNS()
          • Document.getElementsByTagName()
          • Document.getElementsByTagNameNS()
        • 19.8.2.6. Element Objects
          • Element.tagName
          • Element.getElementsByTagName()
          • Element.getElementsByTagNameNS()
          • Element.hasAttribute()
          • Element.hasAttributeNS()
          • Element.getAttribute()
          • Element.getAttributeNode()
          • Element.getAttributeNS()
          • Element.getAttributeNodeNS()
          • Element.removeAttribute()
          • Element.removeAttributeNode()
          • Element.removeAttributeNS()
          • Element.setAttribute()
          • Element.setAttributeNode()
          • Element.setAttributeNodeNS()
          • Element.setAttributeNS()
        • 19.8.2.7. Attr Objects
          • Attr.name
          • Attr.localName
          • Attr.prefix
          • Attr.value
        • 19.8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
          • NamedNodeMap.length
          • NamedNodeMap.item()
        • 19.8.2.9. Comment Objects
          • Comment.data
        • 19.8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
          • Text.data
        • 19.8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
          • ProcessingInstruction.target
          • ProcessingInstruction.data
        • 19.8.2.12. Exceptions
          • DOMException
          • DomstringSizeErr
          • HierarchyRequestErr
          • IndexSizeErr
          • InuseAttributeErr
          • InvalidAccessErr
          • InvalidCharacterErr
          • InvalidModificationErr
          • InvalidStateErr
          • NamespaceErr
          • NotFoundErr
          • NotSupportedErr
          • NoDataAllowedErr
          • NoModificationAllowedErr
          • SyntaxErr
          • WrongDocumentErr
      • 19.8.3. Conformance
        • 19.8.3.1. Type Mapping
        • 19.8.3.2. Accessor Methods
    • 19.9. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
      • parse()
      • parseString()
      • 19.9.1. DOM Objects
        • Node.unlink()
        • Node.writexml()
        • Node.toxml()
        • Node.toprettyxml()
        • Node.cloneNode()
      • 19.9.2. DOM Example
      • 19.9.3. minidom and the DOM standard
    • 19.10. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
      • PullDOM
      • DOMEventStream
      • SAX2DOM
      • parse()
      • parseString()
      • default_bufsize
      • 19.10.1. DOMEventStream Objects
        • DOMEventStream.getEvent()
        • DOMEventStream.expandNode()
        • DOMEventStream.reset()
    • 19.11. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
      • make_parser()
      • parse()
      • parseString()
      • SAXException
      • SAXParseException
      • SAXNotRecognizedException
      • SAXNotSupportedException
      • 19.11.1. SAXException Objects
        • SAXException.getMessage()
        • SAXException.getException()
    • 19.12. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
      • ContentHandler
      • DTDHandler
      • EntityResolver
      • ErrorHandler
      • feature_namespaces
      • feature_namespace_prefixes
      • feature_string_interning
      • feature_validation
      • feature_external_ges
      • feature_external_pes
      • all_features
      • property_lexical_handler
      • property_declaration_handler
      • property_dom_node
      • property_xml_string
      • all_properties
      • 19.12.1. ContentHandler Objects
        • ContentHandler.setDocumentLocator()
        • ContentHandler.startDocument()
        • ContentHandler.endDocument()
        • ContentHandler.startPrefixMapping()
        • ContentHandler.endPrefixMapping()
        • ContentHandler.startElement()
        • ContentHandler.endElement()
        • ContentHandler.startElementNS()
        • ContentHandler.endElementNS()
        • ContentHandler.characters()
        • ContentHandler.ignorableWhitespace()
        • ContentHandler.processingInstruction()
        • ContentHandler.skippedEntity()
      • 19.12.2. DTDHandler Objects
        • DTDHandler.notationDecl()
        • DTDHandler.unparsedEntityDecl()
      • 19.12.3. EntityResolver Objects
        • EntityResolver.resolveEntity()
      • 19.12.4. ErrorHandler Objects
        • ErrorHandler.error()
        • ErrorHandler.fatalError()
        • ErrorHandler.warning()
    • 19.13. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
      • escape()
      • unescape()
      • quoteattr()
      • XMLGenerator
      • XMLFilterBase
      • prepare_input_source()
    • 19.14. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
      • XMLReader
      • IncrementalParser
      • Locator
      • InputSource
      • AttributesImpl
      • AttributesNSImpl
      • 19.14.1. XMLReader Objects
        • XMLReader.parse()
        • XMLReader.getContentHandler()
        • XMLReader.setContentHandler()
        • XMLReader.getDTDHandler()
        • XMLReader.setDTDHandler()
        • XMLReader.getEntityResolver()
        • XMLReader.setEntityResolver()
        • XMLReader.getErrorHandler()
        • XMLReader.setErrorHandler()
        • XMLReader.setLocale()
        • XMLReader.getFeature()
        • XMLReader.setFeature()
        • XMLReader.getProperty()
        • XMLReader.setProperty()
      • 19.14.2. IncrementalParser Objects
        • IncrementalParser.feed()
        • IncrementalParser.close()
        • IncrementalParser.reset()
      • 19.14.3. Locator Objects
        • Locator.getColumnNumber()
        • Locator.getLineNumber()
        • Locator.getPublicId()
        • Locator.getSystemId()
      • 19.14.4. InputSource Objects
        • InputSource.setPublicId()
        • InputSource.getPublicId()
        • InputSource.setSystemId()
        • InputSource.getSystemId()
        • InputSource.setEncoding()
        • InputSource.getEncoding()
        • InputSource.setByteStream()
        • InputSource.getByteStream()
        • InputSource.setCharacterStream()
        • InputSource.getCharacterStream()
      • 19.14.5. The Attributes Interface
        • Attributes.getLength()
        • Attributes.getNames()
        • Attributes.getType()
        • Attributes.getValue()
      • 19.14.6. The AttributesNS Interface
        • AttributesNS.getValueByQName()
        • AttributesNS.getNameByQName()
        • AttributesNS.getQNameByName()
        • AttributesNS.getQNames()
    • 19.15. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
      • ExpatError
      • error
      • XMLParserType
      • ErrorString()
      • ParserCreate()
      • 19.15.1. XMLParser Objects
        • xmlparser.Parse()
        • xmlparser.ParseFile()
        • xmlparser.SetBase()
        • xmlparser.GetBase()
        • xmlparser.GetInputContext()
        • xmlparser.ExternalEntityParserCreate()
        • xmlparser.SetParamEntityParsing()
        • xmlparser.UseForeignDTD()
        • xmlparser.buffer_size
        • xmlparser.buffer_text
        • xmlparser.buffer_used
        • xmlparser.ordered_attributes
        • xmlparser.returns_unicode
        • xmlparser.specified_attributes
        • xmlparser.ErrorByteIndex
        • xmlparser.ErrorCode
        • xmlparser.ErrorColumnNumber
        • xmlparser.ErrorLineNumber
        • xmlparser.CurrentByteIndex
        • xmlparser.CurrentColumnNumber
        • xmlparser.CurrentLineNumber
        • xmlparser.XmlDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.StartDoctypeDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.EndDoctypeDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.ElementDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.AttlistDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.StartElementHandler()
        • xmlparser.EndElementHandler()
        • xmlparser.ProcessingInstructionHandler()
        • xmlparser.CharacterDataHandler()
        • xmlparser.UnparsedEntityDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.EntityDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.NotationDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.StartNamespaceDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.EndNamespaceDeclHandler()
        • xmlparser.CommentHandler()
        • xmlparser.StartCdataSectionHandler()
        • xmlparser.EndCdataSectionHandler()
        • xmlparser.DefaultHandler()
        • xmlparser.DefaultHandlerExpand()
        • xmlparser.NotStandaloneHandler()
        • xmlparser.ExternalEntityRefHandler()
      • 19.15.2. ExpatError Exceptions
        • ExpatError.code
        • ExpatError.lineno
        • ExpatError.offset
      • 19.15.3. Example
      • 19.15.4. Content Model Descriptions
      • 19.15.5. Expat error constants
  • 20. Internet Protocols and Support
    • 20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
      • Error
      • open()
      • open_new()
      • open_new_tab()
      • get()
      • register()
      • 20.1.1. Browser Controller Objects
        • controller.open()
        • controller.open_new()
        • controller.open_new_tab()
    • 20.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
      • 20.2.1. Introduction
      • 20.2.2. Using the cgi module
      • 20.2.3. Higher Level Interface
        • FieldStorage.getfirst()
        • FieldStorage.getlist()
      • 20.2.4. Old classes
      • 20.2.5. Functions
        • parse()
        • parse_qs()
        • parse_qsl()
        • parse_multipart()
        • parse_header()
        • test()
        • print_environ()
        • print_form()
        • print_directory()
        • print_environ_usage()
        • escape()
      • 20.2.6. Caring about security
      • 20.2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
      • 20.2.8. Testing your CGI script
      • 20.2.9. Debugging CGI scripts
      • 20.2.10. Common problems and solutions
    • 20.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
      • enable()
      • handler()
    • 20.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
      • 20.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities
        • guess_scheme()
        • request_uri()
        • application_uri()
        • shift_path_info()
        • setup_testing_defaults()
        • is_hop_by_hop()
        • FileWrapper
      • 20.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools
        • Headers
          • Headers.get_all()
          • Headers.add_header()
      • 20.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server
        • make_server()
        • demo_app()
        • WSGIServer
          • WSGIServer.set_app()
          • WSGIServer.get_app()
        • WSGIRequestHandler
          • WSGIRequestHandler.get_environ()
          • WSGIRequestHandler.get_stderr()
          • WSGIRequestHandler.handle()
      • 20.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker
        • validator()
      • 20.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes
        • CGIHandler
        • BaseCGIHandler
        • SimpleHandler
        • BaseHandler
          • BaseHandler.run()
          • BaseHandler._write()
          • BaseHandler._flush()
          • BaseHandler.get_stdin()
          • BaseHandler.get_stderr()
          • BaseHandler.add_cgi_vars()
          • BaseHandler.wsgi_multithread
          • BaseHandler.wsgi_multiprocess
          • BaseHandler.wsgi_run_once
          • BaseHandler.os_environ
          • BaseHandler.server_software
          • BaseHandler.get_scheme()
          • BaseHandler.setup_environ()
          • BaseHandler.log_exception()
          • BaseHandler.traceback_limit
          • BaseHandler.error_output()
          • BaseHandler.error_status
          • BaseHandler.error_headers
          • BaseHandler.error_body
          • BaseHandler.wsgi_file_wrapper
          • BaseHandler.sendfile()
          • BaseHandler.origin_server
          • BaseHandler.http_version
      • 20.4.6. Examples
    • 20.5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
      • 20.5.1. High-level interface
        • urlopen()
        • urlretrieve()
        • _urlopener
        • urlcleanup()
      • 20.5.2. Utility functions
        • quote()
        • quote_plus()
        • unquote()
        • unquote_plus()
        • urlencode()
        • pathname2url()
        • url2pathname()
        • getproxies()
      • 20.5.3. URL Opener objects
        • URLopener
          • URLopener.open()
          • URLopener.open_unknown()
          • URLopener.retrieve()
          • URLopener.version
        • FancyURLopener
          • FancyURLopener.prompt_user_passwd()
        • ContentTooShortError
      • 20.5.4. urllib Restrictions
      • 20.5.5. Examples
    • 20.6. urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
      • urlopen()
      • install_opener()
      • build_opener()
      • URLError
        • URLError.reason
      • HTTPError
        • HTTPError.code
        • HTTPError.reason
      • Request
      • OpenerDirector
      • BaseHandler
      • HTTPDefaultErrorHandler
      • HTTPRedirectHandler
      • HTTPCookieProcessor
      • ProxyHandler
      • HTTPPasswordMgr
      • HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm
      • AbstractBasicAuthHandler
      • HTTPBasicAuthHandler
      • ProxyBasicAuthHandler
      • AbstractDigestAuthHandler
      • HTTPDigestAuthHandler
      • ProxyDigestAuthHandler
      • HTTPHandler
      • HTTPSHandler
      • FileHandler
      • FTPHandler
      • CacheFTPHandler
      • UnknownHandler
      • HTTPErrorProcessor
      • 20.6.1. Request Objects
        • Request.add_data()
        • Request.get_method()
        • Request.has_data()
        • Request.get_data()
        • Request.add_header()
        • Request.add_unredirected_header()
        • Request.has_header()
        • Request.get_full_url()
        • Request.get_type()
        • Request.get_host()
        • Request.get_selector()
        • Request.get_header()
        • Request.header_items()
        • Request.set_proxy()
        • Request.get_origin_req_host()
        • Request.is_unverifiable()
      • 20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
        • OpenerDirector.add_handler()
        • OpenerDirector.open()
        • OpenerDirector.error()
      • 20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
        • BaseHandler.add_parent()
        • BaseHandler.close()
        • BaseHandler.parent
        • BaseHandler.default_open()
        • BaseHandler.unknown_open()
        • BaseHandler.http_error_default()
        • BaseHandler.http_error_nnn()
      • 20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
        • HTTPRedirectHandler.redirect_request()
        • HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_301()
        • HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_302()
        • HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_303()
        • HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_307()
      • 20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
        • HTTPCookieProcessor.cookiejar
      • 20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
      • 20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
        • HTTPPasswordMgr.add_password()
        • HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password()
      • 20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • AbstractBasicAuthHandler.http_error_auth_reqed()
      • 20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • HTTPBasicAuthHandler.http_error_401()
      • 20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • ProxyBasicAuthHandler.http_error_407()
      • 20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • AbstractDigestAuthHandler.http_error_auth_reqed()
      • 20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • HTTPDigestAuthHandler.http_error_401()
      • 20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • ProxyDigestAuthHandler.http_error_407()
      • 20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects
        • HTTPHandler.http_open()
      • 20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
        • HTTPSHandler.https_open()
      • 20.6.16. FileHandler Objects
        • FileHandler.file_open()
      • 20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects
        • FTPHandler.ftp_open()
      • 20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
        • CacheFTPHandler.setTimeout()
        • CacheFTPHandler.setMaxConns()
      • 20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects
        • UnknownHandler.unknown_open()
      • 20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
        • HTTPErrorProcessor.http_response()
        • HTTPErrorProcessor.https_response()
      • 20.6.21. Examples
    • 20.7. httplib — HTTP protocol client
      • HTTPConnection
      • HTTPSConnection
      • HTTPResponse
      • HTTPMessage
      • HTTPException
      • NotConnected
      • InvalidURL
      • UnknownProtocol
      • UnknownTransferEncoding
      • UnimplementedFileMode
      • IncompleteRead
      • ImproperConnectionState
      • CannotSendRequest
      • CannotSendHeader
      • ResponseNotReady
      • BadStatusLine
      • HTTP_PORT
      • HTTPS_PORT
      • responses
      • 20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects
        • HTTPConnection.request()
        • HTTPConnection.getresponse()
        • HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel()
        • HTTPConnection.set_tunnel()
        • HTTPConnection.connect()
        • HTTPConnection.close()
        • HTTPConnection.putrequest()
        • HTTPConnection.putheader()
        • HTTPConnection.endheaders()
        • HTTPConnection.send()
      • 20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects
        • HTTPResponse.read()
        • HTTPResponse.getheader()
        • HTTPResponse.getheaders()
        • HTTPResponse.fileno()
        • HTTPResponse.msg
        • HTTPResponse.version
        • HTTPResponse.status
        • HTTPResponse.reason
      • 20.7.3. Examples
    • 20.8. ftplib — FTP protocol client
      • FTP
      • FTP_TLS
      • error_reply
      • error_temp
      • error_perm
      • error_proto
      • all_errors
      • 20.8.1. FTP Objects
        • FTP.set_debuglevel()
        • FTP.connect()
        • FTP.getwelcome()
        • FTP.login()
        • FTP.abort()
        • FTP.sendcmd()
        • FTP.voidcmd()
        • FTP.retrbinary()
        • FTP.retrlines()
        • FTP.set_pasv()
        • FTP.storbinary()
        • FTP.storlines()
        • FTP.transfercmd()
        • FTP.ntransfercmd()
        • FTP.nlst()
        • FTP.dir()
        • FTP.rename()
        • FTP.delete()
        • FTP.cwd()
        • FTP.mkd()
        • FTP.pwd()
        • FTP.rmd()
        • FTP.size()
        • FTP.quit()
        • FTP.close()
      • 20.8.2. FTP_TLS Objects
        • FTP_TLS.ssl_version
        • FTP_TLS.auth()
        • FTP_TLS.prot_p()
        • FTP_TLS.prot_c()
    • 20.9. poplib — POP3 protocol client
      • POP3
      • POP3_SSL
      • error_proto
      • 20.9.1. POP3 Objects
        • POP3.set_debuglevel()
        • POP3.getwelcome()
        • POP3.user()
        • POP3.pass_()
        • POP3.apop()
        • POP3.rpop()
        • POP3.stat()
        • POP3.list()
        • POP3.retr()
        • POP3.dele()
        • POP3.rset()
        • POP3.noop()
        • POP3.quit()
        • POP3.top()
        • POP3.uidl()
      • 20.9.2. POP3 Example
    • 20.10. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
      • IMAP4
      • IMAP4.error
      • IMAP4.abort
      • IMAP4.readonly
      • IMAP4_SSL
      • IMAP4_stream
      • Internaldate2tuple()
      • Int2AP()
      • ParseFlags()
      • Time2Internaldate()
      • 20.10.1. IMAP4 Objects
        • IMAP4.append()
        • IMAP4.authenticate()
        • IMAP4.check()
        • IMAP4.close()
        • IMAP4.copy()
        • IMAP4.create()
        • IMAP4.delete()
        • IMAP4.deleteacl()
        • IMAP4.expunge()
        • IMAP4.fetch()
        • IMAP4.getacl()
        • IMAP4.getannotation()
        • IMAP4.getquota()
        • IMAP4.getquotaroot()
        • IMAP4.list()
        • IMAP4.login()
        • IMAP4.login_cram_md5()
        • IMAP4.logout()
        • IMAP4.lsub()
        • IMAP4.myrights()
        • IMAP4.namespace()
        • IMAP4.noop()
        • IMAP4.open()
        • IMAP4.partial()
        • IMAP4.proxyauth()
        • IMAP4.read()
        • IMAP4.readline()
        • IMAP4.recent()
        • IMAP4.rename()
        • IMAP4.response()
        • IMAP4.search()
        • IMAP4.select()
        • IMAP4.send()
        • IMAP4.setacl()
        • IMAP4.setannotation()
        • IMAP4.setquota()
        • IMAP4.shutdown()
        • IMAP4.socket()
        • IMAP4.sort()
        • IMAP4.status()
        • IMAP4.store()
        • IMAP4.subscribe()
        • IMAP4.thread()
        • IMAP4.uid()
        • IMAP4.unsubscribe()
        • IMAP4.xatom()
        • IMAP4_SSL.ssl()
        • IMAP4.PROTOCOL_VERSION
        • IMAP4.debug
      • 20.10.2. IMAP4 Example
    • 20.11. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
      • NNTP
      • NNTPError
      • NNTPReplyError
      • NNTPTemporaryError
      • NNTPPermanentError
      • NNTPProtocolError
      • NNTPDataError
      • 20.11.1. NNTP Objects
        • NNTP.getwelcome()
        • NNTP.set_debuglevel()
        • NNTP.newgroups()
        • NNTP.newnews()
        • NNTP.list()
        • NNTP.descriptions()
        • NNTP.description()
        • NNTP.group()
        • NNTP.help()
        • NNTP.stat()
        • NNTP.next()
        • NNTP.last()
        • NNTP.head()
        • NNTP.body()
        • NNTP.article()
        • NNTP.slave()
        • NNTP.xhdr()
        • NNTP.post()
        • NNTP.ihave()
        • NNTP.date()
        • NNTP.xgtitle()
        • NNTP.xover()
        • NNTP.xpath()
        • NNTP.quit()
    • 20.12. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
      • SMTP
      • SMTP_SSL
      • LMTP
      • SMTPException
      • SMTPServerDisconnected
      • SMTPResponseException
      • SMTPSenderRefused
      • SMTPRecipientsRefused
      • SMTPDataError
      • SMTPConnectError
      • SMTPHeloError
      • SMTPAuthenticationError
      • 20.12.1. SMTP Objects
        • SMTP.set_debuglevel()
        • SMTP.docmd()
        • SMTP.connect()
        • SMTP.helo()
        • SMTP.ehlo()
        • SMTP.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
        • SMTP.has_extn()
        • SMTP.verify()
        • SMTP.login()
        • SMTP.starttls()
        • SMTP.sendmail()
        • SMTP.quit()
      • 20.12.2. SMTP Example
    • 20.13. smtpd — SMTP Server
      • 20.13.1. SMTPServer Objects
        • SMTPServer
          • SMTPServer.process_message()
      • 20.13.2. DebuggingServer Objects
        • DebuggingServer
      • 20.13.3. PureProxy Objects
        • PureProxy
      • 20.13.4. MailmanProxy Objects
        • MailmanProxy
    • 20.14. telnetlib — Telnet client
      • Telnet
      • 20.14.1. Telnet Objects
        • Telnet.read_until()
        • Telnet.read_all()
        • Telnet.read_some()
        • Telnet.read_very_eager()
        • Telnet.read_eager()
        • Telnet.read_lazy()
        • Telnet.read_very_lazy()
        • Telnet.read_sb_data()
        • Telnet.open()
        • Telnet.msg()
        • Telnet.set_debuglevel()
        • Telnet.close()
        • Telnet.get_socket()
        • Telnet.fileno()
        • Telnet.write()
        • Telnet.interact()
        • Telnet.mt_interact()
        • Telnet.expect()
        • Telnet.set_option_negotiation_callback()
      • 20.14.2. Telnet Example
    • 20.15. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
      • UUID
      • UUID.bytes
      • UUID.bytes_le
      • UUID.fields
      • UUID.hex
      • UUID.int
      • UUID.urn
      • UUID.variant
      • UUID.version
      • getnode()
      • uuid1()
      • uuid3()
      • uuid4()
      • uuid5()
      • NAMESPACE_DNS
      • NAMESPACE_URL
      • NAMESPACE_OID
      • NAMESPACE_X500
      • RESERVED_NCS
      • RFC_4122
      • RESERVED_MICROSOFT
      • RESERVED_FUTURE
      • 20.15.1. Example
    • 20.16. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
      • urlparse()
      • parse_qs()
      • parse_qsl()
      • urlunparse()
      • urlsplit()
      • urlunsplit()
      • urljoin()
      • urldefrag()
      • 20.16.1. Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
        • ParseResult.geturl()
        • ParseResult
        • SplitResult
    • 20.17. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
      • TCPServer
      • UDPServer
      • UnixStreamServer
      • UnixDatagramServer
      • 20.17.1. Server Creation Notes
        • ForkingMixIn
        • ThreadingMixIn
        • ForkingTCPServer
        • ForkingUDPServer
        • ThreadingTCPServer
        • ThreadingUDPServer
      • 20.17.2. Server Objects
        • BaseServer
          • BaseServer.fileno()
          • BaseServer.handle_request()
          • BaseServer.serve_forever()
          • BaseServer.shutdown()
          • BaseServer.server_close()
          • BaseServer.address_family
          • BaseServer.RequestHandlerClass
          • BaseServer.server_address
          • BaseServer.socket
          • BaseServer.allow_reuse_address
          • BaseServer.request_queue_size
          • BaseServer.socket_type
          • BaseServer.timeout
          • BaseServer.finish_request()
          • BaseServer.get_request()
          • BaseServer.handle_error()
          • BaseServer.handle_timeout()
          • BaseServer.process_request()
          • BaseServer.server_activate()
          • BaseServer.server_bind()
          • BaseServer.verify_request()
      • 20.17.3. Request Handler Objects
        • BaseRequestHandler
          • BaseRequestHandler.setup()
          • BaseRequestHandler.handle()
          • BaseRequestHandler.finish()
        • StreamRequestHandler
        • DatagramRequestHandler
      • 20.17.4. Examples
        • 20.17.4.1. SocketServer.TCPServer Example
        • 20.17.4.2. SocketServer.UDPServer Example
        • 20.17.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
    • 20.18. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
      • HTTPServer
      • BaseHTTPRequestHandler
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.client_address
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.server
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.command
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.path
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.request_version
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.rfile
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.wfile
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.server_version
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.sys_version
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.error_message_format
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.error_content_type
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.protocol_version
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.MessageClass
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.responses
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.handle()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.handle_one_request()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.send_error()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.send_response()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.send_header()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.end_headers()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.log_request()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.log_error()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.log_message()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.version_string()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.date_time_string()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.log_date_time_string()
        • BaseHTTPRequestHandler.address_string()
      • 20.18.1. More examples
    • 20.19. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
      • SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
        • SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.server_version
        • SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.extensions_map
        • SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.do_HEAD()
        • SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.do_GET()
    • 20.20. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
      • CGIHTTPRequestHandler
        • CGIHTTPRequestHandler.cgi_directories
        • CGIHTTPRequestHandler.do_POST()
    • 20.21. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
      • LoadError
      • CookieJar
      • FileCookieJar
      • CookiePolicy
      • DefaultCookiePolicy
      • Cookie
      • 20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
        • CookieJar.add_cookie_header()
        • CookieJar.extract_cookies()
        • CookieJar.set_policy()
        • CookieJar.make_cookies()
        • CookieJar.set_cookie_if_ok()
        • CookieJar.set_cookie()
        • CookieJar.clear()
        • CookieJar.clear_session_cookies()
        • FileCookieJar.save()
        • FileCookieJar.load()
        • FileCookieJar.revert()
        • FileCookieJar.filename
        • FileCookieJar.delayload
      • 20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
        • MozillaCookieJar
        • LWPCookieJar
      • 20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects
        • CookiePolicy.set_ok()
        • CookiePolicy.return_ok()
        • CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok()
        • CookiePolicy.path_return_ok()
        • CookiePolicy.netscape
        • CookiePolicy.rfc2965
        • CookiePolicy.hide_cookie2
      • 20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.blocked_domains()
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.set_blocked_domains()
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.is_blocked()
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.allowed_domains()
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.set_allowed_domains()
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.is_not_allowed()
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_domain
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_rfc2965_unverifiable
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_unverifiable
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_domain
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_set_initial_dollar
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_set_path
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrictNoDots
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrictNonDomain
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainRFC2965Match
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainLiberal
        • DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrict
      • 20.21.5. Cookie Objects
        • Cookie.version
        • Cookie.name
        • Cookie.value
        • Cookie.port
        • Cookie.path
        • Cookie.secure
        • Cookie.expires
        • Cookie.discard
        • Cookie.comment
        • Cookie.comment_url
        • Cookie.rfc2109
        • Cookie.port_specified
        • Cookie.domain_specified
        • Cookie.domain_initial_dot
        • Cookie.has_nonstandard_attr()
        • Cookie.get_nonstandard_attr()
        • Cookie.set_nonstandard_attr()
        • Cookie.is_expired()
      • 20.21.6. Examples
    • 20.22. Cookie — HTTP state management
      • CookieError
      • BaseCookie
      • SimpleCookie
      • SerialCookie
      • SmartCookie
      • 20.22.1. Cookie Objects
        • BaseCookie.value_decode()
        • BaseCookie.value_encode()
        • BaseCookie.output()
        • BaseCookie.js_output()
        • BaseCookie.load()
      • 20.22.2. Morsel Objects
        • Morsel
        • Morsel.value
        • Morsel.coded_value
        • Morsel.key
        • Morsel.set()
        • Morsel.isReservedKey()
        • Morsel.output()
        • Morsel.js_output()
        • Morsel.OutputString()
      • 20.22.3. Example
    • 20.23. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
      • ServerProxy
      • 20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects
        • ServerProxy.system.listMethods()
        • ServerProxy.system.methodSignature()
        • ServerProxy.system.methodHelp()
      • 20.23.2. Boolean Objects
        • Boolean.encode()
      • 20.23.3. DateTime Objects
        • DateTime
          • DateTime.decode()
          • DateTime.encode()
      • 20.23.4. Binary Objects
        • Binary
          • Binary.data
          • Binary.decode()
          • Binary.encode()
      • 20.23.5. Fault Objects
        • Fault
          • Fault.faultCode
          • Fault.faultString
      • 20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects
        • ProtocolError
          • ProtocolError.url
          • ProtocolError.errcode
          • ProtocolError.errmsg
          • ProtocolError.headers
      • 20.23.7. MultiCall Objects
        • MultiCall
      • 20.23.8. Convenience Functions
        • boolean()
        • dumps()
        • loads()
      • 20.23.9. Example of Client Usage
      • 20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage
    • 20.24. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
      • SimpleXMLRPCServer
      • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
        • SimpleXMLRPCServer.register_function()
        • SimpleXMLRPCServer.register_instance()
        • SimpleXMLRPCServer.register_introspection_functions()
        • SimpleXMLRPCServer.register_multicall_functions()
        • SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler.rpc_paths
        • SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler.encode_threshold
        • 20.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
      • 20.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
        • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.register_function()
        • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.register_instance()
        • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.register_introspection_functions()
        • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.register_multicall_functions()
        • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.handle_request()
    • 20.25. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
      • DocXMLRPCServer
      • DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • DocXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 20.25.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
        • DocXMLRPCServer.set_server_title()
        • DocXMLRPCServer.set_server_name()
        • DocXMLRPCServer.set_server_documentation()
      • 20.25.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
        • DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.set_server_title()
        • DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.set_server_name()
        • DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler.set_server_documentation()
  • 21. Multimedia Services
    • 21.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
      • error
      • add()
      • adpcm2lin()
      • alaw2lin()
      • avg()
      • avgpp()
      • bias()
      • cross()
      • findfactor()
      • findfit()
      • findmax()
      • getsample()
      • lin2adpcm()
      • lin2alaw()
      • lin2lin()
      • lin2ulaw()
      • max()
      • maxpp()
      • minmax()
      • mul()
      • ratecv()
      • reverse()
      • rms()
      • tomono()
      • tostereo()
      • ulaw2lin()
    • 21.2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
      • error
      • crop()
      • scale()
      • tovideo()
      • grey2mono()
      • dither2mono()
      • mono2grey()
      • grey2grey4()
      • grey2grey2()
      • dither2grey2()
      • grey42grey()
      • grey22grey()
      • backward_compatible
    • 21.3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
      • open()
      • aifc.getnchannels()
      • aifc.getsampwidth()
      • aifc.getframerate()
      • aifc.getnframes()
      • aifc.getcomptype()
      • aifc.getcompname()
      • aifc.getparams()
      • aifc.getmarkers()
      • aifc.getmark()
      • aifc.readframes()
      • aifc.rewind()
      • aifc.setpos()
      • aifc.tell()
      • aifc.close()
      • aifc.aiff()
      • aifc.aifc()
      • aifc.setnchannels()
      • aifc.setsampwidth()
      • aifc.setframerate()
      • aifc.setnframes()
      • aifc.setcomptype()
      • aifc.setparams()
      • aifc.setmark()
      • aifc.tell()
      • aifc.writeframes()
      • aifc.writeframesraw()
      • aifc.close()
    • 21.4. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
      • open()
      • openfp()
      • Error
      • AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_FLOAT
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_DOUBLE
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G721
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G722
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_3
      • AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_5
      • 21.4.1. AU_read Objects
        • AU_read.close()
        • AU_read.getnchannels()
        • AU_read.getsampwidth()
        • AU_read.getframerate()
        • AU_read.getnframes()
        • AU_read.getcomptype()
        • AU_read.getcompname()
        • AU_read.getparams()
        • AU_read.readframes()
        • AU_read.rewind()
        • AU_read.setpos()
        • AU_read.tell()
        • AU_read.getmarkers()
        • AU_read.getmark()
      • 21.4.2. AU_write Objects
        • AU_write.setnchannels()
        • AU_write.setsampwidth()
        • AU_write.setframerate()
        • AU_write.setnframes()
        • AU_write.setcomptype()
        • AU_write.setparams()
        • AU_write.tell()
        • AU_write.writeframesraw()
        • AU_write.writeframes()
        • AU_write.close()
    • 21.5. wave — Read and write WAV files
      • open()
      • openfp()
      • Error
      • 21.5.1. Wave_read Objects
        • Wave_read.close()
        • Wave_read.getnchannels()
        • Wave_read.getsampwidth()
        • Wave_read.getframerate()
        • Wave_read.getnframes()
        • Wave_read.getcomptype()
        • Wave_read.getcompname()
        • Wave_read.getparams()
        • Wave_read.readframes()
        • Wave_read.rewind()
        • Wave_read.getmarkers()
        • Wave_read.getmark()
        • Wave_read.setpos()
        • Wave_read.tell()
      • 21.5.2. Wave_write Objects
        • Wave_write.close()
        • Wave_write.setnchannels()
        • Wave_write.setsampwidth()
        • Wave_write.setframerate()
        • Wave_write.setnframes()
        • Wave_write.setcomptype()
        • Wave_write.setparams()
        • Wave_write.tell()
        • Wave_write.writeframesraw()
        • Wave_write.writeframes()
    • 21.6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
      • Chunk
        • Chunk.getname()
        • Chunk.getsize()
        • Chunk.close()
        • Chunk.isatty()
        • Chunk.seek()
        • Chunk.tell()
        • Chunk.read()
        • Chunk.skip()
    • 21.7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
      • rgb_to_yiq()
      • yiq_to_rgb()
      • rgb_to_hls()
      • hls_to_rgb()
      • rgb_to_hsv()
      • hsv_to_rgb()
    • 21.8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
      • what()
      • tests
    • 21.9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
      • what()
      • whathdr()
    • 21.10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
      • OSSAudioError
      • open()
      • openmixer()
      • 21.10.1. Audio Device Objects
        • oss_audio_device.close()
        • oss_audio_device.fileno()
        • oss_audio_device.read()
        • oss_audio_device.write()
        • oss_audio_device.writeall()
        • oss_audio_device.nonblock()
        • oss_audio_device.getfmts()
        • oss_audio_device.setfmt()
        • oss_audio_device.channels()
        • oss_audio_device.speed()
        • oss_audio_device.sync()
        • oss_audio_device.reset()
        • oss_audio_device.post()
        • oss_audio_device.setparameters()
        • oss_audio_device.bufsize()
        • oss_audio_device.obufcount()
        • oss_audio_device.obuffree()
        • oss_audio_device.closed
        • oss_audio_device.name
        • oss_audio_device.mode
      • 21.10.2. Mixer Device Objects
        • oss_mixer_device.close()
        • oss_mixer_device.fileno()
        • oss_mixer_device.controls()
        • oss_mixer_device.stereocontrols()
        • oss_mixer_device.reccontrols()
        • oss_mixer_device.get()
        • oss_mixer_device.set()
        • oss_mixer_device.get_recsrc()
        • oss_mixer_device.set_recsrc()
  • 22. Internationalization
    • 22.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
      • 22.1.1. GNU gettext API
        • bindtextdomain()
        • bind_textdomain_codeset()
        • textdomain()
        • gettext()
        • lgettext()
        • dgettext()
        • ldgettext()
        • ngettext()
        • lngettext()
        • dngettext()
        • ldngettext()
      • 22.1.2. Class-based API
        • find()
        • translation()
        • install()
        • 22.1.2.1. The NullTranslations class
          • NullTranslations
            • NullTranslations._parse()
            • NullTranslations.add_fallback()
            • NullTranslations.gettext()
            • NullTranslations.lgettext()
            • NullTranslations.ugettext()
            • NullTranslations.ngettext()
            • NullTranslations.lngettext()
            • NullTranslations.ungettext()
            • NullTranslations.info()
            • NullTranslations.charset()
            • NullTranslations.output_charset()
            • NullTranslations.set_output_charset()
            • NullTranslations.install()
        • 22.1.2.2. The GNUTranslations class
          • GNUTranslations.gettext()
          • GNUTranslations.lgettext()
          • GNUTranslations.ugettext()
          • GNUTranslations.ngettext()
          • GNUTranslations.lngettext()
          • GNUTranslations.ungettext()
        • 22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support
        • 22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor
      • 22.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules
        • 22.1.3.1. Localizing your module
        • 22.1.3.2. Localizing your application
        • 22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly
        • 22.1.3.4. Deferred translations
        • 22.1.3.5. gettext() vs. lgettext()
      • 22.1.4. Acknowledgements
    • 22.2. locale — Internationalization services
      • Error
      • setlocale()
      • localeconv()
      • nl_langinfo()
        • CODESET
        • D_T_FMT
        • D_FMT
        • T_FMT
        • T_FMT_AMPM
        • RADIXCHAR
        • THOUSEP
        • YESEXPR
        • NOEXPR
        • CRNCYSTR
        • ERA
        • ERA_D_T_FMT
        • ERA_D_FMT
        • ERA_T_FMT
        • ALT_DIGITS
      • getdefaultlocale()
      • getlocale()
      • getpreferredencoding()
      • normalize()
      • resetlocale()
      • strcoll()
      • strxfrm()
      • format()
      • format_string()
      • currency()
      • str()
      • atof()
      • atoi()
      • LC_CTYPE
      • LC_COLLATE
      • LC_TIME
      • LC_MONETARY
      • LC_MESSAGES
      • LC_NUMERIC
      • LC_ALL
      • CHAR_MAX
      • 22.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
      • 22.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python
      • 22.2.3. Access to message catalogs
        • gettext()
        • dgettext()
        • dcgettext()
        • textdomain()
        • bindtextdomain()
  • 23. Program Frameworks
    • 23.1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
      • Cmd
      • 23.1.1. Cmd Objects
        • Cmd.cmdloop()
        • Cmd.onecmd()
        • Cmd.emptyline()
        • Cmd.default()
        • Cmd.completedefault()
        • Cmd.precmd()
        • Cmd.postcmd()
        • Cmd.preloop()
        • Cmd.postloop()
        • Cmd.prompt
        • Cmd.identchars
        • Cmd.lastcmd
        • Cmd.cmdqueue
        • Cmd.intro
        • Cmd.doc_header
        • Cmd.misc_header
        • Cmd.undoc_header
        • Cmd.ruler
        • Cmd.use_rawinput
    • 23.2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
      • split()
      • shlex
      • 23.2.1. shlex Objects
        • shlex.get_token()
        • shlex.push_token()
        • shlex.read_token()
        • shlex.sourcehook()
        • shlex.push_source()
        • shlex.pop_source()
        • shlex.error_leader()
        • shlex.commenters
        • shlex.wordchars
        • shlex.whitespace
        • shlex.escape
        • shlex.quotes
        • shlex.escapedquotes
        • shlex.whitespace_split
        • shlex.infile
        • shlex.instream
        • shlex.source
        • shlex.debug
        • shlex.lineno
        • shlex.token
        • shlex.eof
      • 23.2.2. Parsing Rules
  • 24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
    • 24.1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
      • 24.1.1. Tkinter Modules
        • Tk
        • Tcl()
      • 24.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
        • 24.1.2.1. How To Use This Section
        • 24.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
      • 24.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
      • 24.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
      • 24.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
      • 24.1.6. Handy Reference
        • 24.1.6.1. Setting Options
        • 24.1.6.2. The Packer
        • 24.1.6.3. Packer Options
        • 24.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
        • 24.1.6.5. The Window Manager
        • 24.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
        • 24.1.6.7. Bindings and Events
        • 24.1.6.8. The index Parameter
        • 24.1.6.9. Images
      • 24.1.7. File Handlers
        • Widget.tk.createfilehandler()
        • Widget.tk.deletefilehandler()
        • READABLE
        • WRITABLE
        • EXCEPTION
    • 24.2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
      • 24.2.1. Using Ttk
      • 24.2.2. Ttk Widgets
      • 24.2.3. Widget
        • 24.2.3.1. Standard Options
        • 24.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options
        • 24.2.3.3. Label Options
        • 24.2.3.4. Compatibility Options
        • 24.2.3.5. Widget States
        • 24.2.3.6. ttk.Widget
          • Widget
            • Widget.identify()
            • Widget.instate()
            • Widget.state()
      • 24.2.4. Combobox
        • 24.2.4.1. Options
        • 24.2.4.2. Virtual events
        • 24.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox
          • Combobox
            • Combobox.current()
            • Combobox.get()
            • Combobox.set()
      • 24.2.5. Notebook
        • 24.2.5.1. Options
        • 24.2.5.2. Tab Options
        • 24.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers
        • 24.2.5.4. Virtual Events
        • 24.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook
          • Notebook
            • Notebook.add()
            • Notebook.forget()
            • Notebook.hide()
            • Notebook.identify()
            • Notebook.index()
            • Notebook.insert()
            • Notebook.select()
            • Notebook.tab()
            • Notebook.tabs()
            • Notebook.enable_traversal()
      • 24.2.6. Progressbar
        • 24.2.6.1. Options
        • 24.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar
          • Progressbar
            • Progressbar.start()
            • Progressbar.step()
            • Progressbar.stop()
      • 24.2.7. Separator
        • 24.2.7.1. Options
      • 24.2.8. Sizegrip
        • 24.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes
        • 24.2.8.2. Bugs
      • 24.2.9. Treeview
        • 24.2.9.1. Options
        • 24.2.9.2. Item Options
        • 24.2.9.3. Tag Options
        • 24.2.9.4. Column Identifiers
        • 24.2.9.5. Virtual Events
        • 24.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview
          • Treeview
            • Treeview.bbox()
            • Treeview.get_children()
            • Treeview.set_children()
            • Treeview.column()
            • Treeview.delete()
            • Treeview.detach()
            • Treeview.exists()
            • Treeview.focus()
            • Treeview.heading()
            • Treeview.identify()
            • Treeview.identify_row()
            • Treeview.identify_column()
            • Treeview.identify_region()
            • Treeview.identify_element()
            • Treeview.index()
            • Treeview.insert()
            • Treeview.item()
            • Treeview.move()
            • Treeview.next()
            • Treeview.parent()
            • Treeview.prev()
            • Treeview.reattach()
            • Treeview.see()
            • Treeview.selection()
            • Treeview.selection_set()
            • Treeview.selection_add()
            • Treeview.selection_remove()
            • Treeview.selection_toggle()
            • Treeview.set()
            • Treeview.tag_bind()
            • Treeview.tag_configure()
            • Treeview.tag_has()
            • Treeview.xview()
            • Treeview.yview()
      • 24.2.10. Ttk Styling
        • Style
          • Style.configure()
          • Style.map()
          • Style.lookup()
          • Style.layout()
          • Style.element_create()
          • Style.element_names()
          • Style.element_options()
          • Style.theme_create()
          • Style.theme_settings()
          • Style.theme_names()
          • Style.theme_use()
        • 24.2.10.1. Layouts
    • 24.3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
      • 24.3.1. Using Tix
        • Tix
      • 24.3.2. Tix Widgets
        • 24.3.2.1. Basic Widgets
          • Balloon
          • ButtonBox
          • ComboBox
          • Control
          • LabelEntry
          • LabelFrame
          • Meter
          • OptionMenu
          • PopupMenu
          • Select
          • StdButtonBox
        • 24.3.2.2. File Selectors
          • DirList
          • DirTree
          • DirSelectDialog
          • DirSelectBox
          • ExFileSelectBox
          • FileSelectBox
          • FileEntry
        • 24.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox
          • HList
          • CheckList
          • Tree
        • 24.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox
          • TList
        • 24.3.2.5. Manager Widgets
          • PanedWindow
          • ListNoteBook
          • NoteBook
        • 24.3.2.6. Image Types
        • 24.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets
          • InputOnly
        • 24.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager
          • Form
      • 24.3.3. Tix Commands
        • tixCommand
        • tixCommand.tix_configure()
        • tixCommand.tix_cget()
        • tixCommand.tix_getbitmap()
        • tixCommand.tix_addbitmapdir()
        • tixCommand.tix_filedialog()
        • tixCommand.tix_getimage()
        • tixCommand.tix_option_get()
        • tixCommand.tix_resetoptions()
    • 24.4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
      • ScrolledText.frame
      • ScrolledText.vbar
    • 24.5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
      • 24.5.1. Introduction
      • 24.5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
        • 24.5.2.1. Turtle methods
        • 24.5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
      • 24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
        • 24.5.3.1. Turtle motion
          • forward()
          • fd()
          • back()
          • bk()
          • backward()
          • right()
          • rt()
          • left()
          • lt()
          • goto()
          • setpos()
          • setposition()
          • setx()
          • sety()
          • setheading()
          • seth()
          • home()
          • circle()
          • dot()
          • stamp()
          • clearstamp()
          • clearstamps()
          • undo()
          • speed()
        • 24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state
          • position()
          • pos()
          • towards()
          • xcor()
          • ycor()
          • heading()
          • distance()
        • 24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement
          • degrees()
          • radians()
        • 24.5.3.4. Pen control
          • 24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state
            • pendown()
            • pd()
            • down()
            • penup()
            • pu()
            • up()
            • pensize()
            • width()
            • pen()
            • isdown()
          • 24.5.3.4.2. Color control
            • pencolor()
            • fillcolor()
            • color()
          • 24.5.3.4.3. Filling
            • fill()
            • begin_fill()
            • end_fill()
          • 24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control
            • reset()
            • clear()
            • write()
        • 24.5.3.5. Turtle state
          • 24.5.3.5.1. Visibility
            • hideturtle()
            • ht()
            • showturtle()
            • st()
            • isvisible()
          • 24.5.3.5.2. Appearance
            • shape()
            • resizemode()
            • shapesize()
            • turtlesize()
            • tilt()
            • settiltangle()
            • tiltangle()
        • 24.5.3.6. Using events
          • onclick()
          • onrelease()
          • ondrag()
          • mainloop()
          • done()
        • 24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods
          • begin_poly()
          • end_poly()
          • get_poly()
          • clone()
          • getturtle()
          • getpen()
          • getscreen()
          • setundobuffer()
          • undobufferentries()
          • tracer()
          • window_width()
          • window_height()
        • 24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes
      • 24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
        • 24.5.4.1. Window control
          • bgcolor()
          • bgpic()
          • clear()
          • clearscreen()
          • reset()
          • resetscreen()
          • screensize()
          • setworldcoordinates()
        • 24.5.4.2. Animation control
          • delay()
          • tracer()
          • update()
        • 24.5.4.3. Using screen events
          • listen()
          • onkey()
          • onclick()
          • onscreenclick()
          • ontimer()
        • 24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods
          • mode()
          • colormode()
          • getcanvas()
          • getshapes()
          • register_shape()
          • addshape()
          • turtles()
          • window_height()
          • window_width()
        • 24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
          • bye()
          • exitonclick()
          • setup()
          • title()
      • 24.5.5. The public classes of the module turtle
        • RawTurtle
        • RawPen
        • Turtle
        • TurtleScreen
        • Screen
        • ScrolledCanvas
        • Shape
          • Shape.addcomponent()
        • Vec2D
      • 24.5.6. Help and configuration
        • 24.5.6.1. How to use help
        • 24.5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages
          • write_docstringdict()
        • 24.5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles
      • 24.5.7. Demo scripts
    • 24.6. IDLE
      • 24.6.1. Menus
        • 24.6.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)
        • 24.6.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)
        • 24.6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)
        • 24.6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)
        • 24.6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)
        • 24.6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)
        • 24.6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)
        • 24.6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)
        • 24.6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)
        • 24.6.1.10. Context Menus
      • 24.6.2. Editing and navigation
        • 24.6.2.1. Automatic indentation
        • 24.6.2.2. Completions
        • 24.6.2.3. Calltips
        • 24.6.2.4. Python Shell window
        • 24.6.2.5. Text colors
      • 24.6.3. Startup and code execution
        • 24.6.3.1. Command line usage
        • 24.6.3.2. IDLE-console differences
        • 24.6.3.3. Running without a subprocess
      • 24.6.4. Help and preferences
        • 24.6.4.1. Additional help sources
        • 24.6.4.2. Setting preferences
        • 24.6.4.3. Extensions
    • 24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
  • 25. Development Tools
    • 25.1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
    • 25.2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
      • 25.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
      • 25.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
      • 25.2.3. How It Works
        • 25.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?
        • 25.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
        • 25.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?
        • 25.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?
        • 25.2.3.5. Option Flags
          • DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1
          • DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE
          • NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
          • ELLIPSIS
          • IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
          • SKIP
          • COMPARISON_FLAGS
          • REPORT_UDIFF
          • REPORT_CDIFF
          • REPORT_NDIFF
          • REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE
          • REPORTING_FLAGS
          • register_optionflag()
        • 25.2.3.6. Directives
        • 25.2.3.7. Warnings
      • 25.2.4. Basic API
        • testfile()
        • testmod()
        • run_docstring_examples()
      • 25.2.5. Unittest API
        • DocFileSuite()
        • DocTestSuite()
        • set_unittest_reportflags()
      • 25.2.6. Advanced API
        • 25.2.6.1. DocTest Objects
          • DocTest
            • DocTest.examples
            • DocTest.globs
            • DocTest.name
            • DocTest.filename
            • DocTest.lineno
            • DocTest.docstring
        • 25.2.6.2. Example Objects
          • Example
            • Example.source
            • Example.want
            • Example.exc_msg
            • Example.lineno
            • Example.indent
            • Example.options
        • 25.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects
          • DocTestFinder
            • DocTestFinder.find()
        • 25.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects
          • DocTestParser
            • DocTestParser.get_doctest()
            • DocTestParser.get_examples()
            • DocTestParser.parse()
        • 25.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects
          • DocTestRunner
            • DocTestRunner.report_start()
            • DocTestRunner.report_success()
            • DocTestRunner.report_failure()
            • DocTestRunner.report_unexpected_exception()
            • DocTestRunner.run()
            • DocTestRunner.summarize()
        • 25.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects
          • OutputChecker
            • OutputChecker.check_output()
            • OutputChecker.output_difference()
      • 25.2.7. Debugging
        • script_from_examples()
        • testsource()
        • debug()
        • debug_src()
        • DebugRunner
        • DocTestFailure
        • DocTestFailure.test
        • DocTestFailure.example
        • DocTestFailure.got
        • UnexpectedException
        • UnexpectedException.test
        • UnexpectedException.example
        • UnexpectedException.exc_info
      • 25.2.8. Soapbox
    • 25.3. unittest — Unit testing framework
      • 25.3.1. Basic example
      • 25.3.2. Command-Line Interface
        • 25.3.2.1. Command-line options
      • 25.3.3. Test Discovery
      • 25.3.4. Organizing test code
      • 25.3.5. Re-using old test code
      • 25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures
        • skip()
        • skipIf()
        • skipUnless()
        • expectedFailure()
        • SkipTest
      • 25.3.7. Classes and functions
        • 25.3.7.1. Test cases
          • TestCase
            • TestCase.setUp()
            • TestCase.tearDown()
            • TestCase.setUpClass()
            • TestCase.tearDownClass()
            • TestCase.run()
            • TestCase.skipTest()
            • TestCase.debug()
            • TestCase.assertEqual()
            • TestCase.assertNotEqual()
            • TestCase.assertTrue()
            • TestCase.assertFalse()
            • TestCase.assertIs()
            • TestCase.assertIsNot()
            • TestCase.assertIsNone()
            • TestCase.assertIsNotNone()
            • TestCase.assertIn()
            • TestCase.assertNotIn()
            • TestCase.assertIsInstance()
            • TestCase.assertNotIsInstance()
            • TestCase.assertRaises()
            • TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp()
            • TestCase.assertAlmostEqual()
            • TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual()
            • TestCase.assertGreater()
            • TestCase.assertGreaterEqual()
            • TestCase.assertLess()
            • TestCase.assertLessEqual()
            • TestCase.assertRegexpMatches()
            • TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches()
            • TestCase.assertItemsEqual()
            • TestCase.assertDictContainsSubset()
            • TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc()
            • TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual()
            • TestCase.assertSequenceEqual()
            • TestCase.assertListEqual()
            • TestCase.assertTupleEqual()
            • TestCase.assertSetEqual()
            • TestCase.assertDictEqual()
            • TestCase.fail()
            • TestCase.failureException
            • TestCase.longMessage
            • TestCase.maxDiff
            • TestCase.countTestCases()
            • TestCase.defaultTestResult()
            • TestCase.id()
            • TestCase.shortDescription()
            • TestCase.addCleanup()
            • TestCase.doCleanups()
          • FunctionTestCase
          • 25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases
        • 25.3.7.2. Grouping tests
          • TestSuite
            • TestSuite.addTest()
            • TestSuite.addTests()
            • TestSuite.run()
            • TestSuite.debug()
            • TestSuite.countTestCases()
            • TestSuite.__iter__()
        • 25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests
          • TestLoader
            • TestLoader.loadTestsFromTestCase()
            • TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()
            • TestLoader.loadTestsFromName()
            • TestLoader.loadTestsFromNames()
            • TestLoader.getTestCaseNames()
            • TestLoader.discover()
            • TestLoader.testMethodPrefix
            • TestLoader.sortTestMethodsUsing
            • TestLoader.suiteClass
          • TestResult
            • TestResult.errors
            • TestResult.failures
            • TestResult.skipped
            • TestResult.expectedFailures
            • TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses
            • TestResult.shouldStop
            • TestResult.testsRun
            • TestResult.buffer
            • TestResult.failfast
            • TestResult.wasSuccessful()
            • TestResult.stop()
            • TestResult.startTest()
            • TestResult.stopTest()
            • TestResult.startTestRun()
            • TestResult.stopTestRun()
            • TestResult.addError()
            • TestResult.addFailure()
            • TestResult.addSuccess()
            • TestResult.addSkip()
            • TestResult.addExpectedFailure()
            • TestResult.addUnexpectedSuccess()
          • TextTestResult
          • defaultTestLoader
          • TextTestRunner
            • TextTestRunner._makeResult()
          • main()
          • 25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol
      • 25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures
        • 25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass
        • 25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule
      • 25.3.9. Signal Handling
        • installHandler()
        • registerResult()
        • removeResult()
        • removeHandler()
    • 25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
      • 25.4.1. Using 2to3
      • 25.4.2. Fixers
      • 25.4.3. lib2to3 - 2to3’s library
    • 25.5. test — Regression tests package for Python
      • 25.5.1. Writing Unit Tests for the test package
      • 25.5.2. Running tests using the command-line interface
    • 25.6. test.support — Utility functions for tests
      • TestFailed
      • ResourceDenied
      • verbose
      • have_unicode
      • is_jython
      • TESTFN
      • TEST_HTTP_URL
      • forget()
      • is_resource_enabled()
      • requires()
      • findfile()
      • run_unittest()
      • check_warnings()
      • check_py3k_warnings()
      • captured_stdout()
      • import_module()
      • import_fresh_module()
      • TransientResource
      • EnvironmentVarGuard
      • EnvironmentVarGuard.set()
      • EnvironmentVarGuard.unset()
      • WarningsRecorder
  • 26. Debugging and Profiling
    • 26.1. bdb — Debugger framework
      • BdbQuit
      • Breakpoint
        • Breakpoint.deleteMe()
        • Breakpoint.enable()
        • Breakpoint.disable()
        • Breakpoint.pprint()
      • Bdb
        • Bdb.canonic()
        • Bdb.reset()
        • Bdb.trace_dispatch()
        • Bdb.dispatch_line()
        • Bdb.dispatch_call()
        • Bdb.dispatch_return()
        • Bdb.dispatch_exception()
        • Bdb.stop_here()
        • Bdb.break_here()
        • Bdb.break_anywhere()
        • Bdb.user_call()
        • Bdb.user_line()
        • Bdb.user_return()
        • Bdb.user_exception()
        • Bdb.do_clear()
        • Bdb.set_step()
        • Bdb.set_next()
        • Bdb.set_return()
        • Bdb.set_until()
        • Bdb.set_trace()
        • Bdb.set_continue()
        • Bdb.set_quit()
        • Bdb.set_break()
        • Bdb.clear_break()
        • Bdb.clear_bpbynumber()
        • Bdb.clear_all_file_breaks()
        • Bdb.clear_all_breaks()
        • Bdb.get_break()
        • Bdb.get_breaks()
        • Bdb.get_file_breaks()
        • Bdb.get_all_breaks()
        • Bdb.get_stack()
        • Bdb.format_stack_entry()
        • Bdb.run()
        • Bdb.runeval()
        • Bdb.runctx()
        • Bdb.runcall()
      • checkfuncname()
      • effective()
      • set_trace()
    • 26.2. pdb — The Python Debugger
      • run()
      • runeval()
      • runcall()
      • set_trace()
      • post_mortem()
      • pm()
      • Pdb
        • Pdb.run()
        • Pdb.runeval()
        • Pdb.runcall()
        • Pdb.set_trace()
    • 26.3. Debugger Commands
    • 26.4. The Python Profilers
      • 26.4.1. Introduction to the profilers
      • 26.4.2. Instant User’s Manual
      • 26.4.3. profile and cProfile Module Reference
        • run()
        • runctx()
        • Profile
          • Profile.enable()
          • Profile.disable()
          • Profile.create_stats()
          • Profile.print_stats()
          • Profile.dump_stats()
          • Profile.run()
          • Profile.runctx()
          • Profile.runcall()
      • 26.4.4. The Stats Class
        • Stats
          • Stats.strip_dirs()
          • Stats.add()
          • Stats.dump_stats()
          • Stats.sort_stats()
          • Stats.reverse_order()
          • Stats.print_stats()
          • Stats.print_callers()
          • Stats.print_callees()
      • 26.4.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?
      • 26.4.6. Limitations
      • 26.4.7. Calibration
      • 26.4.8. Using a custom timer
    • 26.5. hotshot — High performance logging profiler
      • Profile
      • 26.5.1. Profile Objects
        • Profile.addinfo()
        • Profile.close()
        • Profile.fileno()
        • Profile.run()
        • Profile.runcall()
        • Profile.runctx()
        • Profile.start()
        • Profile.stop()
      • 26.5.2. Using hotshot data
        • load()
      • 26.5.3. Example Usage
    • 26.6. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
      • 26.6.1. Basic Examples
      • 26.6.2. Python Interface
        • timeit()
        • repeat()
        • default_timer()
        • Timer
          • Timer.timeit()
          • Timer.repeat()
          • Timer.print_exc()
      • 26.6.3. Command-Line Interface
      • 26.6.4. Examples
    • 26.7. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
      • 26.7.1. Command-Line Usage
        • 26.7.1.1. Main options
        • 26.7.1.2. Modifiers
        • 26.7.1.3. Filters
      • 26.7.2. Programmatic Interface
        • Trace
          • Trace.run()
          • Trace.runctx()
          • Trace.runfunc()
          • Trace.results()
        • CoverageResults
          • CoverageResults.update()
          • CoverageResults.write_results()
  • 27. Software Packaging and Distribution
    • 27.1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
    • 27.2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
      • 27.2.1. Command line interface
      • 27.2.2. Module API
        • version()
        • bootstrap()
  • 28. Python Runtime Services
    • 28.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
      • argv
      • byteorder
      • builtin_module_names
      • call_tracing()
      • copyright
      • _clear_type_cache()
      • _current_frames()
      • dllhandle
      • displayhook()
      • dont_write_bytecode
      • excepthook()
      • __displayhook__
      • __excepthook__
      • exc_info()
      • exc_clear()
      • exc_type
      • exc_value
      • exc_traceback
      • exec_prefix
      • executable
      • exit()
      • exitfunc
      • flags
      • float_info
      • float_repr_style
      • getcheckinterval()
      • getdefaultencoding()
      • getdlopenflags()
      • getfilesystemencoding()
      • getrefcount()
      • getrecursionlimit()
      • getsizeof()
      • _getframe()
      • getprofile()
      • gettrace()
      • getwindowsversion()
      • hexversion
      • long_info
      • last_type
      • last_value
      • last_traceback
      • maxint
      • maxsize
      • maxunicode
      • meta_path
      • modules
      • path
      • path_hooks
      • path_importer_cache
      • platform
      • prefix
      • ps1
      • ps2
      • py3kwarning
      • setcheckinterval()
      • setdefaultencoding()
      • setdlopenflags()
      • setprofile()
      • setrecursionlimit()
      • settrace()
      • settscdump()
      • stdin
      • stdout
      • stderr
      • __stdin__
      • __stdout__
      • __stderr__
      • subversion
      • tracebacklimit
      • version
      • api_version
      • version_info
      • warnoptions
      • winver
    • 28.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
      • 28.2.1. Configuration variables
        • get_config_vars()
        • get_config_var()
      • 28.2.2. Installation paths
        • get_scheme_names()
        • get_path_names()
        • get_path()
        • get_paths()
      • 28.2.3. Other functions
        • get_python_version()
        • get_platform()
        • is_python_build()
        • parse_config_h()
        • get_config_h_filename()
        • get_makefile_filename()
    • 28.3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
    • 28.4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
      • ascii()
      • filter()
      • hex()
      • map()
      • oct()
      • zip()
    • 28.5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
    • 28.6. warnings — Warning control
      • 28.6.1. Warning Categories
      • 28.6.2. The Warnings Filter
        • 28.6.2.1. Default Warning Filters
      • 28.6.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
      • 28.6.4. Testing Warnings
      • 28.6.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python
      • 28.6.6. Available Functions
        • warn()
        • warn_explicit()
        • warnpy3k()
        • showwarning()
        • formatwarning()
        • filterwarnings()
        • simplefilter()
        • resetwarnings()
      • 28.6.7. Available Context Managers
        • catch_warnings
    • 28.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
      • contextmanager()
      • nested()
      • closing()
    • 28.8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
      • ABCMeta
        • ABCMeta.register()
        • ABCMeta.__subclasshook__()
      • abstractmethod()
      • abstractproperty()
    • 28.9. atexit — Exit handlers
      • register()
      • 28.9.1. atexit Example
    • 28.10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
      • print_tb()
      • print_exception()
      • print_exc()
      • format_exc()
      • print_last()
      • print_stack()
      • extract_tb()
      • extract_stack()
      • format_list()
      • format_exception_only()
      • format_exception()
      • format_tb()
      • format_stack()
      • tb_lineno()
      • 28.10.1. Traceback Examples
    • 28.11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
    • 28.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
      • enable()
      • disable()
      • isenabled()
      • collect()
      • set_debug()
      • get_debug()
      • get_objects()
      • set_threshold()
      • get_count()
      • get_threshold()
      • get_referrers()
      • get_referents()
      • is_tracked()
      • garbage
      • DEBUG_STATS
      • DEBUG_COLLECTABLE
      • DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE
      • DEBUG_INSTANCES
      • DEBUG_OBJECTS
      • DEBUG_SAVEALL
      • DEBUG_LEAK
    • 28.13. inspect — Inspect live objects
      • 28.13.1. Types and members
        • getmembers()
        • getmoduleinfo()
        • getmodulename()
        • ismodule()
        • isclass()
        • ismethod()
        • isfunction()
        • isgeneratorfunction()
        • isgenerator()
        • istraceback()
        • isframe()
        • iscode()
        • isbuiltin()
        • isroutine()
        • isabstract()
        • ismethoddescriptor()
        • isdatadescriptor()
        • isgetsetdescriptor()
        • ismemberdescriptor()
      • 28.13.2. Retrieving source code
        • getdoc()
        • getcomments()
        • getfile()
        • getmodule()
        • getsourcefile()
        • getsourcelines()
        • getsource()
        • cleandoc()
      • 28.13.3. Classes and functions
        • getclasstree()
        • getargspec()
        • getargvalues()
        • formatargspec()
        • formatargvalues()
        • getmro()
        • getcallargs()
      • 28.13.4. The interpreter stack
        • getframeinfo()
        • getouterframes()
        • getinnerframes()
        • currentframe()
        • stack()
        • trace()
    • 28.14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
      • PREFIXES
      • ENABLE_USER_SITE
      • USER_SITE
      • USER_BASE
      • addsitedir()
      • getsitepackages()
      • getuserbase()
      • getusersitepackages()
    • 28.15. user — User-specific configuration hook
    • 28.16. fpectl — Floating point exception control
      • turnon_sigfpe()
      • turnoff_sigfpe()
      • FloatingPointError
      • 28.16.1. Example
      • 28.16.2. Limitations and other considerations
  • 29. Custom Python Interpreters
    • 29.1. code — Interpreter base classes
      • InteractiveInterpreter
      • InteractiveConsole
      • interact()
      • compile_command()
      • 29.1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects
        • InteractiveInterpreter.runsource()
        • InteractiveInterpreter.runcode()
        • InteractiveInterpreter.showsyntaxerror()
        • InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback()
        • InteractiveInterpreter.write()
      • 29.1.2. Interactive Console Objects
        • InteractiveConsole.interact()
        • InteractiveConsole.push()
        • InteractiveConsole.resetbuffer()
        • InteractiveConsole.raw_input()
    • 29.2. codeop — Compile Python code
      • compile_command()
      • Compile
      • CommandCompiler
  • 30. Restricted Execution
    • 30.1. rexec — Restricted execution framework
      • RExec
      • 30.1.1. RExec Objects
        • RExec.r_eval()
        • RExec.r_exec()
        • RExec.r_execfile()
        • RExec.s_eval()
        • RExec.s_exec()
        • RExec.s_execfile()
        • RExec.r_import()
        • RExec.r_open()
        • RExec.r_reload()
        • RExec.r_unload()
        • RExec.s_import()
        • RExec.s_reload()
        • RExec.s_unload()
      • 30.1.2. Defining restricted environments
        • RExec.nok_builtin_names
        • RExec.ok_builtin_modules
        • RExec.ok_path
        • RExec.ok_posix_names
        • RExec.ok_sys_names
        • RExec.ok_file_types
      • 30.1.3. An example
    • 30.2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
      • Bastion()
      • BastionClass
  • 31. Importing Modules
    • 31.1. imp — Access the import internals
      • get_magic()
      • get_suffixes()
      • find_module()
      • load_module()
      • new_module()
      • lock_held()
      • acquire_lock()
      • release_lock()
      • PY_SOURCE
      • PY_COMPILED
      • C_EXTENSION
      • PKG_DIRECTORY
      • C_BUILTIN
      • PY_FROZEN
      • SEARCH_ERROR
      • init_builtin()
      • init_frozen()
      • is_builtin()
      • is_frozen()
      • load_compiled()
      • load_dynamic()
      • load_source()
      • NullImporter
        • NullImporter.find_module()
      • 31.1.1. Examples
    • 31.2. importlib — Convenience wrappers for __import__()
      • import_module()
    • 31.3. imputil — Import utilities
      • ImportManager
        • ImportManager.install()
        • ImportManager.uninstall()
        • ImportManager.add_suffix()
      • Importer
        • Importer.import_top()
        • Importer.get_code()
      • BuiltinImporter
        • BuiltinImporter.get_code()
      • py_suffix_importer()
      • DynLoadSuffixImporter
        • DynLoadSuffixImporter.import_file()
      • 31.3.1. Examples
    • 31.4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
      • ZipImportError
      • 31.4.1. zipimporter Objects
        • zipimporter
          • zipimporter.find_module()
          • zipimporter.get_code()
          • zipimporter.get_data()
          • zipimporter.get_filename()
          • zipimporter.get_source()
          • zipimporter.is_package()
          • zipimporter.load_module()
          • zipimporter.archive
          • zipimporter.prefix
      • 31.4.2. Examples
    • 31.5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
      • extend_path()
      • ImpImporter
      • ImpLoader
      • find_loader()
      • get_importer()
      • get_loader()
      • iter_importers()
      • iter_modules()
      • walk_packages()
      • get_data()
    • 31.6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
      • AddPackagePath()
      • ReplacePackage()
      • ModuleFinder
        • ModuleFinder.report()
        • ModuleFinder.run_script()
        • ModuleFinder.modules
      • 31.6.1. Example usage of ModuleFinder
    • 31.7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
      • run_module()
      • run_path()
  • 32. Python Language Services
    • 32.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
      • 32.1.1. Creating ST Objects
        • expr()
        • suite()
        • sequence2st()
        • tuple2st()
      • 32.1.2. Converting ST Objects
        • st2list()
        • st2tuple()
        • compilest()
      • 32.1.3. Queries on ST Objects
        • isexpr()
        • issuite()
      • 32.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling
        • ParserError
      • 32.1.5. ST Objects
        • STType
        • ST.compile()
        • ST.isexpr()
        • ST.issuite()
        • ST.tolist()
        • ST.totuple()
      • 32.1.6. Example: Emulation of compile()
    • 32.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
      • 32.2.1. Node classes
        • AST
          • AST._fields
          • AST.lineno
          • AST.col_offset
      • 32.2.2. Abstract Grammar
      • 32.2.3. ast Helpers
        • parse()
        • literal_eval()
        • get_docstring()
        • fix_missing_locations()
        • increment_lineno()
        • copy_location()
        • iter_fields()
        • iter_child_nodes()
        • walk()
        • NodeVisitor
          • NodeVisitor.visit()
          • NodeVisitor.generic_visit()
        • NodeTransformer
        • dump()
    • 32.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
      • 32.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables
        • symtable()
      • 32.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables
        • SymbolTable
          • SymbolTable.get_type()
          • SymbolTable.get_id()
          • SymbolTable.get_name()
          • SymbolTable.get_lineno()
          • SymbolTable.is_optimized()
          • SymbolTable.is_nested()
          • SymbolTable.has_children()
          • SymbolTable.has_exec()
          • SymbolTable.has_import_star()
          • SymbolTable.get_identifiers()
          • SymbolTable.lookup()
          • SymbolTable.get_symbols()
          • SymbolTable.get_children()
        • Function
          • Function.get_parameters()
          • Function.get_locals()
          • Function.get_globals()
          • Function.get_frees()
        • Class
          • Class.get_methods()
        • Symbol
          • Symbol.get_name()
          • Symbol.is_referenced()
          • Symbol.is_imported()
          • Symbol.is_parameter()
          • Symbol.is_global()
          • Symbol.is_declared_global()
          • Symbol.is_local()
          • Symbol.is_free()
          • Symbol.is_assigned()
          • Symbol.is_namespace()
          • Symbol.get_namespaces()
          • Symbol.get_namespace()
    • 32.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • sym_name
    • 32.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
      • tok_name
      • ISTERMINAL()
      • ISNONTERMINAL()
      • ISEOF()
      • ENDMARKER
      • NAME
      • NUMBER
      • STRING
      • NEWLINE
      • INDENT
      • DEDENT
      • LPAR
      • RPAR
      • LSQB
      • RSQB
      • COLON
      • COMMA
      • SEMI
      • PLUS
      • MINUS
      • STAR
      • SLASH
      • VBAR
      • AMPER
      • LESS
      • GREATER
      • EQUAL
      • DOT
      • PERCENT
      • BACKQUOTE
      • LBRACE
      • RBRACE
      • EQEQUAL
      • NOTEQUAL
      • LESSEQUAL
      • GREATEREQUAL
      • TILDE
      • CIRCUMFLEX
      • LEFTSHIFT
      • RIGHTSHIFT
      • DOUBLESTAR
      • PLUSEQUAL
      • MINEQUAL
      • STAREQUAL
      • SLASHEQUAL
      • PERCENTEQUAL
      • AMPEREQUAL
      • VBAREQUAL
      • CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL
      • LEFTSHIFTEQUAL
      • RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL
      • DOUBLESTAREQUAL
      • DOUBLESLASH
      • DOUBLESLASHEQUAL
      • AT
      • OP
      • ERRORTOKEN
      • N_TOKENS
      • NT_OFFSET
    • 32.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
      • iskeyword()
      • kwlist
    • 32.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
      • generate_tokens()
      • tokenize()
      • COMMENT
      • NL
      • untokenize()
      • TokenError
    • 32.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
      • check()
      • verbose
      • filename_only
      • NannyNag
      • process_tokens()
    • 32.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
      • readmodule()
      • readmodule_ex()
      • 32.9.1. Class Objects
        • Class.module
        • Class.name
        • Class.super
        • Class.methods
        • Class.file
        • Class.lineno
      • 32.9.2. Function Objects
        • Function.module
        • Function.name
        • Function.file
        • Function.lineno
    • 32.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
      • PyCompileError
      • compile()
      • main()
    • 32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
      • 32.11.1. Command-line use
      • 32.11.2. Public functions
        • compile_dir()
        • compile_file()
        • compile_path()
    • 32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
      • dis()
      • distb()
      • disassemble()
      • disco()
      • findlinestarts()
      • findlabels()
      • opname
      • opmap
      • cmp_op
      • hasconst
      • hasfree
      • hasname
      • hasjrel
      • hasjabs
      • haslocal
      • hascompare
      • 32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions
    • 32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
      • dis()
      • genops()
      • optimize()
  • 33. Python compiler package
    • 33.1. The basic interface
      • parse()
      • parseFile()
      • walk()
      • compile()
      • compileFile()
    • 33.2. Limitations
    • 33.3. Python Abstract Syntax
      • 33.3.1. AST Nodes
        • Node
          • Node.getChildren()
          • Node.getChildNodes()
      • 33.3.2. Assignment nodes
      • 33.3.3. Examples
    • 33.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
      • walk()
      • ASTVisitor
        • ASTVisitor.default()
        • ASTVisitor.dispatch()
        • ASTVisitor.preorder()
    • 33.5. Bytecode Generation
  • 34. Miscellaneous Services
    • 34.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
      • 34.1.1. The Formatter Interface
        • AS_IS
        • formatter.writer
        • formatter.end_paragraph()
        • formatter.add_line_break()
        • formatter.add_hor_rule()
        • formatter.add_flowing_data()
        • formatter.add_literal_data()
        • formatter.add_label_data()
        • formatter.flush_softspace()
        • formatter.push_alignment()
        • formatter.pop_alignment()
        • formatter.push_font()
        • formatter.pop_font()
        • formatter.push_margin()
        • formatter.pop_margin()
        • formatter.push_style()
        • formatter.pop_style()
        • formatter.set_spacing()
        • formatter.assert_line_data()
      • 34.1.2. Formatter Implementations
        • NullFormatter
        • AbstractFormatter
      • 34.1.3. The Writer Interface
        • writer.flush()
        • writer.new_alignment()
        • writer.new_font()
        • writer.new_margin()
        • writer.new_spacing()
        • writer.new_styles()
        • writer.send_line_break()
        • writer.send_paragraph()
        • writer.send_hor_rule()
        • writer.send_flowing_data()
        • writer.send_literal_data()
        • writer.send_label_data()
      • 34.1.4. Writer Implementations
        • NullWriter
        • AbstractWriter
        • DumbWriter
  • 35. MS Windows Specific Services
    • 35.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
      • FCICreate()
      • UuidCreate()
      • OpenDatabase()
      • CreateRecord()
      • init_database()
      • add_data()
      • Binary
      • add_tables()
      • add_stream()
      • gen_uuid()
      • 35.1.1. Database Objects
        • Database.OpenView()
        • Database.Commit()
        • Database.GetSummaryInformation()
      • 35.1.2. View Objects
        • View.Execute()
        • View.GetColumnInfo()
        • View.Fetch()
        • View.Modify()
        • View.Close()
      • 35.1.3. Summary Information Objects
        • SummaryInformation.GetProperty()
        • SummaryInformation.GetPropertyCount()
        • SummaryInformation.SetProperty()
        • SummaryInformation.Persist()
      • 35.1.4. Record Objects
        • Record.GetFieldCount()
        • Record.GetInteger()
        • Record.GetString()
        • Record.SetString()
        • Record.SetStream()
        • Record.SetInteger()
        • Record.ClearData()
      • 35.1.5. Errors
      • 35.1.6. CAB Objects
        • CAB
          • CAB.append()
          • CAB.commit()
      • 35.1.7. Directory Objects
        • Directory
          • Directory.start_component()
          • Directory.add_file()
          • Directory.glob()
          • Directory.remove_pyc()
      • 35.1.8. Features
        • Feature
          • Feature.set_current()
      • 35.1.9. GUI classes
        • Control
          • Control.event()
          • Control.mapping()
          • Control.condition()
        • RadioButtonGroup
          • RadioButtonGroup.add()
        • Dialog
          • Dialog.control()
          • Dialog.text()
          • Dialog.bitmap()
          • Dialog.line()
          • Dialog.pushbutton()
          • Dialog.radiogroup()
          • Dialog.checkbox()
      • 35.1.10. Precomputed tables
        • schema
        • sequence
        • text
    • 35.2. msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
      • 35.2.1. File Operations
        • locking()
        • LK_LOCK
        • LK_RLCK
        • LK_NBLCK
        • LK_NBRLCK
        • LK_UNLCK
        • setmode()
        • open_osfhandle()
        • get_osfhandle()
      • 35.2.2. Console I/O
        • kbhit()
        • getch()
        • getwch()
        • getche()
        • getwche()
        • putch()
        • putwch()
        • ungetch()
        • ungetwch()
      • 35.2.3. Other Functions
        • heapmin()
    • 35.3. _winreg — Windows registry access
      • CloseKey()
      • ConnectRegistry()
      • CreateKey()
      • CreateKeyEx()
      • DeleteKey()
      • DeleteKeyEx()
      • DeleteValue()
      • EnumKey()
      • EnumValue()
      • ExpandEnvironmentStrings()
      • FlushKey()
      • LoadKey()
      • OpenKey()
      • OpenKeyEx()
      • QueryInfoKey()
      • QueryValue()
      • QueryValueEx()
      • SaveKey()
      • SetValue()
      • SetValueEx()
      • DisableReflectionKey()
      • EnableReflectionKey()
      • QueryReflectionKey()
      • 35.3.1. Constants
        • 35.3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants
          • HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
          • HKEY_CURRENT_USER
          • HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
          • HKEY_USERS
          • HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA
          • HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
          • HKEY_DYN_DATA
        • 35.3.1.2. Access Rights
          • KEY_ALL_ACCESS
          • KEY_WRITE
          • KEY_READ
          • KEY_EXECUTE
          • KEY_QUERY_VALUE
          • KEY_SET_VALUE
          • KEY_CREATE_SUB_KEY
          • KEY_ENUMERATE_SUB_KEYS
          • KEY_NOTIFY
          • KEY_CREATE_LINK
          • 35.3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific
            • KEY_WOW64_64KEY
            • KEY_WOW64_32KEY
        • 35.3.1.3. Value Types
          • REG_BINARY
          • REG_DWORD
          • REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN
          • REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN
          • REG_EXPAND_SZ
          • REG_LINK
          • REG_MULTI_SZ
          • REG_NONE
          • REG_RESOURCE_LIST
          • REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR
          • REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST
          • REG_SZ
      • 35.3.2. Registry Handle Objects
        • PyHKEY.Close()
        • PyHKEY.Detach()
        • PyHKEY.__enter__()
        • PyHKEY.__exit__()
    • 35.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
      • Beep()
      • PlaySound()
      • MessageBeep()
      • SND_FILENAME
      • SND_ALIAS
      • SND_LOOP
      • SND_MEMORY
      • SND_PURGE
      • SND_ASYNC
      • SND_NODEFAULT
      • SND_NOSTOP
      • SND_NOWAIT
      • MB_ICONASTERISK
      • MB_ICONEXCLAMATION
      • MB_ICONHAND
      • MB_ICONQUESTION
      • MB_OK
  • 36. Unix Specific Services
    • 36.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
      • 36.1.1. Large File Support
      • 36.1.2. Notable Module Contents
        • environ
    • 36.2. pwd — The password database
      • getpwuid()
      • getpwnam()
      • getpwall()
    • 36.3. spwd — The shadow password database
      • getspnam()
      • getspall()
    • 36.4. grp — The group database
      • getgrgid()
      • getgrnam()
      • getgrall()
    • 36.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
      • crypt()
    • 36.6. dl — Call C functions in shared objects
      • open()
      • RTLD_LAZY
      • RTLD_NOW
      • error
      • 36.6.1. Dl Objects
        • dl.close()
        • dl.sym()
        • dl.call()
    • 36.7. termios — POSIX style tty control
      • tcgetattr()
      • tcsetattr()
      • tcsendbreak()
      • tcdrain()
      • tcflush()
      • tcflow()
      • 36.7.1. Example
    • 36.8. tty — Terminal control functions
      • setraw()
      • setcbreak()
    • 36.9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
      • fork()
      • openpty()
      • spawn()
    • 36.10. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
      • fcntl()
      • ioctl()
      • flock()
      • lockf()
    • 36.11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
      • Template
      • quote()
      • 36.11.1. Template Objects
        • Template.reset()
        • Template.clone()
        • Template.debug()
        • Template.append()
        • Template.prepend()
        • Template.open()
        • Template.copy()
    • 36.12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
      • SEEK_SET
      • SEEK_CUR
      • SEEK_END
      • open()
      • fileopen()
      • posixfile.lock()
      • posixfile.flags()
      • posixfile.dup()
      • posixfile.dup2()
      • posixfile.file()
    • 36.13. resource — Resource usage information
      • error
      • 36.13.1. Resource Limits
        • RLIM_INFINITY
        • getrlimit()
        • setrlimit()
        • RLIMIT_CORE
        • RLIMIT_CPU
        • RLIMIT_FSIZE
        • RLIMIT_DATA
        • RLIMIT_STACK
        • RLIMIT_RSS
        • RLIMIT_NPROC
        • RLIMIT_NOFILE
        • RLIMIT_OFILE
        • RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
        • RLIMIT_VMEM
        • RLIMIT_AS
      • 36.13.2. Resource Usage
        • getrusage()
        • getpagesize()
        • RUSAGE_SELF
        • RUSAGE_CHILDREN
        • RUSAGE_BOTH
    • 36.14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
      • match()
      • cat()
      • maps()
      • get_default_domain()
      • error
    • 36.15. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
      • syslog()
      • openlog()
      • closelog()
      • setlogmask()
      • 36.15.1. Examples
        • 36.15.1.1. Simple example
    • 36.16. commands — Utilities for running commands
      • getstatusoutput()
      • getoutput()
      • getstatus()
  • 37. Mac OS X specific services
    • 37.1. ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
      • error
      • IC
      • launchurl()
      • parseurl()
      • mapfile()
      • maptypecreator()
      • settypecreator()
      • 37.1.1. IC Objects
        • IC.launchurl()
        • IC.parseurl()
        • IC.mapfile()
        • IC.maptypecreator()
        • IC.settypecreator()
    • 37.2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
      • runtimemodel
      • linkmodel
      • Error
      • GetErrorString()
      • DebugStr()
      • SysBeep()
      • GetTicks()
      • GetCreatorAndType()
      • SetCreatorAndType()
      • openrf()
      • WMAvailable()
      • splash()
    • 37.3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
      • copy()
      • copytree()
      • mkalias()
      • touched()
      • BUFSIZ
    • 37.4. findertools — The finder’s Apple Events interface
      • launch()
      • Print()
      • copy()
      • move()
      • sleep()
      • restart()
      • shutdown()
    • 37.5. EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
      • Message()
      • AskString()
      • AskPassword()
      • AskYesNoCancel()
      • ProgressBar()
      • GetArgv()
      • AskFileForOpen()
      • AskFileForSave()
      • AskFolder()
      • 37.5.1. ProgressBar Objects
        • ProgressBar.curval
        • ProgressBar.maxval
        • ProgressBar.title()
        • ProgressBar.label()
        • ProgressBar.set()
        • ProgressBar.inc()
    • 37.6. FrameWork — Interactive application framework
      • Application()
      • MenuBar()
      • Menu()
      • MenuItem()
      • Separator()
      • SubMenu()
      • Window()
      • DialogWindow()
      • windowbounds()
      • setwatchcursor()
      • setarrowcursor()
      • 37.6.1. Application Objects
        • Application.makeusermenus()
        • Application.getabouttext()
        • Application.mainloop()
        • Application.asyncevents()
        • Application._quit()
        • Application.do_char()
        • Application.do_dialogevent()
        • Application.idle()
      • 37.6.2. Window Objects
        • Window.open()
        • Window.close()
        • Window.do_postresize()
        • Window.do_contentclick()
        • Window.do_update()
        • Window.do_activate()
      • 37.6.3. ControlsWindow Object
        • ControlsWindow.do_controlhit()
      • 37.6.4. ScrolledWindow Object
        • ScrolledWindow.scrollbars()
        • ScrolledWindow.getscrollbarvalues()
        • ScrolledWindow.updatescrollbars()
        • ScrolledWindow.scrollbar_callback()
        • ScrolledWindow.scalebarvalues()
        • ScrolledWindow.do_activate()
        • ScrolledWindow.do_postresize()
        • ScrolledWindow.do_controlhit()
      • 37.6.5. DialogWindow Objects
        • DialogWindow.open()
        • DialogWindow.do_itemhit()
    • 37.7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
      • AutoGILError
      • installAutoGIL()
    • 37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
      • 37.8.1. Carbon.AE — Apple Events
      • 37.8.2. Carbon.AH — Apple Help
      • 37.8.3. Carbon.App — Appearance Manager
      • 37.8.4. Carbon.Appearance — Appearance Manager constants
      • 37.8.5. Carbon.CF — Core Foundation
      • 37.8.6. Carbon.CG — Core Graphics
      • 37.8.7. Carbon.CarbonEvt — Carbon Event Manager
      • 37.8.8. Carbon.CarbonEvents — Carbon Event Manager constants
      • 37.8.9. Carbon.Cm — Component Manager
      • 37.8.10. Carbon.Components — Component Manager constants
      • 37.8.11. Carbon.ControlAccessor — Control Manager accssors
      • 37.8.12. Carbon.Controls — Control Manager constants
      • 37.8.13. Carbon.CoreFounation — CoreFounation constants
      • 37.8.14. Carbon.CoreGraphics — CoreGraphics constants
      • 37.8.15. Carbon.Ctl — Control Manager
      • 37.8.16. Carbon.Dialogs — Dialog Manager constants
      • 37.8.17. Carbon.Dlg — Dialog Manager
      • 37.8.18. Carbon.Drag — Drag and Drop Manager
      • 37.8.19. Carbon.Dragconst — Drag and Drop Manager constants
      • 37.8.20. Carbon.Events — Event Manager constants
      • 37.8.21. Carbon.Evt — Event Manager
      • 37.8.22. Carbon.File — File Manager
      • 37.8.23. Carbon.Files — File Manager constants
      • 37.8.24. Carbon.Fm — Font Manager
      • 37.8.25. Carbon.Folder — Folder Manager
      • 37.8.26. Carbon.Folders — Folder Manager constants
      • 37.8.27. Carbon.Fonts — Font Manager constants
      • 37.8.28. Carbon.Help — Help Manager
      • 37.8.29. Carbon.IBCarbon — Carbon InterfaceBuilder
      • 37.8.30. Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime — Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants
      • 37.8.31. Carbon.Icn — Carbon Icon Manager
      • 37.8.32. Carbon.Icons — Carbon Icon Manager constants
      • 37.8.33. Carbon.Launch — Carbon Launch Services
      • 37.8.34. Carbon.LaunchServices — Carbon Launch Services constants
      • 37.8.35. Carbon.List — List Manager
      • 37.8.36. Carbon.Lists — List Manager constants
      • 37.8.37. Carbon.MacHelp — Help Manager constants
      • 37.8.38. Carbon.MediaDescr — Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors
      • 37.8.39. Carbon.Menu — Menu Manager
      • 37.8.40. Carbon.Menus — Menu Manager constants
      • 37.8.41. Carbon.Mlte — MultiLingual Text Editor
      • 37.8.42. Carbon.OSA — Carbon OSA Interface
      • 37.8.43. Carbon.OSAconst — Carbon OSA Interface constants
      • 37.8.44. Carbon.QDOffscreen — QuickDraw Offscreen constants
      • 37.8.45. Carbon.Qd — QuickDraw
      • 37.8.46. Carbon.Qdoffs — QuickDraw Offscreen
      • 37.8.47. Carbon.Qt — QuickTime
      • 37.8.48. Carbon.QuickDraw — QuickDraw constants
      • 37.8.49. Carbon.QuickTime — QuickTime constants
      • 37.8.50. Carbon.Res — Resource Manager and Handles
      • 37.8.51. Carbon.Resources — Resource Manager and Handles constants
      • 37.8.52. Carbon.Scrap — Scrap Manager
        • InfoScrap()
      • 37.8.53. Carbon.Snd — Sound Manager
      • 37.8.54. Carbon.Sound — Sound Manager constants
      • 37.8.55. Carbon.TE — TextEdit
      • 37.8.56. Carbon.TextEdit — TextEdit constants
      • 37.8.57. Carbon.Win — Window Manager
      • 37.8.58. Carbon.Windows — Window Manager constants
    • 37.9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
      • GetColor()
  • 38. MacPython OSA Modules
    • 38.1. gensuitemodule — Generate OSA stub packages
      • is_scriptable()
      • processfile()
      • processfile_fromresource()
    • 38.2. aetools — OSA client support
      • packevent()
      • unpackevent()
      • keysubst()
      • enumsubst()
      • TalkTo
      • TalkTo._start()
      • TalkTo.send()
    • 38.3. aepack — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
      • pack()
      • unpack()
    • 38.4. aetypes — AppleEvent objects
      • Unknown
      • Enum
      • InsertionLoc
      • Boolean
      • StyledText
      • AEText
      • IntlText
      • IntlWritingCode
      • QDPoint
      • QDRectangle
      • RGBColor
      • Type
      • Keyword
      • Range
      • Ordinal
      • Logical
      • Comparison
      • ComponentItem
      • NProperty
      • ObjectSpecifier
    • 38.5. MiniAEFrame — Open Scripting Architecture server support
      • AEServer
      • MiniApplication
      • 38.5.1. AEServer Objects
        • AEServer.installaehandler()
        • AEServer.callback()
  • 39. SGI IRIX Specific Services
    • 39.1. al — Audio functions on the SGI
      • openport()
      • newconfig()
      • queryparams()
      • getparams()
      • setparams()
      • 39.1.1. Configuration Objects
      • 39.1.2. Port Objects
    • 39.2. AL — Constants used with the al module
    • 39.3. cd — CD-ROM access on SGI systems
      • createparser()
      • msftoframe()
      • open()
      • error
      • DATASIZE
      • BLOCKSIZE
      • READY
      • NODISC
      • CDROM
      • ERROR
      • PLAYING
      • PAUSED
      • STILL
      • audio
      • pnum
      • index
      • ptime
      • atime
      • catalog
      • ident
      • control
      • 39.3.1. Player Objects
      • 39.3.2. Parser Objects
    • 39.4. fl — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
      • 39.4.1. Functions Defined in Module fl
        • make_form()
        • do_forms()
        • check_forms()
        • set_event_call_back()
        • set_graphics_mode()
        • get_rgbmode()
        • show_message()
        • show_question()
        • show_choice()
        • show_input()
        • show_file_selector()
        • get_directory()
        • get_pattern()
        • get_filename()
        • qdevice()
        • unqdevice()
        • isqueued()
        • qtest()
        • qread()
        • qreset()
        • qenter()
        • get_mouse()
        • tie()
        • color()
        • mapcolor()
        • getmcolor()
      • 39.4.2. Form Objects
        • form.show_form()
        • form.hide_form()
        • form.redraw_form()
        • form.set_form_position()
        • form.freeze_form()
        • form.unfreeze_form()
        • form.activate_form()
        • form.deactivate_form()
        • form.bgn_group()
        • form.end_group()
        • form.find_first()
        • form.find_last()
        • form.add_box()
        • form.add_text()
        • form.add_clock()
        • form.add_button()
        • form.add_lightbutton()
        • form.add_roundbutton()
        • form.add_slider()
        • form.add_valslider()
        • form.add_dial()
        • form.add_positioner()
        • form.add_counter()
        • form.add_input()
        • form.add_menu()
        • form.add_choice()
        • form.add_browser()
        • form.add_timer()
      • 39.4.3. FORMS Objects
    • 39.5. FL — Constants used with the fl module
    • 39.6. flp — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
    • 39.7. fm — Font Manager interface
      • init()
      • findfont()
      • enumerate()
      • prstr()
      • setpath()
      • fontpath()
    • 39.8. gl — Graphics Library interface
      • varray()
      • nvarray()
      • vnarray()
      • nurbssurface()
      • nurbscurve()
      • pwlcurve()
      • pick()
      • select()
      • endpick()
      • endselect()
    • 39.9. DEVICE — Constants used with the gl module
    • 39.10. GL — Constants used with the gl module
    • 39.11. imgfile — Support for SGI imglib files
      • error
      • getsizes()
      • read()
      • readscaled()
      • ttob()
      • write()
    • 39.12. jpeg — Read and write JPEG files
      • error
      • compress()
      • decompress()
      • setoption()
  • 40. SunOS Specific Services
    • 40.1. sunaudiodev — Access to Sun audio hardware
      • error
      • open()
      • 40.1.1. Audio Device Objects
    • 40.2. SUNAUDIODEV — Constants used with sunaudiodev
  • 41. Undocumented Modules
    • 41.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities
    • 41.2. Platform specific modules
    • 41.3. Multimedia
    • 41.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules
      • 41.4.1. applesingle — AppleSingle decoder
      • 41.4.2. buildtools — Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
      • 41.4.3. cfmfile — Code Fragment Resource module
      • 41.4.4. icopen — Internet Config replacement for open()
      • 41.4.5. macerrors — Mac OS Errors
      • 41.4.6. macresource — Locate script resources
      • 41.4.7. Nav — NavServices calls
      • 41.4.8. PixMapWrapper — Wrapper for PixMap objects
      • 41.4.9. videoreader — Read QuickTime movies
      • 41.4.10. W — Widgets built on FrameWork
    • 41.5. Obsolete
    • 41.6. SGI-specific Extension modules
• Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter
  • 1. Extending Python with C or C++
    • 1.1. A Simple Example
    • 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
    • 1.3. Back to the Example
    • 1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function
    • 1.5. Compilation and Linkage
    • 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C
    • 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
    • 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
    • 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values
    • 1.10. Reference Counts
      • 1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python
      • 1.10.2. Ownership Rules
      • 1.10.3. Thin Ice
      • 1.10.4. NULL Pointers
    • 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++
    • 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module
  • 2. Defining New Types
    • 2.1. The Basics
      • 2.1.1. Adding data and methods to the Basic example
      • 2.1.2. Providing finer control over data attributes
      • 2.1.3. Supporting cyclic garbage collection
      • 2.1.4. Subclassing other types
    • 2.2. Type Methods
      • 2.2.1. Finalization and De-allocation
      • 2.2.2. Object Presentation
      • 2.2.3. Attribute Management
        • 2.2.3.1. Generic Attribute Management
        • 2.2.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management
      • 2.2.4. Object Comparison
      • 2.2.5. Abstract Protocol Support
      • 2.2.6. Weak Reference Support
      • 2.2.7. More Suggestions
  • 3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
    • 3.1. Distributing your extension modules
  • 4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
    • 4.1. A Cookbook Approach
    • 4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows
    • 4.3. Using DLLs in Practice
  • 5. Embedding Python in Another Application
    • 5.1. Very High Level Embedding
    • 5.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
    • 5.3. Pure Embedding
    • 5.4. Extending Embedded Python
    • 5.5. Embedding Python in C++
    • 5.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems
• Python/C API Reference Manual
  • Introduction
    • Include Files
    • Objects, Types and Reference Counts
      • Reference Counts
        • Reference Count Details
      • Types
    • Exceptions
    • Embedding Python
    • Debugging Builds
  • The Very High Level Layer
  • Reference Counting
  • Exception Handling
    • Unicode Exception Objects
    • Recursion Control
    • Standard Exceptions
    • Standard Warning Categories
    • String Exceptions
  • Utilities
    • Operating System Utilities
    • System Functions
    • Process Control
    • Importing Modules
    • Data marshalling support
    • Parsing arguments and building values
    • String conversion and formatting
    • Reflection
    • Codec registry and support functions
      • Codec lookup API
      • Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers
  • Abstract Objects Layer
    • Object Protocol
    • Number Protocol
    • Sequence Protocol
    • Mapping Protocol
    • Iterator Protocol
    • Old Buffer Protocol
  • Concrete Objects Layer
    • Fundamental Objects
      • Type Objects
      • The None Object
    • Numeric Objects
      • Plain Integer Objects
      • Boolean Objects
      • Long Integer Objects
      • Floating Point Objects
      • Complex Number Objects
        • Complex Numbers as C Structures
        • Complex Numbers as Python Objects
    • Sequence Objects
      • Byte Array Objects
        • Type check macros
        • Direct API functions
        • Macros
      • String/Bytes Objects
      • Unicode Objects and Codecs
        • Unicode Objects
          • Unicode Type
          • Unicode Character Properties
          • Plain Py_UNICODE
          • wchar_t Support
        • Built-in Codecs
          • Generic Codecs
          • UTF-8 Codecs
          • UTF-32 Codecs
          • UTF-16 Codecs
          • UTF-7 Codecs
          • Unicode-Escape Codecs
          • Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs
          • Latin-1 Codecs
          • ASCII Codecs
          • Character Map Codecs
          • MBCS codecs for Windows
          • Methods & Slots
        • Methods and Slot Functions
      • Buffers and Memoryview Objects
        • The new-style Py_buffer struct
        • Buffer related functions
        • MemoryView objects
        • Old-style buffer objects
      • Tuple Objects
      • List Objects
    • Mapping Objects
      • Dictionary Objects
    • Other Objects
      • Class and Instance Objects
      • Function Objects
      • Method Objects
      • File Objects
      • Module Objects
      • Iterator Objects
      • Descriptor Objects
      • Slice Objects
      • Ellipsis Object
      • Weak Reference Objects
      • Capsules
      • CObjects
      • Cell Objects
      • Generator Objects
      • DateTime Objects
      • Set Objects
      • Code Objects
  • Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
    • Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
    • Process-wide parameters
    • Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
      • Releasing the GIL from extension code
      • Non-Python created threads
      • High-level API
      • Low-level API
    • Sub-interpreter support
      • Bugs and caveats
    • Asynchronous Notifications
    • Profiling and Tracing
    • Advanced Debugger Support
  • Memory Management
    • Overview
    • Memory Interface
    • Object allocators
    • The pymalloc allocator
    • Examples
  • Object Implementation Support
    • Allocating Objects on the Heap
    • Common Object Structures
      • METH_VARARGS
      • METH_KEYWORDS
      • METH_NOARGS
      • METH_O
      • METH_OLDARGS
      • METH_CLASS
      • METH_STATIC
      • METH_COEXIST
    • Type Objects
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GETCHARBUFFER
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_SEQUENCE_IN
      • Py_TPFLAGS_GC
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INPLACEOPS
      • Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_RICHCOMPARE
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_WEAKREFS
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_ITER
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_CLASS
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
      • Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE
      • Py_TPFLAGS_READY
      • Py_TPFLAGS_READYING
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
      • Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT
    • Number Object Structures
    • Mapping Object Structures
    • Sequence Object Structures
    • Buffer Object Structures
      • Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GETCHARBUFFER
    • Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
• Distributing Python Modules
  • Key terms
  • Open source licensing and collaboration
  • Installing the tools
  • Reading the guide
  • How do I…?
    • … choose a name for my project?
    • … create and distribute binary extensions?
• Installing Python Modules
  • Key terms
  • Basic usage
  • How do I …?
    • … install pip in versions of Python prior to Python 2.7.9?
    • … install packages just for the current user?
    • … install scientific Python packages?
    • … work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?
  • Common installation issues
    • Installing into the system Python on Linux
    • Pip not installed
    • Installing binary extensions
• Python HOWTOs
  • Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3
    • The Short Explanation
    • Details
      • Drop support for Python 2.6 and older
      • Make sure you specify the proper version support in your setup.py file
      • Have good test coverage
      • Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3
      • Update your code
        • Division
        • Text versus binary data
        • Use feature detection instead of version detection
      • Prevent compatibility regressions
      • Check which dependencies block your transition
      • Update your setup.py file to denote Python 3 compatibility
      • Use continuous integration to stay compatible
      • Consider using optional static type checking
  • Porting Extension Modules to Python 3
    • Conditional compilation
    • Changes to Object APIs
      • str/unicode Unification
      • long/int Unification
    • Module initialization and state
    • CObject replaced with Capsule
    • Other options
  • Curses Programming with Python
    • What is curses?
      • The Python curses module
    • Starting and ending a curses application
    • Windows and Pads
    • Displaying Text
      • Attributes and Color
    • User Input
    • For More Information
  • Descriptor HowTo Guide
    • Abstract
    • Definition and Introduction
    • Descriptor Protocol
    • Invoking Descriptors
    • Descriptor Example
    • Properties
    • Functions and Methods
    • Static Methods and Class Methods
  • Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
    • Language Constructs You Should Not Use
      • from module import *
        • Inside Function Definitions
        • At Module Level
        • When It Is Just Fine
      • Unadorned exec, execfile() and friends
      • from module import name1, name2
      • except:
    • Exceptions
    • Using the Batteries
    • Using Backslash to Continue Statements
  • Functional Programming HOWTO
    • Introduction
      • Formal provability
      • Modularity
      • Ease of debugging and testing
      • Composability
    • Iterators
      • Data Types That Support Iterators
    • Generator expressions and list comprehensions
    • Generators
      • Passing values into a generator
    • Built-in functions
    • Small functions and the lambda expression
    • The itertools module
      • Creating new iterators
      • Calling functions on elements
      • Selecting elements
      • Grouping elements
    • The functools module
      • The operator module
    • Revision History and Acknowledgements
    • References
      • General
      • Python-specific
      • Python documentation
  • Logging HOWTO
    • Basic Logging Tutorial
      • When to use logging
      • A simple example
      • Logging to a file
      • Logging from multiple modules
      • Logging variable data
      • Changing the format of displayed messages
      • Displaying the date/time in messages
      • Next Steps
    • Advanced Logging Tutorial
      • Logging Flow
      • Loggers
      • Handlers
      • Formatters
        • logging.Formatter.__init__()
      • Configuring Logging
      • What happens if no configuration is provided
      • Configuring Logging for a Library
    • Logging Levels
      • Custom Levels
    • Useful Handlers
    • Exceptions raised during logging
    • Using arbitrary objects as messages
    • Optimization
  • Logging Cookbook
    • Using logging in multiple modules
    • Logging from multiple threads
    • Multiple handlers and formatters
    • Logging to multiple destinations
    • Configuration server example
    • Sending and receiving logging events across a network
    • Adding contextual information to your logging output
      • Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information
        • Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual information
      • Using Filters to impart contextual information
    • Logging to a single file from multiple processes
    • Using file rotation
    • An example dictionary-based configuration
    • Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
    • Implementing structured logging
    • Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
    • Configuring filters with dictConfig()
    • Customized exception formatting
    • Speaking logging messages
    • Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
    • Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
    • Using a context manager for selective logging
  • Regular Expression HOWTO
    • Introduction
    • Simple Patterns
      • Matching Characters
      • Repeating Things
    • Using Regular Expressions
      • Compiling Regular Expressions
      • The Backslash Plague
      • Performing Matches
      • Module-Level Functions
      • Compilation Flags
    • More Pattern Power
      • More Metacharacters
      • Grouping
      • Non-capturing and Named Groups
      • Lookahead Assertions
    • Modifying Strings
      • Splitting Strings
      • Search and Replace
    • Common Problems
      • Use String Methods
      • match() versus search()
      • Greedy versus Non-Greedy
      • Using re.VERBOSE
    • Feedback
  • Socket Programming HOWTO
    • Sockets
      • History
    • Creating a Socket
      • IPC
    • Using a Socket
      • Binary Data
    • Disconnecting
      • When Sockets Die
    • Non-blocking Sockets
      • Performance
  • Sorting HOW TO
    • Sorting Basics
    • Key Functions
    • Operator Module Functions
    • Ascending and Descending
    • Sort Stability and Complex Sorts
    • The Old Way Using Decorate-Sort-Undecorate
    • The Old Way Using the cmp Parameter
    • Odd and Ends
  • Unicode HOWTO
    • Introduction to Unicode
      • History of Character Codes
      • Definitions
      • Encodings
      • References
    • Python 2.x’s Unicode Support
      • The Unicode Type
      • Unicode Literals in Python Source Code
      • Unicode Properties
      • References
    • Reading and Writing Unicode Data
      • Unicode filenames
      • Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs
      • References
    • Revision History and Acknowledgements
  • HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2
    • Introduction
    • Fetching URLs
      • Data
      • Headers
    • Handling Exceptions
      • URLError
      • HTTPError
        • Error Codes
      • Wrapping it Up
        • Number 1
        • Number 2
    • info and geturl
    • Openers and Handlers
    • Basic Authentication
    • Proxies
    • Sockets and Layers
    • Footnotes
  • HOWTO Use Python in the web
    • The Low-Level View
      • Common Gateway Interface
        • Simple script for testing CGI
        • Setting up CGI on your own server
        • Common problems with CGI scripts
      • mod_python
      • FastCGI and SCGI
        • Setting up FastCGI
      • mod_wsgi
    • Step back: WSGI
      • WSGI Servers
      • Case study: MoinMoin
    • Model-View-Controller
    • Ingredients for Websites
      • Templates
      • Data persistence
    • Frameworks
      • Some notable frameworks
        • Django
        • TurboGears
        • Zope
        • Other notable frameworks
  • Argparse Tutorial
    • Concepts
    • The basics
    • Introducing Positional arguments
    • Introducing Optional arguments
      • Short options
    • Combining Positional and Optional arguments
    • Getting a little more advanced
      • Conflicting options
    • Conclusion
• Python Frequently Asked Questions
  • General Python FAQ
    • General Information
    • Python in the real world
    • Upgrading Python
  • Programming FAQ
    • General Questions
    • Core Language
    • Numbers and strings
    • Sequences (Tuples/Lists)
    • Dictionaries
    • Objects
    • Modules
  • Design and History FAQ
    • Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?
    • Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?
    • Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate?
    • Why are Python strings immutable?
    • Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?
    • Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?
    • Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?
    • Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?
    • How fast are exceptions?
    • Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?
    • Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?
    • Why can’t lambda expressions contain statements?
    • Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
    • How does Python manage memory?
    • Why isn’t all memory freed when Python exits?
    • Why are there separate tuple and list data types?
    • How are lists implemented in CPython?
    • How are dictionaries implemented in CPython?
    • Why must dictionary keys be immutable?
    • Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?
    • How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?
    • Why is there no goto?
    • Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?
    • Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?
    • Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?
    • Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?
  • Library and Extension FAQ
    • General Library Questions
    • Common tasks
    • Threads
    • Input and Output
    • Network/Internet Programming
    • Databases
    • Mathematics and Numerics
  • Extending/Embedding FAQ
    • Can I create my own functions in C?
    • Can I create my own functions in C++?
    • Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?
    • How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?
    • How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
    • How do I extract C values from a Python object?
    • How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?
    • How do I call an object’s method from C?
    • How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?
    • How do I access a module written in Python from C?
    • How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
    • I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?
    • How do I debug an extension?
    • I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?
    • What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?
    • How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?
    • How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?
    • Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
    • When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?
  • Python on Windows FAQ
    • How do I run a Python program under Windows?
    • How do I make Python scripts executable?
    • Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?
    • How do I make an executable from a Python script?
    • Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL?
    • How can I embed Python into a Windows application?
    • How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?
    • How do I check for a keypress without blocking?
    • How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?
    • How do I extract the downloaded documentation on Windows?
  • Graphic User Interface FAQ
    • What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?
    • What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?
    • Tkinter questions
  • “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ
    • What is Python?
    • Why is Python installed on my machine?
    • Can I delete Python?
• Glossary
• About these documents
  • Contributors to the Python Documentation
• Reporting Bugs
  • Documentation bugs
  • Using the Python issue tracker
  • Getting started contributing to Python yourself
• Copyright
• History and License
  • History of the software
  • Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.7.18
    • BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0
    • CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1
    • CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2
  • Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
    • Mersenne Twister
    • Sockets
    • Floating point exception control
    • MD5 message digest algorithm
    • Asynchronous socket services
    • Cookie management
    • Execution tracing
    • UUencode and UUdecode functions
    • XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • test_epoll
    • Select kqueue
    • strtod and dtoa
    • OpenSSL
    • expat
    • libffi
    • zlib