\chapter qmake's Advanced Concepts

\section1 qmake's Advanced Concepts

The \e qmake project files we've seen up to now have been very simple,
just a list of \e{name = value} and \e{name += value} lines. \e qmake
provides a lot more power, for example you can use a single project
file to produce makefiles for multiple platforms.

\section1 Operators

So far, you have seen the \e = operator and \e += operator being used
in a project file.  There are more operators available for use; but
some of these should be used carefully as they may change more than
you expect them to.

\section2 The '=' operator

This operator simply assigns a value to a variable, it is used like
this:

\code
    TARGET = myapp
\endcode

This sets the TARGET variable to \e myapp.  This will remove any
previously set TARGET.

\section2 The '+=' operator

This operator adds a value to the list of values in a variable.  It
is used like this:

\code
    DEFINES += QT_DLL
\endcode

This adds QT_DLL to the list of pre-processor defines to be put in the
makefile.

\section2 The '-=' operator

This operator removes a value from the list of values in a variable.
It is used like this:

\code
    DEFINES -= QT_DLL
\endcode

This removes QT_DLL from the list of pre-processor defines to be put
in the makefile.

\section2 The '*=' operator

This operator only adds a value to the list of values in a variable if
it doesn't already exist.  It is used like this:

\code
    DEFINES *= QT_DLL
\endcode

QT_DLL will only be added to the list of pre-processor defines if it
is not already defined.

\section2 The '~=' operator

This operator replaces any values that match the regexp with the
specified value.  It is used like this:

\code
    DEFINES ~= s/QT_[DT].+/QT
\endcode

This removes any values in the list that start with QT_D or QT_T with
QT.

\section1 Scopes

A scope are similar to 'if' statements, if a certain condition is
true, the settings inside the scope are processed.  A scope is written
like this:

\code
    win32 {
	DEFINES += QT_DLL
    }
\endcode

The above code will add the QT_DLL define to the makefile if \e qmake
is used on a Windows platform.  If \e qmake is used on a different
platform than Windows, the define will be ignored. You may also perform
single line conditionals/assignments with qmake like this:

\code
    win32:DEFINES += QT_DLL
\endcode

For example, suppose we want to process something on all platforms
\e except for Windows. We can achieve this by negating the scope like
this:

\code
    !win32 {
	DEFINES += QT_DLL
    }
\endcode

Any entry on the CONFIG line is also a scope. For example, if you
write this:
\code
    CONFIG += warn_on
\endcode
you will have a scope called 'warn_on'. This makes it easy to change
the configuration for a project without losing all the custom settings
that might be needed for a specific configuration.  Since it is
possible to put your own values on the CONFIG line, this provides you
with a very powerful configuration tool for your makefiles. For
example:

\code
    CONFIG += qt warn_on debug
    debug {
	TARGET = myappdebug
    }
    release {
	TARGET = myapp
    }
\endcode

In the above code, two scopes are created which depend on what
is put on the CONFIG line.  In the example, \e debug is on the config
line, so the TARGET variable is set to \e myappdebug.  If \e release
was on the config line, then the TARGET variable would be set to \e
myapp.

It is also possible to check for two things before processing some
settings.  For instance, if you want to check if the platform is
Windows and that the thread configuration is set, you would write
this:

\code
    win32 {
	thread {
	    DEFINES += QT_THREAD_SUPPORT
	}
    }
\endcode

To save writing many nested scopes, you can nest scopes using a colon
like this:

\code
    win32:thread {
	DEFINES += QT_THREAD_SUPPORT
    }
\endcode

Once a test has been performed you may also do else/elseif operations. With
this you may easily write complicated tests. This can be done with the
special 'else' scope, it can be combined with other scopes (separated by
colons as above) for example:

\code
    win32:thread {
	DEFINES += QT_THREAD_SUPPORT
    } else:debug {
	DEFINES += QT_NOTHREAD_DEBUG
    } else {
	warning("Unknown configuration")
    }
\endcode

\section1 Variables

The variables that we have encountered so far are system variables,
such as \e DEFINES, \e SOURCES and \e HEADERS.  It is possible for you
to create your own variables so that you use them in scopes.  It's
easy to create your own variable; just name it and assign something to
it. For example:

\code
    MY_VARIABLE = value
\endcode

There are no restricitions on what you do to your own variables, as \e
qmake will just ignore them unless it needs to look at them for a
scope.  

You can also assign the value of a current variable to another
variable by prefixing $$ to the variable name. For example:

\code
    MY_DEFINES = $$DEFINES
\endcode

Now the MY_DEFINES variable contains what is in the DEFINES variable at
this point in the project file.  This is also equivlant to:

\code 
    MY_DEFINES = $${DEFINES}
\endcode

The second notation allows you to adjoin the variable expansion to another
value without separating by space. \e qmake will allo a variable to
contains anything (including $(VALUE), which will be placed directly into
the Makefile, and allow it to expand as appropriate, usually an environment
variable). However, if you require an environment variable to be replaced
immediately then you may use the $$() notation. For example:

\code
    MY_DEFINES = $$(ENV_DEFINES)
\endcode

This will set MY_DEFINES to the value of the evironment variable
ENV_DEFINES as it parses the .pro file. Additionally you may call built-in
functions in variable replacing. These functions (not to be confused with
Test Functions as enumerated in the next section) are listed below:

\section2 join( variablename, glue, before, after )

This will join the value of \e variablename with glue. If this value is
non-empty it will prefix the value with \e before and suffix it with \e
after. \e variablename is the only required field, the others will default
to empty strings. If you need to encode spaces in \e glue, \e before, or \e
after you must quote them.

\section2 member( variablename, position )

This will place the value in \e variablename in position \e position of the
list. If the value of \e variablename is not long this will return an empty
string. \e variablename is the only required field, if not specified
position will default to the first value in the list (0).

\section2 find( variablename, substr )

This will place all the values in \e variablename that match \e substr. \e
substr may be a regular expression as well, and will be matched
accordingly.

\code
    MY_VAR = one two three four
    MY_VAR2 = $$join(MY_VAR, " -L", -L) -Lfive
    MY_VAR3 = $$member(MY_VAR, 2) $$find(MY_VAR, t.*)
\endcode

MY_VAR2 will contain '-Lone -Ltwo -Lthree -Lfour -Lfive', and MYVAR3 will
contains 'three two three'.

\section2 system( program_and_args )

This will return the stdout/stderr of the program executed, and parse it as
normally expected. You can use this to interrogate information about the
platform for example.

\code
    UNAME = $$system(uname -s)
    contains( UNAME, [lL]inux ):message( This looks like Linux ($$UNAME) to me )
\endcode

\section1 Test Functions

\e qmake provides built-in functions that perform simple, yet powerful
tests. These tests may be used in place of scopes (as described above), in
some cases it is more usefull to use the test function by itself ignoring
its test value.

\section2 contains( variablename, value )

If \e value is in the list of values stored in the variable called \e
variablename, then the settings inside the scope will be processed.
For example:

\code
    contains( CONFIG, thread ) {
	DEFINES += QT_THREAD_SUPPORT
    }
\endcode

If \e thread is in the list of values for the \e CONFIG variable, then
QT_THREAD_SUPPORT will be added to the list of values in the \e
DEFINES variable.

\section2 count( variablename, number )

If \e number matches the number of values stored in the variable
called \e variablename, then the settings inside the scope will be
processed.  For example:

\code
    count( DEFINES, 5 ) {
	CONFIG += debug
    }
\endcode

\section2 error( string )

This function outputs the string given and then makes \e qmake exit.
For example:

\code
    error( "An error has occured" )
\endcode

The text "An error has occured" will be displayed on the console and
\e qmake will exit.

\section2 exists( filename )

If the specified file exists, then the settings inside the scope will
be processed.  For example:

\code
    exists( /local/qt/qmake/main.cpp ) {
	SOURCES += main.cpp
    }
\endcode

If \e /local/qt/qmake/main.cpp exists then main.cpp is added to the
list of source files.

Note that "/" can be used as a directory separator regardless of the
platform.

\section2 include( filename )

The contents of filename are included at this point in the project
file, so any settings in the specified file will be processed.  An
example of this is:

\code 
    include( myotherapp.pro )
\endcode

Any settings in the \e myotherapp.pro project file are now processed.

\section2 isEmpty( variablename )

This is the equivalent of using count( variablename, 0 ).  If the
variable called \e variablename has no elements, then the settings
inside the scope will be processed.  An example of this is:

\code
    isEmpty( CONFIG ) {
	CONFIG += qt warn_on debug
    }
\endcode

\section2 message( string ) 

This function simply outputs a message on the console.

\code
    message( "This is a message" )
\endcode

The text "This is a message" is output to the console and
processing of the project file carries on.

\section2 system( command )

The specified command is performed and if it returns an exit code of
1, the settings inside the scope are processed.  For example:

\code
    system( ls /bin ) {
	SOURCES += bin/main.cpp
	HEADERS += bin/main.h
    }
\endcode

So if the command \e {ls /bin} returns 1 then \e bin/main.cpp is added
to the list of sources and \e bin/main.h is added to the list of
headers.

\section2 infile( filename, var, val )

This function will succeed if the file \e filename (when parsed
by qmake itself) contains the variable \e var with a value of 
\e val. You may also not pass in a third argument (\e val) and the
function will only test if \e var has been assigned to in the file.
