read.bismark {bsseq} | R Documentation

## Parsing output from the Bismark alignment suite.

### Description

Parsing output from the Bismark alignment suite.

### Usage

    read.bismark(files,
                 loci = NULL,
                 colData = NULL,
                 rmZeroCov = FALSE,
                 strandCollapse = TRUE,
                 BPPARAM = bpparam(),
                 BACKEND = NULL,
                 dir = tempfile("BSseq"),
                 replace = FALSE,
                 chunkdim = NULL,
                 level = NULL,
                 nThread = 1L,
                 verbose = getOption("verbose"))

### Arguments

`files` | The path to the files created by running Bismark's methylation extractor, one sample per file. Files ending in `.gz` or `.bz2` will be automatically decompressed to `tempfile()`. We strongly recommend you use the 'genome wide cytosine report' output files. See section 'File formats' for further details.
`loci` | `NULL` (default) or a GenomicRanges instance containing methylation loci (all with width equal to 1). If `loci = NULL`, then `read.bismark()` will perform a first pass over the Bismark file to identify candidate loci. If `loci` is a GenomicRanges instance, then these form the candidate loci. In either case, the candidate loci will be filtered if `rmZeroCov = TRUE` and collapsed if `strandCollapse = TRUE` to form the final set of methylation loci that form the `rowRanges` of the returned BSseq object. See section 'Efficient use of `read.bismark()`' for further details.
`colData` | An optional DataFrame describing the samples. Row names, if present, become the column names of the BSseq object. If `NULL`, then a DataFrame will be created with `files` used as the row names.
`rmZeroCov` | A `logical(1)` indicating whether methylation loci that have zero coverage in all samples be removed. For several reasons, the default `rmZeroCov = FALSE` is recommended even in cases where you ultimately want to remove such loci. See section 'Efficient use of `read.bismark()`' for further details.
`strandCollapse` | A `logical(1)` indicating whether strand-symmetric methylation loci (i.e. CpGs) should be collapsed across strands. This is only applicable for stranded methylation loci, e.g., loci extracted from 'genome wide cytosine reports' (see section 'File formats' for further details).
`BPPARAM` | An optional BiocParallelParam instance determining the parallel back-end to be used during evaluation. Currently supported are SerialParam (Unix, Mac, Windows), MulticoreParam (Unix and Mac), SnowParam (Unix, Mac, and Windows, limited to single-machine clusters), and BatchJobsParam (Unix, Mac, Windows, only with the in-memory realization backend). See sections 'Parallelization and progress monitoring' and 'Realization backends' for further details.
`BACKEND` | `NULL` or a single string specifying the name of the realization backend. When the backend is set to `NULL`, the `M` and `Cov` assays are realized in memory as ordinary matrices, otherwise these are realized with the given `BACKEND`. See section 'Realization backends' for further details.
`dir` | Only applicable if `BACKEND == "HDF5Array"`. The path (as a single string) to the directory where to save the HDF5-based BSseq object. The directory will be created so should not already exist, unless `replace` is set to `TRUE`.
`replace` | Only applicable if `BACKEND == "HDF5Array"`. If directory `dir` already exists, should it be replaced with a new one? The content of the existing directory will be lost!
`chunkdim` | Only applicable if `BACKEND == "HDF5Array"`. The dimensions of the chunks to use for writing the data to disk. By default, `getHDF5DumpChunkDim()` using the dimensions of the returned BSseq object will be used. See `?getHDF5DumpChunkDim` for more information.
`level` | Only applicable if `BACKEND == "HDF5Array"`. The compression level to use for writing the data to disk. By default, `getHDF5DumpCompressionLevel()` will be used. See `?getHDF5DumpCompressionLevel` for more information.
`nThread` | The number of threads used by `fread` when reading the `files`. Be careful when combining a parallel backend specified with `BPPARAM` with `nThread` > 1 because each worker will use `nThread`.
`verbose` | A `logical(1)` indicating whether progress messages should be printed (default `TRUE`).

### Value

A BSseq object.

### File formats

The format of each file is automatically detected using the internal function `bsseq:::.guessBismarkFileType()`. Files ending in `.gz`, `.bz2`, `.xz`, or `.zip` will be automatically decompressed to `tempdir()`.

#### Supported file formats

Bismark's 'genome wide cytosine report' (https://github.com/FelixKrueger/Bismark/tree/master/Docs#the-genome-wide-cytosine-report-optional-is-tab-delimited-in-the-following-format-1-based-coords) and 'coverage' (https://github.com/FelixKrueger/Bismark/tree/master/Docs#the-coverage-output-looks-like-this-tab-delimited-1-based-genomic-coords) formats are both supported. If setting `loci = NULL`, then we strongly recommend using the 'genome wide cytosine report' output format because this includes strand information for each locus. The 'coverage' output does not contain strand information and so the `strand` of the returned BSseq object will be set to `*` unless stranded `loci` are supplied.

#### Unsupported file formats

Neither the 'bedGraph' output format (https://github.com/FelixKrueger/Bismark/tree/master/Docs#the-bedgraph-output-optional-looks-like-this-tab-delimited-0-based-start-1-based-end-coords) nor the 'bismark_methylation_extractor' output format (https://github.com/FelixKrueger/Bismark/tree/master/Docs#the-bismark_methylation_extractor-output-is-in-the-form-tab-delimited-1-based-coords) are supported. The former does not include the required counts of methylated and unmethylated reads hile the is an intermediate file containing read-level, rather than locus-level, data on methylation.

#### One-based vs. zero-based genomic co-ordinates

The genomic co-ordinates of the Bismark output files may be zero-based or one-based depending on whether the `--zero_based` argument was used when running Bismark's methylation extractor. Furthermore, the default co-ordinate counting system varies by version of Bismark. bsseq makes no assumptions about the basis of the genomic co-ordinates and it is left to the user to ensure that the appropriate basis is used in the analysis of their data.

Since Bioconductor packages typically use one-based co-ordinates, we strongly recommend that your Bismark files are also one-based.

### Efficient use of `read.bismark()`

We recommend the following to achieve fast and efficient importing of Bismark files:

- Specify the set of methylation loci via the `loci` argument.

- Use Bismark files in the 'coverage' output format.

- Leave `rmZeroCov = FALSE`.

- Use a `BPPARAM` with a moderate number of workers (cores).

- Use `BACKEND = "HDF5Array"`.

- Use multiple threads per worker (i.e. `nThread` > 1).

Each point is discussed below.

#### Specifying `loci`

Specifying the set of methylation loci via the `loci` argument means that `read.bismark()` does not need to first parse all `files` to identify the set of candidate loci. Provided that `rmZeroCov = FALSE`, this means that each file is only read once. This may be a considerable saving when there are a large number of `files`.

If you are unsure whether the below-described shortcuts apply to your data, leave `loci = NULL` and let `read.bismark()` identify the set of candidate loci from `files`.

You may wish to use the `findLoci()` function to find all methylation loci of interest in your reference genome (e.g., all CpGs) and then pass the result via the `loci` argument.

Alternatively, if all `files` are 'genome wide cytosine reports' for samples aligned to the same reference genome, then all `files` contain the exact same set of methylation loci. In this case, you may wish to first construct `loci` using the internal function `bsseq:::.readBismarkAsFWGRanges()` applied to a single file, e.g., `loci = bsseq:::.readBismarkAsFWGRanges(files[1], rmZeroCov, strandCollapse)`.

#### Using the 'coverage' Bismark files

It will generally be faster to parse Bismark files in the 'coverage' output format than those in the 'genome wide cytosine report' format This is because the former only includes loci with non-zero coverage and so the file size is often considerably smaller, particularly for shallowly sequenced samples (e.g., those from single-cell bisulfite sequencing).

#### Leaving `rmZeroCov = FALSE`

If you set `rmZeroCov = TRUE`, then `read.bismark()` must first parse all the `files` to identify which loci have zero coverage in all samples and then filter these out from the set of candidate loci. This will happen even if you supply `loci` with a GenomicRanges of candidate loci.

Furthermore, any coverage-based filtering of methylation loci is best left until you have constructed your final BSseq object. In our experience, the final BSseq object is often the product of combining multiple BSseq objects, each constructed with a separate call to `read.bismark()`. In such cases, it is premature to use `rmZeroCov = TRUE` when running each `read.bismark()`; regretably, combining these objects will often then lead to an inefficiently stored BSseq object.

#### Using a `BPPARAM` with a moderate number of workers (cores)

Each file can be processed on its own, so you can process in parallel as many files as you have workers. However, if using the HDF5Array backend, then writing to the HDF5 file cannot be performed in parallel and so becomes the bottleneck. Nonetheless, by using a moderate number of workers (2 - 10), we can ensure there is processed data available to write to disk as soon as the current write is completed.

#### Using `BACKEND = "HDF5Array"`

By using the HDF5Array realization backend from HDF5Array, we reduce the amount of data that is kept in-memory at any one time. Once each file is parsed, the data are written to the HDF5 file and are no longer needed in-memory. When combined with multiple workers (cores), this means that each file will only need to read and retain in-memory 1 sample's worth of data at a time.

Conversely, if you opt for all data to be in-memory (via `BACKEND = NULL`), then each worker will pass each file's data back to the main process and memory usage will steadily accumulate to often unreasonable levels.

#### Using `nThread` > 1

`read.bismark` uses `data.table::fread` to read each file, which supports threaded-parallisation. Depending on the system, increasing `nThread` can achieve near-linear speed-ups in the number of threads for reading each file. Care needs to be taken when `nThread` > 1 is used in conjunction with a parallel backend via `BPPARAM` to ensure the system isn't overloaded. For example, using `BPPARAM = MulticoreParam(workers = 10)` with `nThread = 4` may use up to 40 workers simultaneously.

### Realization backends

The `read.bismark()` function creates a BSseq object with two assays, `M` and `Cov`. The choice of realization backend controls whether these assays are stored in-memory as an ordinary matrix or on-disk as a HDF5Array, for example. The choice of realization backend is controlled by the `BACKEND` argument, which defaults to the current value of `DelayedArray::getRealizationBackend()`.

`read.bismark()` supports the following realization backends:

- `NULL` (in-memory): This stores each new assay in-memory using an ordinary matrix.

- `HDF5Array` (on-disk): This stores each new assay on-disk in a HDF5 file using an HDF5Matrix from HDF5Array.

Please note that certain combinations of realization backend and parallelization backend are currently not supported. For example, the HDF5Array realization backend is currently only compatible when used with a single-machine parallelization backend (i.e. it is not compatible with a SnowParam that specifies an ad hoc cluster of multiple machines). `BSmooth()` will issue an error when given such incompatible realization and parallelization backends.

Additional arguments related to the realization backend can be passed via the `...` argument. These arguments must be named and are passed to the relevant RealizationSink constructor. For example, the `...` argument can be used to specify the path to the HDF5 file to be used by `BSmooth()`. Please see the examples at the bottom of the page.

### Parallelization, progress monitoring, and logging

`read.bismark()` now uses the BiocParallel package to implement parallelization. This brings some notable improvements:

- Imported files can now be written directly to an on-disk realization backend by the worker. This dramatically reduces memory usage compared to previous versions of bsseq that required all results be retained in-memory.

- Parallelization is now supported on Windows through the use of a SnowParam object as the value of `BPPARAM`.

- Detailed and extensive job logging facilities.

All parallelization options are controlled via the `BPPARAM` argument. In general, we recommend that users combine multicore (single-machine) parallelization with an on-disk realization backend (see section, 'Realization backend'). For Unix and Mac users, this means using a MulticoreParam. For Windows users, this means using a single-machine SnowParam. Please consult the BiocParallel documentation to take full advantage of the more advanced features.

A useful feature of BiocParallel are progress bars to monitor the status of long-running jobs, such as `BSmooth()`. Progress bars are controlled via the `progressbar` argument in the BiocParallelParam constructor.

BiocParallel also supports extensive and detailed logging facilities. Please consult the BiocParallel documentation to take full advantage these advanced features.

### Author(s)

Peter Hickey peter.hickey@gmail.com

### See Also

- `read.bsmooth()` for parsing output from the BSmooth alignment suite.

- `read.umtab()` for parsing legacy (old) formats from the BSmooth alignment suite.

- `collapseBSseq()` for collapsing (aggregating) data from sample's with multiple Bismark methylation extractor files (e.g., technical replicates).

### Examples

      # Run read.bismark() on a single sample to construct a matrix-backed BSseq
      # object.
      infile <- system.file("extdata/test_data.fastq_bismark.bismark.cov.gz",
                            package = "bsseq")
      bsseq <- read.bismark(files = infile,
                            colData = DataFrame(row.names = "test_data"),
                            rmZeroCov = FALSE,
                            strandCollapse = FALSE,
                            verbose = TRUE)
      # This is a matrix-backed BSseq object.
      sapply(assays(bsseq, withDimnames = FALSE), class)
      bsseq

      ## Not run:
      # Run read.bismark() on a single sample to construct a HDF5Array-backed BSseq
      # object (with data written to 'test_dir')
      test_dir <- tempfile("BSseq")
      bsseq <- read.bismark(files = infile,
                            colData = DataFrame(row.names = "test_data"),
                            rmZeroCov = FALSE,
                            strandCollapse = FALSE,
                            BACKEND = "HDF5Array",
                            dir = test_dir,
                            verbose = TRUE)
      # This is a HDF5Array-backed BSseq object.
      sapply(assays(bsseq, withDimnames = FALSE), class)
      # The 'M' and 'Cov' assays are in the HDF5 file 'assays.h5' (in 'test_dir').
      sapply(assays(bsseq, withDimnames = FALSE), path)

    ## End(Not run)

[Package bsseq version 1.22.0 Index]