diff(1)

NAME
diff - compare two files

SYNOPSIS

diff
[-abBiNptw] [-c
| -e | -f
| -h | -n
| -q | -u]
file1 file2

diff
[-abBiNptw] [-C
number
| -U
number
]
file1 file2

diff
[-abBiNptw] [-D
string]
file1 file2

diff
[-abBiNptw] [-c
| -e | -f
| -h | -n
| -q | -u]
[-l] [-r]
[-s]
     [-S
name]
directory1 directory2

DESCRIPTION

The diff utility will compare the contents of file1 and file2 and write to standard output a list of changes necessary to convert file1 into file2. This list should be minimal. Except in rare circumstances, diff finds a smallest sufficient set of file differences. No output will be produced if the files are identical.

The normal output contains lines of these forms:

n1
 a
n3,n4
n1,n2
 d
n3
n1,n2
 c
n3,n4

where n1 and n2 represent lines file1 and n3 and n4 represent lines in file2 These lines resemble ed(1) commands to convert file1 to file2. By exchanging a for d and reading backward, file2 can be converted to file1. As in ed, identical pairs, where n1=n2 or n3=n4, are abbreviated as a single number.

Following each of these lines come all the lines that are affected in the first file flagged by `<', then all the lines that are affected in the second file flagged by `>'.

OPTIONS

The following options are supported:

-a  Treat all files as ASCII text. Normally diff will simply print `Binary files ... and ... differ' if files contain binary characters. Use of this option forces diff to produce a diff.

-b  Ignores trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) and treats other strings of blanks as equivalent.

-B  Ignores changes that just inserted or deleted blank (empty) lines.

-i  Ignores the case of letters. For example, `A' will compare equal to `a'.

-N  New file mode, treat absent files as empty. If diff(1) prints time stamps for files, the time stamp for missing files will refer to January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT.

-p  With unified and context diffs, show with each change the first 40 characters of the last line before the context beginning with a letter, an underscore or a dollar sign. For C source code following standard layout conventions, this will show the prototype of the function the change applies to.

-t  Expands TAB characters in output lines. Normal or -c output adds character(s) to the front of each line that may adversely affect the indentation of the original source lines and make the output lines difficult to interpret. This option will preserve the original source's indentation.

-w  Ignores all blanks (SPACE and TAB characters) and treats all other strings of blanks as equivalent. For example, `if ( a == b )' will compare equal to `if(a==b)'.

The following options are mutually exclusive:

-c  Produces a listing of differences with three lines of context. With this option, output format is modified slightly. That is, output begins with identification of the files involved and their creation dates, then each change is separated by a line with a dozen *'s. The lines removed from file1 are marked with '—'. The lines added to file2 are marked '+'. Lines that are changed from one file to the other are marked in both files with '!'.

-C number
    Produces a listing of differences identical to that produced by -c with number lines of context.

-D string
    Creates a merged version of file1 and file2 with C preprocessor controls included so that a compilation of the result without defining string is equivalent to compiling file1, while defining string will yield file2.

-e  Produces a script of only a, c, and d commands for the editor ed, which will recreate file2 from file1. In connection with the -e option, the following shell program may help maintain multiple versions of a file. Only an ancestral file ($1) and a chain of version-to-version ed scripts ($2,$3,...) made by diff need be on hand. A ``latest version'' appears on the standard output.

    (shift; cat $*; echo '1,$p') | ed - $1

-f  Produces a similar script, not useful with ed, in the opposite order.

-h  Does a fast, half-hearted job. It works only when changed stretches are short and well separated, but does work on files of unlimited length. Options -c, -C, -D, -e, -f, -q, -u, and -n are unavailable with -h. diff does not descend into directories with this option.

-n  Produces a script similar to -e, but in the opposite order and with a count of changed lines on each insert or delete command.

-q  Just print a single line message when the files differ. Does not output a list of changes.

-u  Produces a listing of differences with three lines of context. The output is similar to that of the -c option, except that the context is "unified". Removed and changed lines in file1 are marked by a '-' while lines added or changed in file2 are marked by a '+'. Both versions of changed lines appear in the output, while added, removed, and context lines appear only once. The identification of file1 and file2 is different, with "---" and "+++" being printed where "***" and "---" would appear with the -c option. Each change is separated by a line of the form

    @@
    -n1,n2
    +n3,n4 @@

-U number
    Produces a listing of differences identical to that produced by -u with number lines of context.

The following options are used for comparing directories:

-l  Produces output in long format. Before the diff, each text file is piped through pr(1) to paginate it. Other differences are remembered and summarized after all text file differences are reported.

-r  Applies diff recursively to common subdirectories encountered.

-s  Reports files that are identical. These identical files would not otherwise be mentioned.

-S name
    Starts a directory diff in the middle, beginning with the file name.

OPERANDS

The following operands are supported:
file1
file2
    A path name of a file or directory to be compared. If either file1 or file2 is -, the standard input will be used in its place.
directory1
directory2
    A path name of a directory to be compared.

If only one of file1 and file2 is a directory, diff will be applied to the non-directory file and the file contained in the directory file with a filename that is the same as the last component of the non-directory file.

USAGE

See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of diff when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Typical output of the diff command

In the following command, dir1 is a directory containing a directory named x, dir2 is a directory containing a directory named x, dir1/x and dir2/x both contain files named date.out, and dir2/x contains a file named y:

example%
diff -r dir1 dir2
Common subdirectories: dir1/x and dir2/x
Only in dir2/x: y
diff -r dir1/x/date.out dir2/x/date.out
1c1
< Mon Jul  2 13:12:16 PDT 1990
---
> Tue Jun 19 21:41:39 PDT 1990

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of diff: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_TIME, and NLSPATH.

TZ  Determines the locale for affecting the timezone used for calculating file timestamps written with the -C and -c options.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values are returned:

0   No differences were found.

1   Differences were found.

>1  An error occurred.

FILES

/tmp/d?????
    temporary file used for comparison

/usr/lib/diffh
    executable file for -h option

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

SEE ALSO

bdiff(1), cmp(1), comm(1), dircmp(1), ed(1), patch(1), pr(1), sdiff(1), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)

James W. Hunt and M. Douglas McIlroy, "An Algorithm for Differential File Comparison", Computing Science Technical Report, Bell Laboratories 41, June 1976

NOTES

Editing scripts produced under the -f option are naive about creating lines consisting of a single period (.). Editing scripts produced under the -e option contain a workaround for the problem that is understood by patch(1).

Missing NEWLINE at end of file indicates that the last line of the file in question did not have a NEWLINE. If the lines are different, they will be flagged and output, although the output will seem to indicate they are the same.

AUTHORS
The diff(1) program was initially written by Douglas McIlroy at Bell Labs in 1974. The SVr4 release was written by various authors at AT&T in 1989. The diff(1) programm was later maintained by various people at AT&T and Sun Microsystems. Since 2006, it is maintained by Joerg Schilling.