This chapter describes the methods available from the Cubefree package.
This section lists the implemented functions.
‣ ConstructAllCFGroups( order ) | ( function ) |
The input order has to be a positive cubefree integer. The output is a complete and irredundant list of isomorphism type representatives of groups of this size. If possible, the groups are given as pc groups and as permutation groups otherwise.
‣ ConstructAllCFSolvableGroups( order ) | ( function ) |
The input order has to be a positive cubefree integer. The output is a complete and irredundant list of isomorphism type representatives of solvable groups of this size. The groups are given as pc groups.
‣ ConstructAllCFNilpotentGroups( order ) | ( function ) |
The input order has to be a positive cubefree integer. The output is a complete and irredundant list of isomorphism type representatives of nilpotent groups of this size. The groups are given as pc groups.
‣ ConstructAllCFSimpleGroups( order ) | ( function ) |
The input order has to be a positive cubefree integer. The output is a complete and irredundant list of isomorphism type representatives of simple groups of this size. In particular, there exists either none or exactly one simple group of the given order.
‣ ConstructAllCFFrattiniFreeGroups( order ) | ( function ) |
The input order has to be a positive cubefree integer. The output is a complete and irredundant list of isomorphism type representatives of Frattini-free groups of this size.
‣ IsomorphismCubefreeGroups( G, H ) | ( function ) |
Returns an isomorphism between two cubefree groups G and H, if exists, and fail otherwise. It is assumed that the input groups are permutation groups or pc groups. The algorithm is currently efficient only for solvable input groups due to the lack of a constructive recognition algorithm for the simple factors PSL.
‣ IsIsomorphicCubefreeGroups( G, H ) | ( function ) |
Returns true/false, depending on whether two cubefree groups G and H are isomorphic. It is assumed that the input groups are permutation groups or pc groups.
‣ NumberCFGroups( n[, bool] ) | ( function ) |
The input n has to be a positive cubefree integer and the output is the number of all cubefree groups of order n. The SmallGroups library is used for squarefree orders, orders of the type p^2 and p^2q, and cubefree orders less than 50000. Only if bool is set to false, then only the squarefree orders and orders of the type p^2 and p^2q, are taken from the SmallGroups library.
‣ NumberCFSolvableGroups( n[, bool] ) | ( function ) |
The input n has to be a positive cubefree integer and the output is the number of all cubefree solvable groups of order n. The SmallGroups library is used for squarefree orders and orders of the type p^2 and p^2q, where all groups are solvable. For other orders counting is faster than searching the library, so bool has no effect there; it is accepted for compatibility.
‣ CountAllCFGroupsUpTo( n[, bool] ) | ( function ) |
The input is a positive integer n and the output is a list L of size n such that L[i] contains the number of isomorphism types of groups of order i if i is cubefree and L[i] is not bound, otherwise, 1≤ i ≤ n. The SmallGroups library is used for squarefree orders, orders of the type p^2 and p^2q, and cubefree orders less than 50000. Only if bool is set to false, then only the squarefree orders and orders of the type p^2 and p^2q are taken from the SmallGroups library. This is a plain loop over NumberCFGroups, which caches the data it computes and hence shares most of the work between the orders.
‣ CubefreeOrderInfo( n[, bool] ) | ( function ) |
This function displays some (very vague) information about the complexity of the construction of the groups of (cubefree) order n. It returns the number of possible pairs (a,b) where a is the order of a Frattini-free group F with socle S of order b which has to be constructed in order to construct all groups of order n: In fact, for each of these pairs (a,b) one would have to construct up to conjugacy all subgroups of order a/b of Aut(S). The sum of the numbers of these subgroups for all pairs (a,b) as above is the number of groups of order n. Thus the output of CubefreeOrderInfo is a trivial lower bound for the number of groups of order n. There is no additional information displayed if bool is set to false.
‣ CubefreeTestOrder( n ) | ( function ) |
The input has to be a cubefree integer between 1 and 50000. This function tests the functionality of Cubefree, i.e. functions (1)--(7), and compares it with the data of the SmallGroups library. It returns true if everything is okay, otherwise an error message will be displayed.
‣ IsCubeFreeInt( n ) | ( property ) |
The output is true if n is a cubefree integer and false otherwise.
‣ IsSquareFreeInt( n ) | ( property ) |
The output is true if n is a squarefree integer and false otherwise.
‣ IrreducibleSubgroupsOfGL( n, q ) | ( operation ) |
The current version of this function allows only n=2. The input q has to be a prime-power q=p^r with p≥ 5 a prime. The output is a list of all irreducible subgroups of GL(2,q) up to conjugacy.
‣ RewriteAbsolutelyIrreducibleMatrixGroup( G ) | ( function ) |
The input G has to be an absolutely irreducible matrix group over a finite field GF(q). If possible, the output is G rewritten over the subfield of GF(q) generated by the traces of the elements of G. If no rewriting is possible, then the input G is returned.
This section provides some information about the implementations.
ConstructAllCFGroups
The function ConstructAllCFGroups constructs all groups of a given cubefree order up to isomorphism using the Frattini Extension Method as described in [Die05], [DE05], [BE99a], and [BE99b]. One step in the Frattini Extension Method is to compute Frattini extensions and for this purpose some already implemented methods of the required GAP package GrpConst are used.
Since ConstructAllCFGroups requires only some special types of irreducible subgroups of GL(2,p) (e.g. of cubefree order), it contains a modified internal version of IrreducibleSubgroupsOfGL. This means that the latter is not called explicitly by ConstructAllCFGroups.
ConstructAllCFSimpleGroups and ConstructAllCFNilpotentGroups
The construction of simple or nilpotent groups of cubefree order is rather easy, see [Die05] or [DE05]. In particular, the methods used in these cases are independent of the methods used in the general cubefree case.
CountAllCFGroupsUpTo
As described in [Die05] and [DE05], every cubefree group G has the form G=A× I where A is trivial or non-abelian simple and I is solvable. Further, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the solvable cubefree groups and some solvable Frattini-free groups. This one-to-one correspondence allows one to count the number of groups of a given cubefree order without computing any Frattini extension. To reduce runtime, the computed irreducible and reducible subgroups of the general linear groups GL(2,p) and also the number of the computed solvable Frattini-free groups are stored during the whole computation. This caching is done by NumberCFGroups itself and persists between calls, so CountAllCFGroupsUpTo is just a loop over NumberCFGroups. Use cf_ClearCountCaches() to free the memory again. The solvable count is the trivial-factor term of the total, so calling NumberCFSolvableGroups for an order for which NumberCFGroups has already run costs next to nothing.
Counting never constructs a group: each socle complement determines one Frattini-free group, and each Frattini-free group one group of the given order. The subgroups of GL(2,p) are also replaced by small isomorphic copies carrying the action of their normaliser, so the subdirect products are computed in groups of order a few thousand rather than in a permutation representation of GL(2,p) of degree p^2-1.
IrreducibleSubgroupsOfGL
If the input is a matrix group over GF(q), then the algorithm needs to construct GF(q^3) or GF(q^6) internally.
RewriteAbsolutelyIrreducibleMatrixGroup
The function RewriteAbsolutelyIrreducibleMatrixGroup as described algorithmically in [GH97] is a probabilistic Las Vegas algorithm; it retries until a correct answer is returned. If the input is G≤GL(d,p^r), then the expected runtime is O(rd^3).
The package GrpConst contains several implementations of algorithms to construct groups of a given order. One of these algorithms is the Frattini extension method, see Chapter 1. The algorithm used in Cubefree is a modification of the Frattini extension method to the case of cubefree orders.
The advantage of this modification is that the isomorphism problem at the construction of Frattini extensions is solved completely on a theoretic level. Also, the construction of the Frattini-free groups up to isomorphism is reduced to the determination of certain subgroups of groups of the type GL(2,p) and C_p-1, p a prime, and to the construction of subdirect products of these subgroups. As this is exponential, this is a main bottleneck of the current implementation.
A modification of the Frattini extension method to squarefree orders yields a powerful construction algorithm for squarefree groups which is based on number theory only. An implementation of this algorithm can be found in the SmallGroups library. Thus for squarefree groups one should definitely use AllSmallGroups and NumberSmallGroups instead of the functions of Cubefree. The same holds for groups of order p^2 or p^2q.
Moreover, using the functionality of Cubefree, the SmallGroups library now contains all groups of cubefree order at most 50000. Hence, also in this case, one should prefer AllSmallGroups and NumberSmallGroups to access the data of the library directly.
For all other cubefree orders n one can try to use Cubefree to construct or count the corresponding groups. Note, that the success of these computations depends basically on the complexity and number theory of the prime-power factorization of n. For each prime p with p^2∣ n one might have to construct subgroups of GL(2,p) and subdirect products involving these subgroups. One can use the info class InfoCF to get some information during the computation. In order to construct subdirect products, we need a permutation representation of these matrix groups. To rewrite them at once, we compute a permutation representation of GL(2,p) and apply this isomorphism to the constructed subgroups. Unfortunately, this is quite time and memory consuming for bigger primes.
In other words, Cubefree can not handle unreasonable cubefree orders. To get a rough idea of the complexity of the computation of groups of order n and to get a trivial lower bound for the number of groups, one can use CubefreeOrderInfo(n).
At the end of this section we consider the quotient q(n) of NumberSmallGroups(n) and CubefreeOrderInfo(n) for cubefree 1≤ n≤ 50000. Although for most of these integers we have a small quotient, note that q(n) seems to be unbounded in general. There are 41597 cubefree integers between 1 and 50000 and 26414 of these integers fulfill q(n)=1. Moreover, 13065 of these integers fulfill 1< q(n)< 5 and the remaining 2118 integers have 5≤ q(n)≤ 54; e.g. n=2^2.3.5.7^2.13 has q(n)=1221/23.
In this section we outline some examples of applications of the methods described above. We included runtimes for all examples, but omitted the output in some cases, since it would be too long to be printed. The runtimes have been obtained on an Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz PC running under Linux.
gap> n:=5^2*7*13^2*67^2*97*107; 1377938614325 gap> CubefreeOrderInfo(n,false); 12 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFGroups(n));time; 12 53111
gap> n:=19^2*23^2*29*37*73^2*107^2; 12501895704027377 gap> CubefreeOrderInfo(n,false); 24 gap> NumberCFGroups(n);time; 24 190536 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFGroups(n));time; 24 948319
gap> n:=5^2*13*23^2*43^2*191; 60716861075 gap> CubefreeOrderInfo(n,false); 16 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFGroups(n)); time; 16 29146
Now we compute some more data.
gap> n:=2*2*3*11*17*67; 150348 gap> CubefreeOrderInfo(n,false); 20 gap> NumberCFGroups(n);time; 145 12073 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFGroups(n)); time; 145 20757 gap> NumberCFSolvableGroups(n);time; 144 11925 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFSolvableGroups(n)); time; 144 18893 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFFrattiniFreeGroups(n)); time; 109 14421 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFNilpotentGroups(n));time; 2 12 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFSimpleGroups(n));time; 1 8
We consider another example with some info class output.
gap> SetInfoLevel(InfoCF,1); gap> ConstructAllCFGroups(4620);;time; #I Construct all groups of order 4620. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 2310. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 4620. #I Construct 138 Frattini extensions. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 77. #I Construct 1 Frattini extensions. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 7. #I Construct 1 Frattini extensions. 15501
gap> n:=101^2*97*37^2*29^2; 1139236591513 gap> CubefreeOrderInfo(n,false); 8 gap> NumberCFGroups(n);time; 8 36 gap> SetInfoLevel(InfoCF,1); gap> ConstructAllCFGroups(n);time; #I Construct all groups of order 1139236591513. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 10512181. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 304853249. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 388950697. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 1061730281. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 11279570213. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 30790178149. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 39284020397. #I Compute solvable Frattini-free groups of order 1139236591513. #I Construct 8 Frattini extensions. [ <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators>, <pc group of size 1139236591513 with 7 generators> ] 1848
The last example considers the cubefree order less than 50000 for which the number of groups with this order is maximal: there are 3093 groups of order 44100.
gap> n:=2*2*3*3*5*5*7*7; 44100 gap> CubefreeOrderInfo(n,false); 100 gap> NumberCFSolvableGroups(n,false);time; 3087 572639 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFSolvableGroups(n)); time; 3087 843085 gap> NumberCFGroups(n,false);time; 3093 719245 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFGroups(n)); time; 3093 1016763 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFFrattiniFreeGroups(n)); time; 1305 504451 gap> Length(ConstructAllCFNilpotentGroups(n));time; 16 180
We have compared the results of ConstructAllCFGroups with the library of cubefree groups of SmallGroups. Further, we compared the solvable groups constructed by IrreducibleSubgroupsOfGL with the library of IrredSol. We have also done random isomorphism tests to verify that the list of groups we computed is not redundant.
One can call the following test files. The first one constructs some groups of order at most 2000 and compares the results with the SmallGroups library:
RereadPackage("cubefree","tst/testQuick.g");
The command
RereadPackage("cubefree","tst/testBig.g");
constructs the solvable groups of a random cubefree (but not squarefree) order at most 2^28-1 and does a random isomorphism test. Depending on the chosen number, the computation might not terminate due to memory problems.
The following constructs the groups of three random cubefree orders less than 50000 compares the result with the SmallGroups library. Depending on the chosen orders, this may take a while:
RereadPackage("cubefree","tst/testSG.g");
The test file testSGlong.g constructs all cubefree groups of order at most 50000 compares the results with the SmallGroups library. There will be a positive progress report every 50th order so that you can abort the test whenever you want.
RereadPackage("cubefree","tst/testSGlong.g");
Three of these four test files use the function CubefreeTestOrder, see Section 2.1.
The last test file compares some results of IrreducibleSubgroupsOfGL with the database of IrredSol. This may take a while:
RereadPackage("cubefree","tst/testMat.g");
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