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# eCos Tutorial

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Red Hat, Inc.

## Documentation licensing terms

This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, v1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/).

Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any standard (paper) book form is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder.

## Trademarks

Red Hat, the Red Hat Shadow Man logo®, eCos™, RedBoot™, GNUPro®, and Insight™ are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc.

Sun Microsystems® and Solaris® are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.

SPARC® is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc., and is used under license by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Intel® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.

Motorola™ is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.

ARM® is a registered trademark of Advanced RISC Machines, Ltd.

MIPS™ is a trademark of MIPS Technologies, Inc.

Toshiba® is a registered trademark of the Toshiba Corporation.

NEC® is a registered trademark if the NEC Corporation.

Cirrus Logic® is a registered trademark of Cirrus Logic, Inc.

Compaq® is a registered trademark of the Compaq Computer Corporation.

Matsushita™ is a trademark of the Matsushita Electric Corporation.

Samsung® and CalmRISC™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Samsung, Inc.

Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.

UNIX® is a registered trademark of The Open Group.

Microsoft®, Windows®, and Windows NT® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation, Inc.

All other brand and product names, trademarks, and copyrights are the property of their respective owners.

## Warranty

eCos is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 or (at your option) any later version, although individual files may be covered by exceptions to this licence.

eCos is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details; this is supplied in an appendix to this manual.

## Preliminaries

### How to Contact Red Hat

    Red Hat Corporate Headquarters
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    	  Telephone (toll free): +1 888 REDHAT 1 (+1 888 733 4281)
    	  Telephone (main line): +1 919 547 0012
    	  Telephone (FAX line): +1 919 547 0024

Website: http://www.redhat.com/

### Foreword

Welcome to the latest release of Red Hat eCos(TM) - the Embedded Configurable Operating System.

#### What's New?

In the fourth major public release of eCos, starting with version 1.4, we have added a wealth of new features, enhancements, and have further extended the target platform coverage.

Major new elements include:

- Package management that supports the extension of eCos functionality via third party add-on packages.

- A standardized configuration save file format that is human readable and editable, and compatible between both GUI and command line configuration tools.

- Enhanced web based help and component documentation system integrated into the GUI configuration tool.

- The Component Definition Language (CDL) has been radically revised and has now been implemented as a TCL extension for maximum flexibility. CDL is now fully documented in the Component Writers Guide.

- Template support for straightforward control of multiple configuration elements, which can be used to provide easy access to standard eCos configurations such as a debug stub boot ROM.

- Best of all, the source of the new configuration tools and underlying libCDL technology has been open sourced under the GNU Public License (GPL).

A companion beta version of the eCos TCP/IP stack has been released in conjunction with this release. The stack is derived from the OpenBSD source base and provides UDP, TCP, ICMP, BOOTP and DHCP protocol support on an IPv4 standards base. Device driver support for Cirrus Logic EP72xx evaluation boards, Motorola MBX, and StrongARM EBSA285 with Intel 82559 is included. The stack and ethernet core support are distributed as configurable eCos packages. Platform ethernet device drivers are distributed with the associated platform HAL, but are naturally not useful without the ethernet core support package.

A PCI bus support library has also been added that provides generic PCI bus based device initialization, discovery, and configuration. The library has been ported to both the VR4300 DDB-VRC4373 and StrongARM EBSA285 development boards.

eCos also contains support for the POSIX Specification (ISO/IEC 9945-1)[POSIX]. This support follows EL/IX level 1 in the functionality supplied [ELIX].

POSIX support is divided between the POSIX and the FILEIO packages. The POSIX package provides support for threads, signals, synchronization, timers and message queues. The FILEIO package provides support for file and device I/O. The two packages may be used together or separately, depending on configuration.

Also supplied with eCos is RedBoot; the standard bootstrap and debugging environment for embedded systems from Red Hat. It provides a wide set of tools for downloading and executing programs on embedded target systems, as well as tools for manipulating the target system's environment.

RedBoot's capabilities include:

- Serial and network (Ethernet) based debugging

- FLASH management

- Simple command line interface, available via serial or Ethernet

- Configurable and extensible, specifically adapted to the target environment

New architectures and platforms added in this release include:

- ARM Thumb

- ARM9

- Cirrus Logic CL-PS7111 and EP72xx

- Cogent CMA222 and CMA230 ARM boards

- Hitachi SH3

- Intel StrongARM

- Intel x86 PC

- Matsushita AM33

- Motorola MBX evaluation board

- NEC MIPS VR4300

- NEC V8xx

For further details of all the changes see the NEWS file in the eCos sources.

Red Hat is dedicated to continued enhancement and maintenance of the eCos system. Developers can look forward to upcoming releases that further expand the architectural and board coverage, extend the functionality of the TCP/IP stack, add a Linux version of the GUI configuration tool, and add major new features such as a Linux/Posix compatibility layer based on the upcoming EL/IX standard - see http://sources.redhat.com/elix/ for more details.

#### eCos in a Nutshell

eCos is an open source, configurable, portable, and royalty-free embedded real-time operating system. The following text expands on these core aspects that define eCos.

eCos is provided as an open source runtime system supported by the Red Hat GNUPro and GNU open source development tools. Developers have full and unfettered access to all aspects of the runtime system. No parts of it are proprietary or hidden, and you are at liberty to examine, add to, and modify the code as you deem necessary. These rights are granted to you and protected by the Red Hat eCos Public License (RHEPL). It also grants you the right to freely develop and distribute applications based on eCos. You are not expected or required to make your embedded applications or any additional components that you develop freely available, although we do require that you make publicly available any modifications to the eCos code itself. Red Hat of course welcomes all contributions back to eCos such as board ports, device drivers and other components, as this helps the growth and development of eCos, and is of benefit to the entire eCos community.

One of the key technological innovations in eCos is our configuration system. The configuration system allows the application writer to impose their requirements on the run-time components, both in terms of their functionality and implementation, whereas traditionally the operating system has constrained the application's own implementation. Essentially, this enables eCos developers to create their own application-specific operating system and makes eCos suitable for a wide range of embedded uses. Configuration also ensures that the resource footprint of eCos is minimized as all unnecessary functionality and features are removed. The configuration system also presents eCos as a component architecture. This provides a standardized mechanism for component suppliers to extend the functionality of eCos and allows applications to be built from a wide set of optional configurable run-time components. Components can be provided from a variety of sources including: the standard eCos release; commercial third party developers; open source contributors; or additional optional components from Red Hat.

The royalty-free nature of eCos means that you can develop and deploy your application using the standard eCos release without incurring any royalty charges. In addition, there are no up-front license charges for the eCos runtime source code and associated tools. We provide, without charge, everything necessary for basic embedded applications development.

eCos is designed to be portable to a wide range of target architectures and target platforms including 16, 32, and 64 bit architectures, MPUs, MCUs and DSPs. The eCos kernel, libraries and runtime components are layered on the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), and thus will run on any target once the HAL and relevant device drivers have been ported to the target's processor architecture and board. Currently eCos supports a large range of different target architectures (ARM, Hitachi SH3, Intel x86, MIPS, Matsushita AM3x, Intel StrongARM, NEC V850, Motorola PowerPC, and SPARC) including many of the popular variants of these architectures and evaluation boards. Many new ports are in development and will be released as they become available.

eCos has been designed to support applications with real-time requirements, providing features such as full preemptability, minimal interrupt latencies, and all the necessary synchronization primitives, scheduling policies, and interrupt handling mechanisms needed for these type of applications. eCos also provides all the functionality required for general embedded application support including device drivers, memory management, exception handling, C, math libraries, etc. In addition to runtime support, the eCos system includes all the tools necessary to develop embedded applications, including eCos software configuration and build tools, and GNU based compilers, assemblers, linkers, debuggers, and simulators.

To get the most out of eCos you should visit the eCos open source developers site: http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/

The site is dedicated to the eCos developer community and contains a rich set of resources including news, FAQ, online documentation, installation guide, discussion and announcement mailing lists, online problem report form, and runtime and development tools downloads. We also support anonymous CVS and WEBCVS access to provide you with direct access to the very latest eCos source base. Complementing the open source developers site is an eCos product site, featuring news, press releases, details of our commercial engineering and support services, products, and third party partner offerings. This is located at http://www.redhat.com/embedded/technologies/ecos/

We have released eCos as open source software because we believe that this is the most effective software development model, and that it provides the greatest benefit to the embedded developer community as a whole. As part of this endeavor, we seek the input and participation of eCos developers in its continuing evolution. Participation can take many forms including:

- providing us with feedback on how eCos might be made more useful to you - by taking part in the ongoing mailing list discussions and by submitting problem reports covering bugs, documentation issues, and missing features

- contributing bug fixes and enhancement patches

- contributing new code including device drivers, board ports, libraries, and other runtime components

Our long term aim is to make eCos a rich and ubiquitous standard infrastructure for the development of deeply embedded applications. This will be achieved in part by Red Hat's own efforts, but also with the assistance of the eCos developer community cooperating to improve eCos for all. I would like to take this opportunity to extend our thanks to the many eCos developers who have already contributed feedback, ideas, patches, and code that have augmented and improved this release.

On behalf of the eCos team, welcome to the eCos developer community.

    Paul Beskeen,
    Director of Engineering, eCos
    November 2000

### Documentation Roadmap

#### Getting Started with eCos

Release Notes

  Description of this release.

Installation Guide

  Hardware and software installation instructions, including instructions on how to execute some prebuilt tests to verify the installation.

Programming Tutorial

  A tutorial that gets you started running programs with eCos.

Appendixes

  Extra information about the licensing terms for eCos.

#### eCos User's Guide

The eCos Configuration Tool

  A description of all features of the Configuration Tool.

Programming concepts and techniques

  An explanation of the eCos programming cycle, and a description of some debugging facilities that eCos offers.

Configuration and the Package Repository

  Information on how to configure eCos manually, including a reference on the ecosconfig command, memory layouts, and information on how to manage a package repository using the eCos Package Administration Tool.

#### eCos Reference Manual

Preliminaries

  An overview of the eCos kernel and configurability system.

Kernel APIs

  In-depth description of eCos"s native C kernel API, the µITRON API, the ISO standard C library, and the eCos Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL). Important considerations are given for programming the eCos kernel. The semantics for each kernel function are described, including how they are affected by configuration.

eCos Device Drivers

  A description of the philosophy behind eCos device drivers, as well as a presentation of the C language API for using the current device drivers.

The ISO Standard C and Math Libraries

  eCos comes with an implementation of the ISO C library specification. This section gives details about the implementation, lists the few functions that are not yet implemented, and gives a complete reference for configuring the C library.

## Release Notes

This release of eCos supports the following architectures:

- Matsushita MN10300 (AM31)

- Matsushita AM33

- Toshiba TX39 (MIPS R3900 derivative)

- Toshiba TX49 (MIPS R4900 derivative)

- PMC-Sierra RM7000A (MIPS IV ISA)

- Motorola PowerPC MPC823, MPC850, and MPC860

- Fujitsu SPARClite MB86831, MB86832, and MB86833

- Advanced RISC Machines ARM7 and ARM9 (including Thumb support on the appropriate cores)

- Intel StrongARM

- Intel XScale

- MIPS 4Kc and 5Kc

- NEC VR4100

- NEC VR4300

- Hitachi SH3

- Hitachi SH4

- NEC V850 family (SA1 and SB1)

- i386 PC and compatibles

- Linux i386—synthetic Linux target

and supports the following target platforms:

- Matsushita MN10300 stdevall (AM31)

- Matsushita STB System reference Board (AM33)

- Toshiba JMR3904 (TX39)

- Toshiba REF4955 (TX49)

- Momentum Computer Inc. Ocelot (PMC-Sierra RM7000A)

- Cogent CMA 101/102 evaluation boards with a CMA287-23 (MPC823), CMA287-50 (MPC850), or CMA 286-60 (MPC860) daughterboard

- Motorola MBX860

- Motorola FADS (MPC860) This board is not supported by Red Hat. See the file `hal/powerpc/fads/`&Version;/README `` for details.

- Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board (SPARClite MB86831, MB86832, and MB86833)

- ARM PID (ARM7/ARM7t/ARM9)

- ARM AEB-1 (revision B and C) evaluation boards

- Cirrus Logic CL-PS7111 (ARM710A CPU) evaluation board, also known as EB7111

- Cirrus Logic EP7209, EP7211 and EP7212 development boards (ARM720T CPU) also known as EDB7209, EDB7211 and EDB7212 respectively.

- Cirrus Logic EP7312 development board (ARM720T CPU core) also known as EDB7312 “Maverick”

- Cogent CMA 101/102 evaluation boards with CMA230 (ARM7tdmi) and CMA222 (ARM710) daughterboards —support for this platform is still “beta”

- ARM Evaluator7T

- Intel StrongARM SA110 EBSA-285 evaluation board

- Intel StrongARM SA1100 Evaluation Platform (Brutus)

- Intel StrongARM SA1100 Multimedia Board

- Intel StrongARM SA1110 Microprocessor Evaluation Platform (Assabet)

- Compaq iPAQ PocketPC (Intel StrongARM SA1110)

- Bright Star Engineering nanoEngine and commEngine (Intel StrongARM SA1110)

- Intel XScale IQ80310 Software Development and Processor Evaluation Kit

- MIPS Malta and Atlas boards

- NEC DDB-VRC4373 (VR4300)

- NEC V850 Cosmo evaluation boards (CEB-V850/SA1 and CEB-V850/SB1)

- Hitachi EDK7708

- Hitachi HS7729PCI

- Hitachi Solution Engine 77x9

- Hitachi Solution Engine 7751

- CQ SH-3 evaluation board (CqREEK 7708)

- CQ SH-4 evaluation board (7750)

- Standard PC motherboard

- Linux (i386) - synthetic Linux target (i386 and compatibles)

This release also supports the following host operating systems:

- UNIX (Redhat Linux, and Solaris are the only tested UNIX variants).

- Microsoft® Windows NT®, Windows 95®, Windows 98®, Windows 2000®. Note that support for Windows 95, 98 and 2000 is still “beta”.

### Notation and Conventions

Since there are many supported target architectures, notation conventions are used in this manual to avoid repeating instructions that are very similar.

#### GDB and GCC Command Notation

Cross-development commands like `gcc` and `gdb` will be shown without prefixed information about the platform for which you are cross-compiling. You need to add the necessary prefix before you execute the commands, so instead of simply typing `gcc` and `gdb`, as illustrated in the various example in this manual, use:

`arm-elf-gcc/thumb-elf-gcc` and`arm-elf-gdb/thumb-elf-gdb` for ARM, Thumb and Intel StrongARM `xscale-elf-gcc` and `xscale-elf-gdb` for Intel XScale `mips64vr4300-elf-gcc` and`mips64vr4300-elf-gdb` for MIPS vr4300 `mips64vr4100el-elf-gcc` and`mips64vr4100el-elf-gdb` for MIPS vr4100 `mips-tx39-elf-gcc` and`mips-tx39-elf-gdb` for MIPS tx39 `mips-tx49-elf-gcc` and`mips-tx49-elf-gdb` for MIPS tx49 `mipsisa32-elf-gcc` and `mipsisa32-elf-gdb` for PMC-Sierra RM7000A, MIPS 4Kc & 5Kc, `mn10300-elf-gcc` and`mn10300-elf-gdb` for MN10300 `powerpc-eabi-gcc` and`powerpc-eabi-gdb` for PowerPC `sh-elf-gcc` and`sh-elf-gdb` for SH `sparclite-elf-gcc` and`sparclite-elf-gdb` for SPARClite `v850-elf-gcc` and`v850-elf-gdb` for NEC V850 `i386-elf-gcc` and`i386-elf-gdb for standard PC i686-pc-linux-gnu-gcc` and `i686-pc-linux-gnu-gdb` for Synthetic Linux.

Note that the GCC cross compiler generates executable files with the `.exe` suffix on Windows, but not on UNIX. The suffix `.exe` will be omitted from executable file names, so you will see `hello` instead of `hello.exe`.

#### Directory and File System Conventions

The default directory for installing eCos on Windows (usually `C:/Program Files/Red Hat/eCos`) is different from that on UNIX (usually `/usr/local/ecos-1.5.x`). Since many command line examples in the tutorials use these paths, this default (base) directory will be cited as BASE_DIR.

Windows and UNIX have a similar file system syntax, but the MS-DOS command interpreter on Windows uses the backslash character (\) as a path separator, while UNIX and POSIX shells (including the Cygwin bash shell for windows) use the forward slash (/).

This document will use the POSIX shell convention of forward slashes throughout.

#### Version Conventions

This manual outlines the features of eCos version 1.5.x. The initial release version was 1.4, and additional 1.4 releases will incorporate one or more additional numbers, represented in this manual by “x”. Please note the exact version number of the version that you are using, because it is incorporated in certain file paths.

### Release Overview

The Embedded Configurable Operating System (eCos) software consists of a set of tools and a run-time environment for developing embedded applications. It is a configurable, open source framework that allows you to build a run-time system that closely matching the needs of your application.

eCos is aimed at embedded software developers who use architectures with tight memory constraints, who want a portable framework for developing their applications.

If you want to start programming eCos immediately, see and .

#### Hardware Abstraction

eCos includes a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) that hides the specific features of each supported CPU and platform, so that the kernel and other run-time components can be implemented in a portable fashion.

The eCos HAL has now been ported to numerous architectures, and to one synthetic target, Linux i386. Notes on porting the HAL to new platforms are provided in the eCos Reference Manual under Kernel porting notes in The eCos Hardware Abstraction Layer section.

#### Embedded Kernel

The core of eCos is a full-featured, flexible, and configurable embedded kernel.

The kernel provides, among other features, multi-threading, a choice of schedulers, a full set of synchronization primitives, memory allocation primitives, and thread manipulation functions (see the eCos Reference Manual for the full kernel API).

The kernel is designed such that some parts of it can be changed or replaced without affecting other kernel components.

The following is a partial list of kernel features:

- choice of memory allocation algorithm

- choice of scheduling algorithm

- a rich set of synchronization primitives

- timers, counters, and alarms

- interrupt handling

- exception handling

- cache control

- thread support

- kernel support for multi-threaded debugging with GDB

- trace buffers

- infrastructure and instrumentation

The kernel API and configuration are described in the eCos Reference Manual.

#### Configurability

The eCos kernel and other components can be configured in great detail at compile time, which avoids the need to add unwanted code to the library to be linked with your application code. There is no performance penalty for configuration.

Configuration is fine-grained, so that very small details of eCos' behavior can be tuned by selecting different configuration options

eCos is organized as a component architecture, with a language to describe the constraints between the components and individual configuration options. These constraints are necessary to resolve inconsistent configurations, such as disabling the code which handles the real-time clock, while enabling per-thread timers.

The designer of a component or general-purpose library should write configurable code using a component definition language (CDL). Once that has been done there is no additional burden on the end user (i.e. an embedded systems developer), who will be able to use eCos' graphical Configuration Tool to configure the kernel and basic libraries without needing to understand how the configuration infrastructure works.

A tutorial explaining how to configure eCos is located in . The eCos User's Guide has more detailed information on running the Configuration Tool and CDL.

#### µITRON and Other Operating Systems

eCos' configurability is the key to simulating different operating systems by using compatibility layers on top of eCos' kernel, because the semantics of basic kernel functions can be configured to match the semantics of other operating systems.

The specification for the µITRON operating system has been implemented on top of eCos. µITRON is configured by selecting appropriate options in the kernel (a real-time clock, the `mlqueue` scheduler, and no timeslicing); and writing a thin layer to map the µITRON system calls.

The µITRON port implements the complete µITRON 3.02 “Standard functionality” (level S) specification, as well as some of the “Extended” (level E) functions. The µITRON implementation is described in more detail in the eCos Reference Manual.

#### ISO C Library

The ISO C and math library shipped with eCos was written to be configurable and tightly integrated with the kernel and the HAL.

By carefully selecting configuration options in the C library, you can significantly reduce the size of the final executable image.

#### Serial Device Drivers

eCos provides serial device drivers for all supported eCos platforms, with the exception of the i386 Linux synthetic target and most simulator platforms. The serial drivers provide an API (documented in the eCos Reference Manual) to control serial ports directly. The standard I/O library can be configured to use them as a transport layer.

#### Monitor Image

##### RedBoot

The new standard bootstrap and debugging environment for Red Hat embedded systems is RedBoot, a configurable and extensible command line application which provides serial and network debugging and FLASH management. Based on the eCos HAL, RedBoot supports eCos, GNUPro applications and embedded Linux systems on a wide range of architectures, including ARM, MIPS, MN10300, PowerPC, SHx, v850 and x86.

Redboot provides a GDB stub allowing debugging with the GDB debugger, and is supplied as a standalone application with the eCos distribution. See also the RedBoot User's Guide.

RedBoot is recommended for all platforms. Only those platforms mentioned below where there is (presently) no RedBoot support, should CygMon or bare GDB stubs be used.

##### CygMon

eCos ships with a CygMon ROM monitor for the MN10300, TX39, SPARClite, EP7209, EP7211 and EP7212 Development Boards. This includes a GDB stub, thus allowing GDB to be used to debug eCos applications on these evaluation boards. For the Brutus board, two stubs are provided: one with the high FLASH portion and the other with the low FLASH portion. In addition to shipping the actual ROM, the image of that ROM is provided in case you need to burn identical copies for additional boards (see ).

The TCP stack in the SPARClite version of CygMon uses timer1 of the 86940 as a freerunning millisecond counter. This means timer1 cannot be used by the application.

For the MN10300, TX39 and SPARClite port of CygMon, the source code to it is included as part of the GNUPro package, so that you may recompile it as described in the GNUPro documentation. For the port of CygMon to the EP7211 and EP7212 Development Boards, the source code to CygMon is included as an integral part of eCos. See for information on how to rebuild CygMon for the EP7211.Please note that releases of CygMon previous to the one currently supplied with eCos are incompatible with eCos.

##### GDB Stubs

For the AM33 STB and MN10300 stdeval1, PowerPC MBX860, PowerPC Cogent, EBSA 285, EDK7708, CQ7708, CQ7750, VRC4373, and ARM PID, ARM Cogent, ARM AEB, Cirrus Logic EDB7211 and EDB7209/7212, TX39 jmr3904, CEB-V850/SA1 and CEB-V850/SB1 targets, the ROM images include a GDB stub. This allows GDB to connect to the board and download eCos programs.

For the TX49 REF4955, eCos ships with a GDB stub image in SREC format which must be programmed into the board’s FLASH memory.

For the AM33 STB, ARM AEB-1 EBSA 285, SA1100 (Brutus) and SA1110 (Assabet), the ROM image includes a GDB stub that can be installed in the FLASH ROM on the board.

No monitor image is required for the synthetic Linux target.

#### Tests and Examples

Test suites are included for every portion of eCos shipped in this release. These are brief programs that test the behavior of most system calls and libraries in eCos. describes how to build and run these test suites.

The last chapters of provide examples that guide you the steps required for running eCos applications, starting from a “Hello world” program and then moving on to more complex programs that use additional kernel features.

#### GNU Tools and their Documentation

Red Hat's GNUPro Toolkit, which includes the GCC and G++ compilers and the GDB debugger, is needed to build eCos applications. It is bundled with the CD-ROM distribution of the eCos Developer's Kit, and is also available on the net at http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/

Online HTML versions of the full GNUPro documentation are included with eCos, as well as a specific GNUPro tools reference guide for your hardware architecture, customized for use with eCos. The full GNUPro documentation can also be found on the web at: http://www.redhat.com/support/manuals/gnupro.html

The Linux synthetic i386 target is an exception, as there is (currently) no GNUPro manual. However, the GNUPro source archive contains documentation for the tools. This documentation is usually also included as part of a default Red Hat Linux installation, accessible with the info program.

#### eCos Documentation

The eCos documentation set includes Getting Started with eCos, the eCos User's Guide, the eCos Reference Manual, and a GNUPro Reference Manual for your specific architecture.

For users of the eCos Net releases, these are available online in HTML format at http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/

### Package Contents

#### eCos Net Release

The eCos Net Release consists of the archive files for GNUPro and eCos, which are located on the Red Hat eCos web site: http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/

The eCos Net Release, because it is digitally distributed only, does not provide ROM images for the various development boards. However, the ROM images for the supported hardware platforms are included in the distribution, so you can burn your own Flash ICs to work with eCos.

HTML versions of the GNUPro and eCos manuals are included in the distribution, and are also available online.

#### eCos Developer’s Kit

If you have a CD distribution of the eCos Developer’s Kit, you will find the following items in your package:

- A card to request printed eCos documentation (Getting Started with eCos, the eCos User’s Guide, and the eCos Reference Manual), and the complete GNUPro documentation suite, including an eCos-specific reference manual for your architecture.

  With this card you can also request a copy of a book by Dr. Ken Sakamura: µITRON 3.0 An Open and Portable Real-Time Operating System for Embedded Systems.

- eCos version 1.5.x CD-ROM with source code and precompiled binaries.

##### MN10300 Package

The MN10300 package contains eCos-specific monitor PROMs for the Matsushita stdeval1 evaluation board. There are no extras for the Matsushita AM33 System Reference Board in the Developers’ Kit.

##### TX39 Package

The TX39 package contains eCos-specific monitor PROMs for the Toshiba JMR3904 evaluation board.

##### TX49 Package

The TX49 package does not contain anything in addition to the installation CD.

##### PowerPC Package

The PowerPC package contains an eCos-specific PROM for either the Motorola PowerPC MBX860 evaluation board or the Cogent evaluation board.

The PROM for the Cogent board can be used in all three types of daughterboards (CMA287-50, CMA287-23 and CMA286-60).

##### SPARClite Package

The SPARClite package contains an eCos-specific monitor PROM for the Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board.

##### ARM Package

The ARM package contains an eCos-specific PROM for the PID evaluation board or the Cogent evaluation board. This PROM contains a Thumb-aware stub. There are no extras for the AEB-1, EDB7111 or EDB7211 boards in the Developer's Kit.

##### StrongARM Package

The StrongARM package contains no extras for any StrongARM boards in the developers’ kit.

##### VR4100 Package

The VR4100 package contains no extras in the developers’ kit.

##### VR4300 Package

The VR4300 package contains an eCos-specific PROM for the NEC VRC4373 evaluation board.

##### CEB-V850 Package

The CEB-V850 package contains no extras in the developers’ kit.

##### SH3 Package

The SH package contains both big-endian and little-endian versions of the eCos stub PLCC ROM for the Hitachi SH3 EDK7708 board.

For the CQ CQ7708 board, a GDB stub image suitable for programming into ROM or EPROM is provided.

### System Requirements

#### Required

- Standard Intel architecture PC running Linux (tested on Red Hat Linux distributions 5.0-7.0), and English or Japanese versions of Microsoft Windows NT version 4.0 (service pack 3 or above must be installed), Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows 2000. Other versions of Red Hat distributions, or Linux distributions from other vendors should work as well.

- Windows NT users must install Internet Explorer 4.0 or later, since this will ensure correct operation of the Configuration Tool .

  Sun workstation running Solaris 2.5.1 or later for the SPARC.

  Support for any platform except for Windows NT 4.0, Solaris 2.5.1 and Linux is beta. In particular, rebuilding the GNUPro compiler toolchain is only supported and tested on Windows NT 4.0, Solaris 2.5.1, and Red Hat Linux.

- Enough disk space for the installed distribution. The eCos installation process will detail the various components of eCos and the GNUPro toolkit that can be installed, and their disk space requirements.

- 64MB of RAM and a 350MHz or faster Pentium processor.

If you are downloading the eCos Net Release distribution from Red Hat's sources.redhat.com site, you will also need space to store that image and to compile GNUPro and eCos from source.

If you will be using the MN10300 stdeval1 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- A Matsushita MN10300 standard evaluation board with eCos CygMon Debug PROMs installed

- One standard modem (straight connection) serial cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the evaluation board. An optional second serial cable can be used for diagnostic I/O.

If you will be using the AM33 STB system reference board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- A Matsushita AM33 STB System Reference Board, with the ability to download using the JTAG debugger. To enable debugging using GDB, the eCos “GDB stubs ROM” will need to have been programmed into the Flash ROM.

- Connection to the host computer should be made using a null modem RS232 serial cable. A gender changer may also be required.

If you will be using the TX39 JMR3904 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- JMR-TX3904 RISC Processor Reference Board with eCos CygMon Debug EPROMs installed

- A null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the evaluation board

If you will be using the TX49 REF4955 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- TX49 REF4955 board with eCos GDB stubs programmed into the FLASH

If you will be using the PowerPC Cogent board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- Cogent CMA101/102 evaluation board with a CMA287-23 (MPC823), CMA287-50 (MPC850), or CMA286-60 (MPC860) daughterboard and eCos “GDB stubs” ROM installed. Information and online manuals for the Cogent board can be found at http://www.cogcomp.com/.

- Serial cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the RJ-11 serial I/O connector, P12 (CMA101) or P3 (CMA102), on the evaluation board.

If you will be using the PowerPC MBX860 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- Motorola PowerPC MBX860 evaluation board and eCos “GDB stubs” ROM installed.

- Suitable serial cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the SMC1/COM1 connector on the evaluation board.

If you will be using the Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC (only required if using the serial connection).

- Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board with a CygMon ROM installed.

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the CON1 serial I/O connector on the evaluation board.

- An ethernet connection between the PC and the evaluation board (possibly via a LAN). The ethernet connection is not necessary if you have a serial connection, but it does improve download speeds immensely.

If you will be using the ARM PID evaluation board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- ARM PID evaluation board with eCos

  GDB stubs ROM installed, or GDB stubs programmed in the FLASH ROM (see ).

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the SerialA serial I/O connector on the evaluation board.

If you will be using the ARM AEB-1 evaluation board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- ARM AEB-1 evaluation board with eCos GDB stubs ROM image installed in the FLASH ROM.

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector on the evaluation board.

If you will be using the ARM Evaluator-7T evaluation board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- ARM E7T evaluation board with RedBoot image installed in the FLASH ROM.

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector on the evaluation board.

If you will be using the Cogent CMA230 evaluation board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- Cogent CMA101/102 evaluation board with a CMA (ARM7tdmi) daughterboard and eCos

  GDB stubs ROM installed. Information and online manuals for the Cogent board can be found at http://www.cogcomp.com/

- Serial cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the RJ-11 serial I/O connector, P11 (CMA101) or P3 (CMA102), on the evaluation board.

If you will be using the Cirrus Logic CL-PS7111 Evaluation Board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- A Cirrus Logic CL-PS7111 Evaluation Board with an eCos GDB stubs ROM image installed in the FLASH ROM.

- Custom cable that is supplied with the CL-PS7111 Evaluation Board connected from a serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector labelled “Serial Port 1”.

If you will be using the Cirrus Logic EP7209, EP7211 or EP7212 Development Boards, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- A Cirrus Logic ARM EP7211 or EP7212 Development Board, with either a RedBoot, CygMon or GDB stub ROM image installed in the FLASH ROM.

- If connecting with a serial cable, use a null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector labelled “UART 1” on the EP7211 Development Board, and “Serial Port 0” on the EP7209 and EP7212 Development Boards. A gender changer may also be required.

If you will be using the Cirrus Logic EP7312 Development Boards, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- A Cirrus Logic ARM EP7312 Development System with RedBoot installed in the FLASH ROM.

- If connecting with a serial cable, use a null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to either serial I/O connector on the EP7312 Development Board. A gender changer may also be required.

  Alternatively you can connect using the standard ethernet connector on the board.

If you will be using the Intel StrongARM EBSA-285 evaluation board, you will also need:

- Intel StrongARM EBSA-285 evaluation board with RedBoot or eCos GDB stubs ROM image installed in the FLASH ROM.

If serial debugging is to be used:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector on the evaluation board. A gender changer may also be required.

If network debugging is to be used:

- Suitable network interface card on the development PC and connecting cables

If you will be using the Bright Star Engineering commEngine or nanoEngine boards, you will also need:

- BSE commEngine or nanoEngine board with RedBoot image installed in the FLASH ROM.

If serial debugging is to be used:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector on the evaluation board. A gender changer may also be required.

If network debugging is to be used:

- Suitable network interface card on the development PC and connecting cables

If you will be using the Intel SA1100 Evaluation Platform (Brutus), you will need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- Intel SA1100 board with RedBoot, CygMon or eCos GDB stubs programmed into the FLASH

If you will be using the Intel SA1100 Multimedia Board, you will need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- Intel SA1100MM board with RedBoot installed into FLASH

If you will be using the Intel SA1110 Evaluation Platform (Assabet), you will need:

- Intel SA1110 board with RedBoot, CygMon, or eCos GDB stubs programmed into the FLASH

If serial debugging is to be used:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

If network debugging is to be used:

- A Compact Flash ethernet card for the platform for use with network debugging under RedBoot

- A suitable network interface card on the development PC and connecting cables

If you will be using the Compaq iPAQ PocketPC, you will need:

- Compaq iPAQ with RedBoot programmed into the FLASH

If serial debugging is to be used:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC

- Cradle or cable to connect to the host PC

If network debugging is to be used:

- A Compact Flash ethernet card for the platform for use with network debugging under RedBoot

- Cradle and connectors for the CF ethernet card.

- A suitable network interface card on the development PC and connecting cables

If you will be using the Intel XScale IQ80310 Evaluation Kit, you will also need:

- Intel IQ80310 board with RedBoot installed in the FLASH.

If serial debugging is to be used:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector on the evaluation board. A gender changer may also be required.

If network debugging is to be used:

- Suitable network interface card on the development PC and connecting cables

If you will be using the NEC VRC4373 evaluation board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- NEC4373 evaluation board with eCos “GDB stubs” ROM installed.

- Straight-thru cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector J1 on the evaluation board

If you will be using the Momentum Computer Inc. PMC-Sierra RM7000A based Ocelot board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- Ocelot board with RedBoot image installed in FLASH ROM.

- Null modem cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the serial I/O connector on the evaluation board. A gender changer may also be required.

If you will be using the Hitachi EDK7708 board, you will also need:

- One (16550 based) serial port on the PC

- Hitachi EDK7708 board with a SH3/7708 CPU and eCos “GDB stubs” installed in FLASH.

- Serial cable (provided with the board) to connect the serial port on the board.

If you will be using the SH3 CQ7708 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- CQ CQ7708 board with a SH3/7708 CPU and eCos GDB stubs installed.

If you will be using the SH3 HS7729 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- Hitachi HS7729PCI board with a SH3/7729 CPU and RedBoot installed.

If you will be using the SH3 SE77x9 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- Hiatchi Solution Engine 7709/7729 board with a SH3/7709 or SH3/7729 CPU and RedBoot installed.

If you will be using the SH4 SE7751 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- Hitachi Solution Engine 7751 board with a SH4/7751 CPU and RedBoot installed.

If you will be using the SH4 CQ7750 board, you will also need:

- One 16550-based serial port on the PC.

- CQ CQ7750 board with a SH4/7750 CPU and eCos GDB stubs installed.

If you will be using the NEC V850 Cosmo Evaluation Board, you will also need:

- NEC CEB-V850/SA1 or NEC CEB-V850/SB1 board with eCos GDB stubs installed in the EPROM.

- Serial cable to connect the serial port on the PC to the DB-9 connector on the CEB-V850

If using the NEC V850 I.C.E. kit for development, you will also need:

- a PC running Microsoft Windows, to run the Windows-only NEC software

- The `v850ice.exe` ”libremote” application to provide an interface between the NEC software and the GDB debugger.

If you will be using an x86 board, you will also need:

- A standard PC motherboard with an i386 or better processor and a 3.5” floppy disk drive. Optionally, a color text-mode-only display card with monitor or keyboard may also be provided. Any standard PC will provide all the hardware required to run eCos.

If serial debugging is to be used:

- A null modem cable to connect the COM1 port on the target motherboard to a serial port on the host system.

If network debugging is to be used:

- Suitable network interface card on the development PC and connecting cables

- An Intel i82559 based PCI ethernet card (for example an Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100) may be installed for use by the eCos network stack or for network debugging.

If you will be using the Linux synthetic target, you will also need:

- An x86 PC with an installed Linux distribution (tested with Red Hat Linux distributions 5.0 - 7.0).

#### Recommended

- A Pentium II computer and 64MB or more of RAM are recommended for best build performance.

The system has been tested only in the recommended configuration above, although other configurations are expected to work.

### Reporting Problems

Reporting bugs and other problems is very important: it allows Red Hat to solve your problem quickly, and improves the eCos product. The effort you make in reporting problems is appreciated.

To submit a problem report, please use the web interface. If you have a CD distribution of the eCos Developer's Kit, you should use the address: http://support.cygnus.com/

You will need a login name and an ID, provided by your administrator.

If you are using the eCos Net release you should use the address http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/problemreport.html

#### Known Bugs in eCos and GNUPro

Before filing bug reports, however, please read the README provided with this release. It describes known problems and possible workarounds in eCos or with the GNUPro Toolkit. The file is at the base of the distribution.

#### How to Report Problems

For documentation discussing methods of reporting on, editing and querying, see the following Accessing Red Hat Web Support to Report Problems, or Additional Options in this chapter.

This documentation serves only as a guide and it is not meant to supercede the Help documentation on the Web Support site. We have tried to make our software as trouble-free as possible. If you do encounter problems, we'd like to diagnose and fix the problem as quickly as possible.

##### Accessing Red Hat Web Support to Report Problems

If you have a CD distribution, use the following instructions to access the Red Hat Support website.

- Use the following URL in your web browser's address or location dialog box. http://support.cygnus.com/

- Click on the Case Management System icon, enter your ID and password, and the Welcome page will be displayed.

###### Welcome page for the Red Hat web support site

Access the Welcome page at any time by using the Welcome link (in the navigation bar on the left side of each Web Support page).

If you have the CD distribution, your details will have been entered in the database, and will be displayed on the Welcome page. If you wish to alter these details, select the Profile link in the navigation bar on the left side of the page.

- Use the links included in the navigation bar on the left side of the page to perform any of the following Red Hat Web Support activities.

- New Case (see , , and the Red Hat Support website)

- Query Case (see Additional options, and the Red Hat Support website)

- Add Notes (see Additional options, and the Red Hat Support website)

- Find Solutions (see Additional options, and the Red Hat Support website)

- Profile (see Additional options, and the Red Hat Support website)

- Help documentation see Additional options, and the Red Hat Support website)

- Close Case (see Additional options, and the Red Hat Support website)

##### Submitting a Support Request

Use the following instructions to submit a support request, once you have a valid ID established.

- Click on New Case to create a new reported problem case.

The New Case page allows you to complete the creation of a new case. If there is more than one site, select the site relating to your problem.

- Click on Use This Site ID button to display a list of the relevant products.

- Select a product from the list and then click on the Create Case for Selected Product button.

  ###### New case web page

  (Each customer has a valid list of parts of Red Hat products for which they can submit problem reports. These components are part of the Web Support database.)

- Type a brief description of the case in the Case Title field. You can enter up to 80 characters in this field.

- Select a case type from the Type drop-down menu that best describes the case.

- Select a customer severity level from the Severity drop-down menu that best describes how severe you view this problem.

- Select a case priority level from the Priority drop-down menu that best describes the priority of this case to Red Hat.

- Type a complete description of your case in the Problem Description field.

- Use the scrollbars to scroll text in this field. You can add up to 30 kilobytes of text in this field.

- Click on the Create Case button at the bottom of the page to create the case in the Red Hat Web Support database. Alternatively, clear the input fields on the New Case page, using the Clear button.

After you create your case, the Case Details page displays, which includes the Case ID number that the support database assigns to your case.

To create a new case for a different site and/or part, click the New Case link in the navigation bar; then use the previous instructions.

##### Additional Options

The following documentation discusses the other features for the Red Hat Web Support site. Red Hat has a database to help in determining when problems developed, tracking the problems case from their first report through analysis and resolution. The database can also be used for correlation with other products as well as to other related problems.

- Click on Query Case to find an existing problem case in our database.

You may examine problem cases in the Red Hat Web Support database, searching by solution ID or by entering keywords and/or a key phrase. There are options on this page enabling you to control how your search works.

At this point, view a problem case's details, check its status, add notes or close a problem.

- Click on Add Notes to add additional data to an existing case in our database.

- Click on Find Solutions to search for problem solutions in the database. The search will provide a list of the current problem cases in the Red Hat Web Support database.

- Click on Profile to change your profile information and/or your Web Support password in our database. A Profile page will be displayed.

- Click on Help for questions about using the Web Support page. The online help documentation for the Web Support site supercedes this guide; it is not meant to supercede the more updated Help documentation for the Web Support site.

- Click on Close Case link to close a case. Closing a case brings the problem to its resolution.

###### Updating your profile

###### Clicking on Profile allows you to Changing your profile for updating the Red Hat Web support database

Clicking on Profile allows you to enter the following details (in , ficticious details were created for the example problem's reported case).

- Your contact name

- The primary phone number where Red Hat Support can contact you

- FAX number Red Hat Support can use to send you information

- Your e-mail address

- Your site ID, used to identify your primary site in the Web Support database (a Red Hat representative will provide this information)

- Your site name

## Installation Guide

### Software Installation

#### Software Installation on Windows

If you have a CD distribution of the eCos Developer's Kit, you have received the eCos software and its supporting utilities on a single CD-ROM for installation on a PC-compatible computer running Windows NT 4.0, Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows 2000. If you use NT you must apply the NT 4.0 Service Pack 3 or above before installing eCos. Support is only for Windows NT 4.0. Installations on other Windows platforms are beta.

The following components are provided on the eCos CD-ROM:

- eCos source code

- Prebuilt eCos libraries and tests

- eCos documentation

- Red Hat GNUPro compiler toolchain for eCos source code compilation

- Red Hat Cygwin environment: this product provides a POSIX compatibility layer on top of Windows NT, and supports the GNUPro tools on Windows NT.

- The GNU user tools—a collection of utilities that developers, particularly those with a UNIX background, will find useful. However, they are not supported by Red Hat.

- Documentation for the GNUPro tools, including a Reference Manual for the particular evaluation board being used to run eCos.

If you have obtained the Net release of eCos for Windows, you will have the distribution in a self-extracting archive. Apart from the difference in medium, the installation procedure for eCos itself will be the same as for the CD-ROM-based distribution.

The software installation process involves a number of installation utilities. Some familiarity with Windows is assumed.

1. Invoke the file Setup.exe on the CD-ROM. This will start the installation procedure. If you have the `autorun` feature enabled, Windows will run Setup.exe automatically when the CD-ROM is inserted into the drive.

2. The setup program will offer to install the GNU user tools. Click OK.

3. You will be prompted for a file path in which to install the GNU user tools. The default will be in the `/cygnus/gnupro/i686-cygwin32/i686-cygwin32` hierarchy (usually on drive C). It will then offer to install the source code and documentation for the GNU user tools. It is recommended that you install the documentation, but not the source code, unless you are interested in modifying or recompiling the GNU user tools.

4. At this point the setup program will begin installing eCos. Click OK.

5. The default path offered for eCos installation will be in the `/Program Files/Red Hat` hierarchy (usually on drive C). You may change this path, and indeed you will need to change it if that partition does not have sufficient free disk space available. It is recommended that you accept the default selection of software components for installation.

6. You will be asked to select the program folder under which the eCos menu items will be placed. The default folder name is `Red Hat eCos`.

7. The installation should finish normally, offering to show you the `README` file that contains any last minute information and a list of known problems detected after this document was printed. Once the installation is finished, you can start eCos or view the online documentation by selecting Start -> Programs -> Red Hat eCos , and then choosing an option within this folder, e.g Configuration Tool , Package Administration Tool , etc.

At this point you are ready to configure and build a customized eCos kernel as described in .

The order of directories in the PATH is very important, and build failures may result if the PATH is not set correctly. If you are having difficulties in building eCos, please make sure you have set the PATH exactly as above.

#### Software Installation on UNIX

Installation and build instructions for the eCos Net release are available on the Red Hat eCos web site http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/

##### Installing the eCos Developer's Kit under Linux

Users of the eCos Developer's Kit under Red Hat Linux should use the following instructions, for most of which you will normally need to be the root user.

1. The CD-ROM must be “mounted” before installation can proceed. Execute the command:

       # mount /dev/cdrom/ /mnt/cdrom

   Install the eCos repository from the RPM file ecos15x.rpm (where x or xx are final digits of the current version number), located in the root directory of the CD-ROM using the following command:

       # rpm -i /mnt/cdrom/ecos15x.rpm

   Note that root privileges are required to perform this installation. On completion, the eCos repository may be found in the directory /opt/ecos/ecos-1.5.x.

2. Extract the eCos development tools from the compressed tar archive tool-bin.tgz, located in the root directory of the CD-ROM, using the following commands:

       # mkdir /usr/cygnus
       # cd /usr/cygnus
       # gunzip -c < /mnt/cdrom/tool-bin.tgz | tar xvf -

3. On completion, the eCos development tools may be found in the directory `/usr/cygnus/ecos-DEVTOOLSVERSION`. The source code for the development tools may optionally be installed in the same way:

       # gunzip -c < /mnt/cdrom/tool-src.tgz | tar xvf -

4. Add the eCos host tools and development tools to the front of your path. Under Linux, you should modify the PATH environment variable as follows. Using sh, ksh, or bash:

       $ PATH=/opt/ecos/ecos-1.5.x/tools/bin:/usr/cygnus/DEVTOOLSVERSION/H-i686-pc-linux-gnu/bin:$PATH
       $ export PATH

   Using csh or tcsh: Note that csh also requires the shell command “rehash” after modifying the path for the path change to take effect.

       $ setenv PATH /opt/ecos/ecos-1.5.x/tools/bin:/usr/cygnus/DEVTOOLSVERSION/H-i686-pc-linux-gnu/bin:$PATH

   Set the ECOS_REPOSITORY environment variable as follows. Using sh, ksh or bash:

       $ ECOS_REPOSITORY=/opt/ecos/ecos-1.5.x/packages
       $ export ECOS_REPOSITORY

   Using csh or tcsh:

       $ setenv ECOS_REPOSITORY /opt/ecos/ecos-1.5.x/packages

At this point you are ready to configure and build a customized eCos kernel as shown in .

The order of directories in the PATH is very important, and build failures may result if the PATH is not set correctly. If you are having difficulties in building eCos, please make sure you have set the PATH exactly as above.

##### Installing the eCos Developer's Kit under Solaris

Users of the eCos Developer's Kit under Solaris should use the following instructions, which assume that the CD-ROM is available at `/cdrom/cdrom0`.

1. Extract the eCos repository from the compressed tar archive ecos15x.taz (where x or xx are the final digits of the version number), located in the root directory of the CD-ROM using the following commands:

       # mkdir /usr/local
       # cd /usr/local
       # zcat < /cdrom/cdrom0/ecos15x.taz | tar xvf -

   On completion, the eCos repository may be found in the directory `/usr/local/ecos-1.5.x`.

2. Extract the eCos development tools from the compressed tar archive `tool-bin.taz`, located in the root directory of the CD-ROM, using the following commands:

       # mkdir /usr/cygnus
       # cd /usr/cygnus
       # zcat < /cdrom/cdrom0/tool-bin.taz | tar xvf -

   On completion, the executable files of the eCos development tools may be found in the directory

       /usr/cygnus/ecos-DEVTOOLSVERSION/H-host-triplet/bin

   The source code for the development tools may optionally be installed in the same way:

       # zcat < /cdrom/cdrom0/tool-src.taz | tar xvf -

3. Add the eCos host tools, development tools and any native tools supporting the eCos build process to the front of your path. Under Solaris you should modify the PATH environment variable as follows.

   Using sh, ksh, or bash:

       $ PATH=/usr/local/ecos-1.5.x/tools/bin:/usr/xpg4/bin/usr/ucb:$PATH
       $ export PATH

   Using csh or tcsh:

   Note that csh also requires the shell command "rehash" after modifying the path for the path change to take effect.

       % setenv PATH  /usr/local/ecos-1.5.x/tools/bin:/usr/xpg4/bin:/usr/ucb:$PATH

4. Set the ECOS_REPOSITORY environment varable as follows:

   Using sh, ksh or bash:

       $ ECOS_REPOSITORY=/usr/local/ecos-1.5.x/packages
       $ export ECOS_REPOSITORY

   Using csh or tcsh:

       % setenv ECOS_REPOSITORY /usr/local/ecos-1.5.x/packages

At this point you are ready to configure and build a customized eCos kernel as shown in .

The order of directories in the PATH is very important, and build failures may result if the PATH is not set correctly. If you are having difficulties in building eCos, please make sure you have set the PATH exactly as above.

### Target Setup

#### Connecting To A Target Via Serial

While eCos supports a variety of targets, communication with all the targets happens in one of four ways. These are descibed in general below.

The descriptions are followed by descriptions of each target, providing specific details of how to set up the target (if hardware) and the necessary communication information (such as baud rate for hardware targets, or special connection options for simulator targets).

Most targets will have eCos GDB stubs or RedBoot installed. These normally wait for GDB to connect at 38400 baud, using 8 data bit, no parity bit and 1 stop-bit (no hardware flow control). Check the section for your target to ensure it uses this speed. If not, adjust the following instructions accordingly.

The following instructions depend on your having selected the appropriate serial port on the host. That is, the serial port which connects to the target's (primary) serial port. On Linux this could be `/dev/ttyS0`, while the same port on Windows would be named COM1, or `/dev/ttya` on Solaris. Substitute the proper serial port name in the below.

Connect to the target by issuing the following commands in GDB console mode:

    (gdb) set remotebaud 38400
    (gdb) set mips saved-gpreg-size 32  (for VR4300)
    (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0

In Insight, connect by opening the File->Target Settings window and enter:

    Target: Remote/Serial
    Baud Rate: 38400
    Port: /dev/ttyS0

Set other options according to preference, close the window and select Run->Connect to target.

#### Connecting To A Target Via Ethernet

Some targets allow GDB to connect via Ethernet - if so, it will be mentioned in the section describing the target. Substitute the target's assigned IP address or hostname for <hostname> in the following. The <port> is the TCP port which the eCos GDB stub or CygWin is listening on. It is also listed in the section describing the target.

Connect to the target by issuing the following command in GDB console mode:

    (gdb) target remote <hostname>:<port>

In Insight, connect by opening the File->Target Settings window and enter:

    Target: Remote/TCP
    Hostname: <hostname>
    Port: <port>

You will also need to open the GDB console window with View->Console and enter “set mips saved-gpreg-size 32” at the prompt

Set other options according to preference, close the window and select Run->Connect to target.

#### Connecting To A Simulator Target

GDB connects to all simulator targets using the same basic command, although each simulator may require additional options. These are listed in the section describing the target, and should be used when connecting.

Connect to the target by issuing the following command in GDB console mode:

    (gdb) target sim [target specific options]

In Insight, connect by opening the File->Target Settings window and enter:

    Target: Simulator
    Options: [target specific options]

Set other options according to preference, close the window and select Run->Connect to target.

#### Connecting To A Synthetic Target

Synthetic targets are special in that the built tests and applications actually run as native applications on the host. This means that there is no target to connect to. The test or application can be run directly from the GDB console using:

    (gdb) run

or from Insight by pressing the Run icon. There is therefore no need to connect to the target or download the application, so you should ignore GDB “target” and “load” commands in any instructions found in other places in the documentation.

#### MN10300 stdeval1 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with a pair of EPROMs which provide GDB support for the Matsushita MN10300 (AM31) series evaluation board using CygMon, the Cygnus ROM monitor. Images of these EPROMs are also provided at `BASE_DIR/loaders/mn10300-stdeval1/cygmon.bin`. The LSB EPROM (LROM) is installed to socket IC8 on the board and the MSB EPROM (UROM) is installed to socket IC9. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of these EPROMs during installation.

The CygMon stubs allows communication with GDB by way of the serial port at connector CN2. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit, and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a standard RS232C serial cable (not a null modem cable). A gender changer may also be required.

#### MN10300 Architectural Simulator Setup

The MN10300 simulator is an architectural simulator for the Matsushita MN10300 that implements all features of the microprocessor necessary to run eCos. The current implementation provides accurate simulation of the instruction set, interrupt controller, timers, and serial I/O.

In this release, you can run the same eCos binaries in the simulator that can run on target hardware, if built for ROM start-up, with the exception of those that use the watchdog timer.

However, note that AM33 devices required to run eCos are not simulated; therefore you cannot run eCos binaries built for the AM33 under the simulator. For the AM33, the simulator is effectively an instruction-set only simulator.

To simplify connection to the simulator, you are advised to create a GDB macro by putting the following code in your personal GDB start-up file (gdb.ini on Windows and .gdbinit on UNIX).

    define msim
     target sim --board=stdeval1 --memory-region 0x34004000,0x8

     rbreak cyg_test_exit
     rbreak cyg_assert_fail
    end

You can then connect to the simulator by invoking the command

    msim

on the command line:

    (gdb) msim

You can achieve the same effect by typing out the macro’s content on the command line if necessary.

#### AM33 STB Hardware Setup

The Matsushita AM33 STB System Reference Board may be used in two modes: via a JTAG debugger, or by means of a GDB stub ROM.

##### Use with GDB Stub ROM

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with a ROM image which provides GDB support for the Matsushita(R) AM33 STB System Reference Board. To install the GDB stub ROM requires the use of the JTAG debugger and the Flash ROM programming code available from Matsushita. An image of this ROM is also provided at `loaders/am33-stb/gdbload.bin` under the root of your eCos installation.

Ensure that there is a Flash ROM card in MAIN MEMORY SLOT <0>. Follow the directions for programming a Flash ROM supplied with the programming software.

The final programming of the ROM will need to be done with a command similar to the following:

    fdown "gdbload.bin",0x80000000,16,1

Once the ROM has been programmed, close down the JTAG debugger, turn the STB off, and disconnect the JTAG cable. Ensure that the hardware switches are in the following configuration:

    U U D D D U D D

    D = lower part of rocker switch pushed in
    U = upper part of rocker switch pushed in

This is also the configuration required by the Flash programming code, so it should not be necessary to change these.

Restart the STB and the stub ROM will now be able to communicate with GDB. eCos programs should be built with RAM startup.

Programs can then be downloaded via a standard RS232 null modem serial cable connected to the SERIAL1 connector on the STB front panel (the AM33"s serial port 0). This line is programmed to run at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity and 1 stop bit (8-N-1) with no flow control. A gender changer may also be required. Diagnostic output will be output to GDB using the same connection.

This procedure also applies for programming ROM startup eCos programs into ROM, given a binary format image of the program from

     mn10300-elf-objcopy.

##### Use with the JTAG debugger

To use eCos from the JTAG debugger, executables must be built with ROM startup and then downloaded via the JTAG debugger. For this to work there must be an SDRAM memory card in SUB MEMORY SLOT <0> and the hardware switches on the front panel set to the following:

    D U D D D U D D

    D = lower part of rocker switch pushed in
    U = upper part of rocker switch pushed in

Connect the JTAG unit and run the debugger as described in the documentation that comes with it.

eCos executables should be renamed to have a “.out” extension and may then be loaded using the debugger"s “l” or “lp” commands.

Diagnostic output generated by the program will be sent out of the AM33"s serial port 0 which is connected to the SERIAL1 connector on the STB front panel. This line is programmed to run at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, and one stop bit (8-N-1) with no flow control. Connection to the host computer should be using a standard RS232 null modem serial cable. A gender changer may also be required.

##### Building the GDB stub ROM image

eCos comes with a pre-built GDB stub ROM image for the AM33-STB platform. This can be found at `loaders/am33-stb/gdbload.bin` relative to the eCos installation directory.

If necessary, the ROM image can be re-built as follows:

1. On Windows hosts, open a Bash session using Start->Programs->Red Hat eCos->eCos Development Environment

2. Create a build directory and cd into it

3. Run (all as one line):

       cygtclsh80 BASE_DIR/packages/pkgconf.tcl                          \
         --target=mn10300_am33 --platform stb --startup rom              \
         --disable-kernel --disable-uitron --disable-libc --disable-libm \
         --disable-io --disable-io_serial --disable-wallclock
       --disable-watchdog

   where BASE_DIR is the path to the eCos installation directory.

4. Edit the configuration file `pkgconf/hal.h` in the build directory tree by ensuring the following configuration options are set as follows:

       #define CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_INCLUDE_STUBS
       #define CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_BREAK_SUPPORT
       #undef  CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_CTRLC_SUPPORT
       #define CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_THREAD_SUPPORT
       #define CYG_HAL_ROM_MONITOR

5. Run: make

6. Run: make -C hal/common/current/current/src/stubrom

7. The file `hal/common/current/src/stubrom` will be an ELF format executable of the ROM image. Use mn10300-elf-objcopy to convert this to the appropriate format for loading into the Matsushita FLASH ROM programmer, mode “binary” in this case:

       $ mn10300-elf-objcopy -O binary hal/common/current/src/stubrom/ \
         stubrom stubrom.img

#### TX39 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with a pair of ROMs that provide GDB support for the Toshiba JMR-TX3904 RISC processor reference board by way of CygMon.

Images of these ROMs are also provided at `BASE_DIR/loaders/tx39-jmr3904/cygmon50.bin` and `BASE_DIR/loaders/tx39-jmr3904/cygmon66.bin` for 50 MHz and 66 MHz boards respectively. The ROMs are installed to sockets IC6 and IC7 on the memory daughterboard according to their labels. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of these ROMs during installation.

The GDB stub allows communication with GDB using the serial port (channel C) at connector PJ1. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit, and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No handshaking is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using an RS232C null modem cable.

CygMon and eCos currently provide support for a 16Mbyte 60ns 72pin DRAM SIMM fitted to the PJ21 connector. Different size DRAMs may require changes in the value stored in the DCCR0 register. This value may be found near line 211 in `hal/mips/arch/&Version;/src/vectors.S` in eCos, and near line 99 in `libstub/mips/tx39jmr/tx39jmr-power.S` in Cygmon. eCos does not currently use the DRAM for any purpose itself, so it is entirely available for application use.

#### TX39 Architectural Simulator Setup

The TX39 simulator is an architectural simulator which implements all the features of the Toshiba TX39 needed to run eCos. The current implementation provides accurate simulation of the instruction set, interrupt controller, and timers, as well as having generic support for diagnostic output, serial I/O, and exceptions.

In this release, you can run the same eCos binaries in the simulator that can run on target hardware, if it is built for ROM start-up.

To simplify connection to the simulator, you are advised to create a GDB macro by putting the following code in your personal GDB start-up file (gdb.ini on Windows and .gdbinit on UNIX).

    define tsim
     target sim --board=jmr3904pal --memory-region 0xffff8000,0x900 \
                --memory-region 0xffffe000,0x4 \
                --memory-region 0xb2100000,0x4
     rbreak cyg_test_exit
     rbreak cyg_assert_fail
    end

You can then connect to the simulator by invoking the command `tsim` on the command line:

    (gdb) tsim

You can achieve the same effect by typing out the macro’s content on the command line if necessary.

#### TX49 Hardware Setup

The eCos installation CD contains a copy of the eCos GDB stubs in SREC format which must be programmed into the board’s FLASH memory.

##### Preparing the GDB stubs

These stub preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled stubs in the directory `loaders/tx49-ref4955` relative to the installation root.

###### Building the GDB stub image with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the TX49 REF4955 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the stubs package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. Build eCos stubs using Build->Library.

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub images have the prefix gdb_module.

###### Building the GDB stub image with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new ref4955 stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub images have the prefix gdb_module.

##### Installing GDB stubs into FLASH

Boot into the board’s firmware in little-endian mode:

Set the switches like this:

SW1: 10000000 (first lever up, the rest down) SW2: 10000010

Connect serial cable on the lower connector, configure terminal emulator for 38400, 8-N-1.

When booting the board, you should get this prompt:

    HCP5 rev 0.9B .
    HCP5?

Select o (option), a (FLASH) and b (boot write). You should see this:

    Boot ROM Write
    ROM address-ffffffffbd000000, Boot Bus-[32bit]
    ID2 0 4 ffffffffa002ad40
    zzz SS-40000 IV-1 CS-20000 CC-2
    Flash ROM-[28F640J5], [16bit chip] * 2 * 1
    Block size-00040000  count-64
    ROM adr ffffffffbd000000-ffffffffbe000000  mask-00fc0000
    Send Srecord file sa=00000000 size=ffffffffffffffff
    ra=fffffffffe000000

Now send the stub SREC data down to the board using the terminal emulator’s ‘send ASCII’ (or similar) functionality.

Red Hat has experienced some sensitivity to how fast the data is written to the board. Under Windows you should configure Minicom to use a line delay of 100 millisecs. Under Linux, use the slow_cat.tcl script:

    % cd BASE_DIR/packages/hal/mips/ref4955/&Version;/misc
    % slow_cat.tcl < [path]/gdb_module.srec > /dev/ttyS0

Power off the board, and change it to boot the GDB stubs in big-endian mode by setting the switches like this:

SW1: 00000000 (all levers down) SW2: 10001010

The GDB stubs allow communication with GDB using the serial port at connector PJ7A (lower connector). The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a straight through serial cable.

#### VR4300 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with an EPROM which provides GDB support for the NEC VRC4373 evaluation board. An image of this EPROM is also provided at `loaders/vr4300-vrc4373/gdbload.bin` under the root of your eCos installation.

The EPROM is installed to socket U12 on the board. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the EPROM during installation. Only replace the board"s existing ROM using a proper PLCC extraction tool, as the socket would otherwise risk getting damaged.

The GDB stub in the EPROM allows communication with GDB using the serial port at connector J1. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a straight-through serial cable.

#### VRC4375 Hardware Setup

For information about setting up the VRC4375 to run with RedBoot, consult the RedBoot User"s Guide. If using serial debugging, the serial line runs at 38400 baud 8-N-1 and should be connected to the debug host using the cable supplied with the board.

#### Atlas/Malta Hardware Setup

For information about setting up the Atlas and Malta boards to run with RedBoot, consult the RedBoot User"s Guide.

#### PowerPC Cogent Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with an EPROM which provides GDB support for the Cogent evaluation board. An image of this EPROM is also provided at `loaders/powerpc-cogent/gdbload.bin` under the root of your eCos installation. The same EPROM and image can be used on all three supported daughterboards: CMA287-23 (MPC823), CMA287-50 (MPC850), and CMA286-60 (MPC860).

The EPROM is installed to socket U4 on the board. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the EPROM during installation.

If you are going to burn a new EPROM using the binary image, be careful to get the byte order correct. It needs to be big-endian. If the EPROM burner software has a hex-editor, check that the first few bytes of the image look like:

    00000000: 3c60 fff0 6063 2000 7c68 03a6 4e80 0020 <&grave;..&grave;c.|h..N..

If the byte order is wrong you will see 603c instead of 3c60 etc. Use the EPROM burner software to make a byte-swap before you burn to image to the EPROM.

If the GDB stub EPROM you burn does not work, try reversing the byte-order, even if you think you have it the right way around. At least one DOS-based EPROM burner program is known to have the byte-order upside down.

The GDB stub in the EPROM allows communication with GDB using the serial port at connector P12 (CMA101) or P3 (CMA102). The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a dedicated serial cable as specified in the Cogent CMA manual.

##### Installing the Stubs into ROM

###### Preparing the Binaries

These two binary preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled binaries in the directory `loaders/powerpc-cogent` relative to the installation root.

###### Building the ROM images with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the PowerPC CMA28x hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the “stubs” package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build->Library.

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Building the ROM images with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new cma28x stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Installing the Stubs into ROM or FLASH

1. Program the binary image file gdb_module.bin into ROM or FLASH referring to the instructions of your ROM programmer.

2. Plug the ROM/FLASH into socket U4 as described at the beginning of this Hardware Setup section.

#### PowerPC MBX860 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with an EPROM which provides GDB support for the Motorola PowerPC MBX860 evaluation board. An image of this EPROM is also provided at `loaders/powerpc-mbx/gdbload.bin` under the root of your eCos installation.

The EPROM is installed to socket XU1 on the board. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the EPROM during installation. Only replace the board"s existing ROM using a proper PLCC extraction tool, as the socket would otherwise risk getting damaged.

The GDB stub in the EPROM allows communication with GDB using the serial port at connector SMC1/COM1. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a suitable serial cable.

In order to make the board execute the EPROM that you just installed (rather than the on-board FLASH memory), it may be necessary move some links on the board. Specifically, ensure that link J4 is in position 1-2. If in doubt, refer to the MBX documentation from Motorola, ensuring that Boot Port Size=8 Bits/ROM for BOOT (CS#7), in their terminology.

##### Installing the Stubs into FLASH

###### Preparing the Binaries

These two binary preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled binaries in the directory `loaders/powerpc-mbx` relative to the installation root.

###### Building the ROM images with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the PowerPC Motorola MBX860/821 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the “stubs” package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build->Library.

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Building the ROM images with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new mbx stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Installing the Stubs into ROM

1. Program the binary image file gdb_module.bin into ROM or FLASH referring to the instructions of your ROM programmer.

2. Plug the ROM/FLASH into socket XU1 as described near the beginning of this Hardware Setup section.

###### Installing the Stubs into FLASH

This assumes you have EPPC-Bug in the on-board FLASH. This can be determined by setting up the board according to the below instructions and powering up the board. The EPPC-Bug prompt should appear on the SMC1 connector at 9600 baud, 8N1.

1. Set jumper 3 to 2-3 [allow XU2 FLASH to be programmed]

2. Set jumper 4 to 2-3 [boot EPPC-Bug]

###### Program FLASH

1. Prepare EPPC-Bug for download:

       EPPC-Bug>lo 0

   At this point the monitor is ready for input. It will not return the prompt until the file has been downloaded.

2. Use the terminal emulator’s ASCII download feature (or a simple clipboard copy/paste operation) to download the gdb_module.srec data.

   Note that on Linux, Minicom’s ASCII download feature seems to be broken. A workaround is to load the file into emacs (or another editor) and copy the full contents to the clipboard. Then press the mouse paste-button (usually the middle one) over the Minicom window.

3. Program the FLASH with the downloaded data:

       EPPC-Bug>pflash 40000 60000 fc000000

4. Switch off the power, and change jumper 4 to 1-2. Turn on the power again. The board should now boot using the newly programmed stubs.

#### PowerPC Architectural Simulator Setup

The PowerPC simulator is an architectural simulator which implements all the features of the PowerPC needed to run eCos. The current implementation provides accurate simulation of the instruction set and timers, as well as having generic support for diagnostic output and exceptions.

The simulator also allows devices to be simulated, but no device simulation support has been defined for the serial device drivers in this release.

To simplify connection to the simulator, you are advised to create a GDB macro by putting the following code in your personal GDB start-up file (gdb.ini on Windows and .gdbinit on UNIX).

    define psim
     target sim -o ’/iobus/pal&commat;0xf0001000/reg 0xf0001000 32’
     rbreak cyg_test_exit
     rbreak cyg_assert_fail
    end

You can then connect to the simulator by invoking the command `psim` on the command line:

    (gdb) psim

You can achieve the same effect by typing out the macro’s content on the command line if necessary.

The PowerPC simulator cannot execute binaries built for any of the supported hardware targets. You must generate a configuration using the PowerPC simulator platform:

    $ ecosconfig new psim

or some such.

#### SPARClite Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with a ROM which provides GDB support for the Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board by way of CygMon.

An image of this ROM is also provided at `BASE_DIR/loaders/sparclite-sleb/cygmon.bin.` The ROM is installed in socket IC9 on the evaluation board. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the ROM during installation.

The GDB stub allows communication with GDB using a TCP channel via the ethernet port at connector J5.

##### Ethernet Setup

The ethernet setup is described in the board’s manual, but here is a recapitulation.

Set the board’s ethernet address using SW1 on the motherboard:

    	    SW1-4 SW1-3 SW1-2 SW1-1    Ethernet Address
    	    ----- ----- ----- -----    ----------------
    	    OFF   OFF   OFF   OFF     No ethernet, use serial
    	    OFF   OFF   OFF    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:01
    	    OFF   OFF    ON   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:02
    	    OFF   OFF    ON    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:03
    	    OFF    ON   OFF   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:04
    	    OFF    ON   OFF    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:05
    	    OFF    ON    ON   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:06
    	    OFF    ON    ON    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:07
    	    ON    OFF   OFF   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:08
    	    ON    OFF   OFF    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:09
    	    ON    OFF    ON   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:0A
    	    ON    OFF    ON    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:0B
    	    ON     ON   OFF   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:0C
    	    ON     ON   OFF    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:0D
    	    ON     ON    ON   OFF     00:00:0E:31:00:0E
    	    ON     ON    ON    ON     00:00:0E:31:00:0F

###### BOOTP/DHCP service on Linux

Configure the BOOTP or DHCP server on the network to recognize the evaluation board’s ethernet address so it can assign the board an IP address. Below is a sample DHCP server configuration from a Linux system (`/etc/dhcpd.conf`). It shows a setup for three evaluation boards.

    #
    # DHCP server configuration.
    #
    allow bootp;

    subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
      host mb831evb {
        hardware ethernet 00:00:0e:31:00:01;
        fixed-address mb831evb;
      }
      host mb832evb {
        hardware ethernet 00:00:0e:31:00:02;
        fixed-address mb832evb;
      }
      host mb833evb {
        hardware ethernet 00:00:0e:31:00:03;
        fixed-address mb833evb;
      }
    }

###### BOOTP/DHCP boot process

Even when configured to use a TCP channel, CygMon will still print a boot message to the serial channel. If the BOOTP process was successful and an IP address was found, a message “BOOTP found xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx” will be printed where xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is the IP address assigned by the BOOTP or DHCP server. If the BOOTP process fails, a message indicating failure will be printed and the serial port will be used as the debug channel.

Once the board finds an IP address it will respond to ICMP echo request packets (ping). This gives a simple means to test the health of the board.

As described in “Ethernet Setup” on page 72, it should now be possible to connect to the SPARCLite board from within GDB by using the command:

    (gdb) target remote <host>:1000

##### Serial Setup

The CygMon stubs also allow communication with GDB by way of the serial port at connector CON1. The communication parameters are fixed at 19200 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a null modem cable. A gender changer may also be required.

#### SPARClite Architectural Simulator Setup

The ESA SPARClite simulator is an architectural simulator which implements all the features of the SPARClite needed to run eCos. The current implementation provides accurate simulation of the instruction set, interrupt controller, and timers, as well as having generic support for diagnostic output and exceptions.

Note that the ESA SPARClite simulator is unsupported, but is included in the release as a convenience.

To simplify connection to the simulator, you are advised to create a GDB macro by putting the following code in your personal GDB start-up file (gdb.ini on Windows and .gdbinit on UNIX).

    define ssim
     target sim -nfp -sparclite -dumbio
     rbreak cyg_test_exit
     rbreak cyg_assert_fail
    end

You can then connect to the simulator by invoking the command `ssim` on the command line:

    (gdb) ssim

You can achieve the same effect by typing out the macro’s content on the command line if necessary.

#### ARM PID Hardware Setup

eCos comes with two ROM images that provide GDB support for the ARM PID board. The first ROM image provides a port of the CygMon ROM monitor, which includes a command-line interface and a GDB remote stub. The second ROM image provides a remote GDB stub only, which is a minimal environment for downloading and debugging eCos programs solely using GDB.

eCos, CygMon and the GDB stubs all support the PID fitted with both ARM7T and ARM9 daughterboards. CygMon and the stubs can be programmed into either the programmable ROM (U12) or the FLASH (U13). Prebuilt forms of both ROM images are provided in the directory loaders/arm-pid under the root of your eCos installation, along with a tool that will program the stubs into the FLASH memory on the board. CygMon images are prefixed with the name 'cygmon' and GDB stub ROM images are given the prefix 'gdb_module'. Images may be provided in a number of formats including ELF (.img extension), binary (.bin extension) and SREC (.srec extension). Note that some unreliability has been experienced in downloading files using Angel 1.00. Angel 1.02 appears to be more robust in this application.

##### Installing the Stubs into FLASH

###### Preparing the Binaries

These two binary preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled binaries in the directory loaders/arm-pid relative to the installation root.

###### Building the ROM images with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build -> Templates menu item, and then select the ARM PID hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build -> Templates dialog box, select either the "stubs" package template to build a GDB stub image, or the "cygmon" template to build the CygMon ROM Monitor. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build -> Library

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module". CygMon images have the prefix "cygmon".

###### Building the ROM images with ecosconfig

(See )

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new pid stubs

   or to build a CygMon ROM monitor image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new pid cygmon

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module". CygMon images have the prefix "cygmon".

###### Building the FLASH Tool with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the ARM PID hardware.

3. Enable the "Build flash programming tool" option in the ARM PID HAL (CYGBLD_BUILD_FLASH_TOOL) and resolve any resulting configuration conflicts.

4. Build eCos using Build -> Library

5. When the build completes, the FLASH tool image file can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree, with the prefix "prog_flash"

###### Building the FLASH Tool with ecosconfig

(See )

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it

2. Enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new pid

3. Edit the file ecos.ecc and enable the option CYGBLD_BUILD_FLASH_TOOL by uncommenting its user_value property and setting it to 1.

4. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig resolve

   [there will be some output]

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

5. When the build completes, the FLASH tool image file can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree, with the prefix "prog_flash"

###### Prepare the Board for FLASH Programming

Each time a new image is to be programmed in the FLASH, the jumpers on the board must be set to allow Angel to run:

1. Set jumper 7-8 on LK6 [using the Angel code in the 16 bit EPROM]

2. Set jumper 5-6 on LK6 [select 8bit ROM mode]

3. Set jumper LK18 [ROM remap - this is also required for eCos]

4. Set S1 to 0-0-1-1 [20MHz operation]

5. Open jumper LK4 [enable little-endian operation]

   Attach a serial cable from Serial A on the PID board to connector 1 on the development system. This is the cable through which the binaries will be downloaded. Attach a serial cable from Serial B on the PID board to connector 2 on the development system (or any system that will work as a terminal). Through this cable, the FLASH tool will write its instructions (at 38400 baud).

###### Program the FLASH

1. Download the FLASH ROM image onto the PID board. For example. for the GDB stubs image:

       bash$ arm-elf-gdb -nw gdb_module.img
       GNU gdb 4.18-DEVTOOLSVERSION
       Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License,
       and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies
       of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
       There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
       This GDB was configured as "--host=i586-pc-cygwin32 --target=arm-elf".
       (no debugging symbols found)...
       (gdb) target rdi s=com1
       Angel Debug Monitor for PID (Built with Serial(x1), Parallel, DCC) 1.00
       (Advanced RISC Machines SDT 2.10)
       Angel Debug Monitor rebuilt on Jan 20 1997 at 02:33:43
       Connected to ARM RDI target.
       (gdb) load
       Loading section .rom_vectors, size 0x44 lma 0x60000
       Loading section .text, size 0x1f3c lma 0x60044
       Loading section .rodata, size 0x2c lma 0x61f80
       Loading section .data, size 0x124 lma 0x61fac
       Start address 0x60044 , load size 8400
       Transfer rate: 5169 bits/sec.
       (gdb) q
       The program is running.  Exit anyway? (y or n) y

   On a UNIX or Linux system, the serial port must be /dev/ttyS0 instead of COM1. You need to make sure that the /dev/ttyS0 files have the right permissions:

       $ su
        Password:
        # chmod o+rw /dev/ttyS0*
        # exit

   If you are programming the GDB stub image, it will now be located at 0x60000..0x64000. If you are programming the Cygmon ROM Monitor, it will be located at 0x60000..0x80000.

2. Now download the FLASH programmer tool

       bash$ arm-elf-gdb prog_flash.img
       GNU gdb 4.18-DEVTOOLSVERSION
       Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License,
       and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute
       copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see
       the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show
       warranty" for details.
       This GDB was configured as "--host=i586-pc-cygwin32 --target=arm-elf".
       (gdb) target rdi s=com1
       Angel Debug Monitor for PID (Built with Serial(x1), Parallel, DCC) 1.00
       (Advanced RISC Machines SDT 2.10)
       Angel Debug Monitor rebuilt on Jan 20 1997 at 02:33:43
       Connected to ARM RDI target.
       (gdb) load
       Loading section .rom_vectors, size 0x44 lma 0x40000
       Loading section .text, size 0x44a4 lma 0x40044
       Loading section .rodata, size 0x318 lma 0x444e8
       Loading section .data, size 0x1c8 lma 0x44800
       Start address 0x40044 , load size 18888
       Transfer rate: 5596 bits/sec.
       (gdb) c

3. The FLASH tool will output some text on the board serial port B at 38400 baud:

       ARM
       eCos

       FLASH here!
       manuf: 8, device: 40
       Error: Wrong Manufaturer: 08
       ... Please change FLASH jumper

4. This text is repeated until you remove the jumper 7-8 on LK6. Then the output will be:

       manuf: 1F, device: A4
       AT29C040A recognised
       About to program FLASH using data at 60000..64000
       *** Press RESET now to abort!

5. You have about 10 seconds to abort the operation by pressing reset. After this timeout, the FLASH programming happens:

       ...Programming FLASH
       All done!

6. Quit/kill the GDB process, which will hang.

7. Next time you reset the board, the stub will be in control, communicating on Serial A at 38400 baud.

If you do not have two serial ports available on your host computer, you may still verify the FLASH programming completed successfully by quitting/killing the GDB process after running "c" in step 2 above. Then switch the serial cable on the PID from Serial A to Serial B and run a terminal emulator on the host computer. In a few seconds you should see the the repeated text described in step 2 above and you may continue the remaining steps as normal.

###### Programming the FLASH for big-endian mode

The process is almost identical to the previous instructions which apply to a PID board running in little-endian mode only.

The only adjustments to make are that if programming a GDB stub ROM image (or CygMon ROM monitor image), you must enable the option "Use Big-endian mode" in the eCos Configuration Tool (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_BIGENDIAN if using ecosconfig and editing ecos.ecc).

When programming the FLASH there are two options:

1. Program FLASH using the little-endian FLASH tool. After powering off, replace the ROM controller with the special big-endian version which can be acquired from ARM. (This has not been tested by Red Hat).

2. Use a specied big-endian version of the FLASH tool which byte-swaps all the words as they are written to the FLASH.

Build this tool by enabling the "Build flash programming tool for BE images on LE boards" option (CYGBLD_BUILD_FLASH_TOOL_BE), resulting in a utility with the prefix "prog_flash_BE_image_LE_system" which should be used instead of "prog_flash".

Note that there is a limitation to this method: no sub-word data can be read from the ROM. To work around this, the .rodata section is folded into the .data section and thus copied to RAM before the system starts.

Given that Thumb instructions are 16 bit, it is not possible to run ROM-startup Thumb binaries on the PID board using this method.

When the image has been programmed, power off the board, and set jumper LK4 to enable big-endian operation.

##### Installing the Stubs into ROM

1. Program the binary image file gdb_module.bin into ROM referring to the instructions of your ROM programmer.

2. Plug the ROM into socket U12 and install jumper LK6 pins 7-8 to enable the ROM.

#### ARM AEB-1 Hardware Setup

##### Overview

The ARM AEB-1 comes with tools in ROM. These include a simple FLASH management tool and the Angel® monitor. eCos for the ARM AEB-1 comes with GDB stubs suitable for programming into the onboard FLASH. GDB is the preferred debug environment for GDB, and while Angel provides a subset of the features in the eCos GDB stub, Angel is unsupported.

Both eCos and the stubs support both Revision B and Revision C of the AEB-1 board. Stub ROM images for both types of board can be found in the loaders/arm-aeb directory under the root of your eCos installation. You can select which board you are using by selecting either the aeb or aebC platform by selecting the appropriate platform HAL in the eCos Configuration Tool.

The GDB stub can be downloaded to the board for programming in the FLASH using the board's on-board ROM monitor:

1. talk to the AEB-1 board with a terminal emulator (or a real terminal!)

2. use the board's rom menu to download a UU-encoded version of the GDB stubs which will act as a ROM monitor

3. tell the board to use this new monitor, and then hook GDB up to it for real debugging

##### Talking to the Board

Connect a terminal or computer's serial port to the ARM AEB-1. On a PC with a 9-pin serial port, you can use the cable shipped by ARM with no modification.

Set the terminal or terminal emulator to 9600N1 (9600 baud, no parity, 1 stop bit).

Reset the board by pressing the little reset button on the top. You will see the following text:

    	ARM Evaluation Board Boot Monitor 0.01 (19 APR 1998)
    	Press ENTER within 2 seconds to stop autoboot

Press ENTER quickly, and you will get the boot prompt:

    	Boot:

##### Downloading the Stubs via the Rom Menu

Using the AEB-1 rom menu to download the GDB stubs from the provided ".UU" file.

This is an annotated 'terminal' session with the AEB-1 monitor:

    +Boot: help
    Module is BootStrap       1.00 (14 Aug 1998)

    Help is available on:

    Help          Modules       ROMModules    UnPlug        PlugIn
    Kill          SetEnv        UnSetEnv      PrintEnv      DownLoad
    Go            GoS           Boot          PC            FlashWrite
    FlashLoad     FlashErase

    Boot: download c000
    Ready to download. Use 'transmit' option on terminal
    emulator to download file.

    ... at this point, download the ASCII file "loaders/arm-aeb/
        gdb_module.img.UU". The details of this operation differ
        depending on which terminal emulator is used. It may be
        necessary to enter "^D" (control+D) when the download completes
       to get the monitor to return to command mode.

    Loaded file gdb_module.img.bin at address
    0000c000, size = 19392

##### Activating the GDB Stubs

Commit the GDB stubs module to FLASH:

    	Boot: flashwrite 4018000 C000 8000

Verify that the eCos/"GDB stubs" module is now added in the list of modules in the board:

    	Boot: rommodules

You should see output similar to the following:

    	Header   Base     Limit
    	04000004 04000000 040034a8 BootStrap       1.00 (14 Aug 1998)
    	04003a74 04003800 04003bc0 Production Test 1.00 (13 Aug 1998)
    	0400e4f4 04004000 0400e60f Angel           1.02 (12 MAY 1998)
    	0401c810 04018000 0401cbc0 eCos              1.3  (27 Jan 2000)
    GDB stubs

Now make the eCos/"GDB stubs" module be the default monitor:

    	Boot: plugin eCos

Since the GDB stubs are always linked at the same address (0x4018000), the operation of writing to the FLASH and selecting the stubs as default monitor is an idempotent operation. You can download a new set of stubs following the same procedure - you do not have to unregister or delete anything.

##### Building the GDB Stub FLASH ROM Images

Prebuilt GDB stubs images are provided in the directory loaders/arm-aeb relative to the root of your eCos installation, but here are instructions on how to rebuild them if you should ever need to.

##### Building the GDB Stubs with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File -> New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build -> Templates menu item, and then select the ARM AEB-1 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the "stubs" package template to build a GDB stub image. Click OK.

4. If applicable, set the "AEB board revision" option to "C" from "B" depending on the board revision being used.

5. Build eCos using Build -> Library.

6. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. The GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module".

##### Building the GDB Stub ROMs with ecosconfig

(See )

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new aeb stubs

3. If applicable, edit ecos.ecc and set the AEB board revision. (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_AEB_REVISION) from the default "B" to "C" by uncommenting the user_value property and setting it to "C".

4. Enter the commands

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. The GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module".

#### ARM Cogent CMA230 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer's Kit package comes with an EPROM which provides GDB support for the Cogent evaluation board. An image of this EPROM is also provided at loaders/arm-cma230/gdbload.bin under the root of your eCos installation.

The EPROM is installed to socket U3 on the board. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the EPROM during installation.

If you are going to burn a new EPROM using the binary image, be careful to get the byte order correct. It needs to be little-endian, which is usually the default in PC based programmer software.

If the GDB stub EPROM you burn does not work, try reversing the byte-order, even if you think you have it the right way around. At least one DOS-based EPROM burner program is known to have the byte-order upside down.

The GDB stub in the EPROM allows communication with GDB using the serial port at connector P12 (CMA101) or P3 (CMA102). The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a dedicated serial cable as specified in the Cogent CMA manual.

##### Building the GDB Stub FLASH ROM images

Prebuilt GDB stubs images are provided in the directory loaders/arm-cma230 relative to the root of your eCos installation, but here are instructions on how to rebuild them if you should ever need to.

CygMon images are prefixed with the name 'cygmon' and GDB stub ROM images

are given the prefix 'gdb_module'. Images may be provided in a number of formats including ELF (.img extension), binary (.bin extension) and SREC (.srec extension).

##### Building the GDB Stubs with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. 1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the ARM CMA230 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build -> Templates dialog box, select the "stubs" package template to build a GDB stub image. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build -> Library

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. The GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module".

##### Building the GDB Stub ROMs with ecosconfig

(See )

1. 1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new cma230 stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. The GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module".

#### Cirrus Logic ARM EP7211 Development Board Hardware Setup

eCos comes with two Flash ROM images that provide GDB support for the Cirrus Logic EP7211 Development Board (also known as the EDB7211).. Note that on some board revisions, the board is silk-screened as EDB7111-2. The first Flash ROM image provides a port of the CygMon ROM monitor, which includes a command-line interface and a GDB remote stub. The second Flash ROM image provides a remote GDB stub only.

Both ROM images are provided in the directory loaders/arm-edb7211 under the root of your eCos installation. CygMon images are prefixed with the name 'edb7211_cygmon' and are provided in a number of formats including binary (.bin extension) and SREC (.srec) extension. GDB stub ROM images are given the prefix 'edb7211_gdb_module'.

The ROM images provided for the EP7211 Development Board must be programmed into the FLASH. Please refer to the section titled "Loading the ROM image into On-Board flash" on how to program the ROM onto the board.

Both Cygmon and GDB Stub ROMS allow communication with GDB via the serial connector labelled 'UART 1'. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a null modem cable. A gender changer may also be required. Note that the GDB Configuration tool uses the serial port identifiers 0 and 1 to identify the EB7211 serial ports UART1 and UART2 respectively.

Both eCos and the ROM images assume the core clock is generated with a 3.6864 MHz PLL input. The CPU will be configured to run at 73.728MHz.

Note: The EP7211 CPU needs a two step RESET process. After pressing the &grave;URESET' pushbutton, the &grave;WAKEUP' pushbutton must be pressed to complete the process.

When an eCos program is run on an EDB7211 board fitted with either CygMon or a GDB stub ROM, then the code in ROM loses control. This means that if you require the ability to remotely stop execution on the target, or want thread debugging capabilities, you must include GDB stub support when configuring eCos.

##### Building programs for programming into FLASH

If your application is to be run directly from FLASH, you must configure eCos appropriately for "ROM" startup. This can be done in the eCos Configuration Tool by setting the "Startup type" HAL option to "ROM". If using the ecosconfig utility, set the user_value of the CYG_HAL_STARTUP option in ecos.ecc to "ROM".

When you have linked your application with eCos, you will then have an ELF executable. To convert this into a format appropriate for the Cirrus Logic FLASH download utility, or the dl_7xxx utility on linux, you can use the utility arm-elf-objcopy, as in the following example:

    $ arm-elf-objcopy -O binary helloworld.exe helloworld.bin

This will produce a binary format image helloworld.bin which can be downloaded into FLASH.

##### Building the GDB Stub FLASH ROM images

Prebuilt GDB stubs images are provided in the directory loaders/arm-edb7211 relative to the root of your eCos installation, but here are instructions on how to rebuild them if you should ever need to.

CygMon images are prefixed with the name 'cygmon' and GDB stub ROM images are given the prefix 'gdb_module'. Images may be provided in a number of formats including ELF (.img extension), binary (.bin extension) and SREC (.srec extension).

##### Building the ROM images with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the "Cirrus Logic development board" hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build -> Templates dialog box, select either the "stubs" package template to build a GDB stub image, or the "cygmon" template to build the CygMon ROM Monitor. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build -> Library

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module". CygMon images have the prefix "cygmon".

##### Building the ROM images with ecosconfig

(See )

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new edb7xxx stubs

   or to build a CygMon ROM monitor image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new edb7xxx cygmon

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module". CygMon images have the prefix "cygmon".

##### Loading the ROM Image into On-board Flash

Program images can be written into Flash memory by means of a bootstrap program which is built into the EDB7211. This program communicates with a support program on your host to download and program an image into the Flash memory.

Cirrus Logic provides such a program for use with Windows/DOS. eCos comes with a similar program which will run under Linux. The basic operation of both programs is the same.

1. Connect a serial line to 'UART 1'.

2. Power off the EDB7211.

3. Install jumper 'PROGRAM ENABLE' which enables this special mode for downloading Flash images. Note that some board revisions have this jumper labelled “BOOT ENABLE”.

4. Power on the EDB7211.

5. Execute the Flash writing program on your host. On Linux, this would be:

            # dl_edb7xxx <PATH>/gdb_module.bin

   where '<PATH>' is the path to the binary format version of the ROM image you wish to load, either as built in the previous section or the "loaders/arm-edb7211/" subdirectory of your eCos installation. The download tool defaults to 38400 baud and device /dev/ttyS1 for communication. To change these, specify them as parameters, e.g.

       # dl_edb7xxx <PATH>/gdb_module.bin 9600 /dev/ttyS0

6. The download program will indicate that it is waiting for the board to come alive. At this point, press 'RESET' and then 'WAKEUP' switches in order. There should be some indication of progress, first of the code being downloaded, then of the programming process.

7. Upon completion of the programming, power off the EDB7211.

8. Remove the 'PROGRAM ENABLE/BOOT ENABLE' jumper.

9. Power on the EDB7211, press 'RESET' and 'WAKEUP'. The new ROM image should now be running on the board.

10. The GDB debugger will now be able to communicate with the board to download and debug RAM based programs.

    This procedure also applies for loading ROM-startup eCos programs into the on-board FLASH memory, given a binary format image of the program from arm-elf-objcopy. Loading a ROM-startup eCos program into Flash will overwrite the GDB Stub ROM/CygMon in Flash, so you would have to reload the GDB Stub ROM/CygMon to return to normal RAM-startup program development.

##### Building the Flash Downloader on Linux

eCos provides a Flash download program suitable for use with the EP7211 Development Board which will run on Linux. Follow these steps to build this program. Note: at the time of the writing of these instructions, the download program is built directly within the eCos source repository since it is not configuration specific.

      # cd <eCos install dir>/packages/hal/arm/edb7xxx/&Version;/support

      # make

(where '# ' is your shell prompt)

Note: this program was adapted from the Cirrus Logic original DOS program and still contains some vestiges of that environment.

##### Developing eCos Programs with the ARM Multi-ICE

The EP7211 Development Board supports use of the ARM Multi-processor EmbeddedICE(tm), also known as the Multi-ICE. Full instructions on how to install and use the Multi-ICE in conjunction with GDB are provided in the "GNUPro Toolkit Reference for eCos ARM/Thumb" manual. However, the following platform-specific details should be noted.

You will need an ARM Multi-ICE Server configuration file for the EP7211 Development Board. Here is a suggested configuration file to use:

    ======== File "720T.cfg" ========
    ;Total IR length = 4
    [TITLE]
    Multi-ICE configuration for EP7211

    [TAP 0]
    ARM720T

    [TAPINFO]
    YES

    [Timing]
    Low=0
    High=0
    Adaptive=OFF
    ==================================

You must ensure that the board has the appropriate soldered connections. For the EP7211 this involves connecting TEST0 and TEST1 of the EP7211 to ground. To do this you must solder a wire from ground at JP33 to TP8 and TP9.

With respect to using multiple devices simultaneously, note that the EP7211 is not ID sensitive.

If you wish to view diagnostic output from your program that was downloaded via the Multi-ICE, you will note that by default the output on the serial line (as viewed by a terminal such as Hyperterm in Windows, or cu in Unix) is in the form of GDB packets.

To get legible output, the solution is to set the "GDB Serial port" to a different device from the "Diagnostic serial port", and you should use the Diagnostic serial port to view the diagnostic output.

Warning: The multi-ice-gdb-server will fail on startup if the board has not been both reset and awakened before running the server.

To resolve this, it is necessary to free up the connection from within the ARM Multi-ICE server itself. However when this happens, the next time you use GDB to load the program into the board, you will see lots of "Readback did not match original data" messages in the output of the multi-ice-gdb-server program. This indicates your program did not load correctly, and you should restart the multi-ice-gdb-server program, taking care to reset the board correctly before reconnecting.

As a reminder, you must specify --config-dialog to the multi-ice-gdb-server program to connect to the board correctly. If you do not, the multi-ice-gdb-server program will not be able to connect.

#### Cirrus Logic ARM EP7212 Development Board Hardware Setup

The Cirrus Logic EP7212 Development Board is almost identical to the EP7211 Development Board from a hardware setup viewpoint, and is based on the same port of eCos. Therefore the earlier documentation for the EP7211 Development Board can be considered equivalent, but with the following changes:

- The first serial port is silk screened as "UART 1" on the EP7211 Development Board, but is silk screened as "Serial Port 0" on the EP7212 Development Board. Similarly "UART 2" is silk screened as "Serial Port 1" on the EP7212 Development Board.

- JP2 (used to control reprogramming of the FLASH) is not silkscreened with "Boot Enable".

- To setup the EP7212 Development Board for use with the ARM Multi-ICE JTAG debugging interface unit, it is necessary to connect TEST0 and TEST1 of the EP7212 to ground. On the Development Board, this is accomplished by placing shorting blocks on JP47 and JP48. When the shorting blocks are fitted, the board can only be operated through the Multi-ICE - debugging over a serial line is not possible.

- Prebuilt GDB stubs are provided in the directory `loaders/arm-edb7212` relative to the root of your eCos installation

- When rebuilding the GDB stub ROM image, change the "Cirrus Logic processor variant" option (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_EDB7XXX_VARIANT) from the EP7211 to the EP7212. This can be selected in the eCos Configuration Tool , or if using ecosconfig, can be set by uncommenting the user_value property of this option in ecos.ecc and setting it to "EP7212".

#### Cirrus Logic ARM EP7312 Development Board Hardware Setup

The Cirrus Logic EP7312 Development Board is similar to the EP7212 Development Board from a hardware setup viewpoint, and is based on the same port of eCos.

When rebuilding the RedBoot ROM image or an eCos application, change the "Cirrus Logic processor variant" option (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_EDB7XXX_VARIANT) from the EP7211 to the EP7312. This can be selected in the eCos Configuration Tool , or if using ecosconfig, can be set by uncommenting the user_value property of this option in ecos.ecc and setting it to "EP7312".

See the RedBoot documentation for building and installing RedBoot for this target. Only RedBoot is supported as a boot image; ROMRAM startup is recommended.

##### 90MHz Operation

The EP7xxx targets offer a choice of clock speeds, from 18MHz to a maximum, normally, of 72MHz. These are described as kHz values 18432 36864 49152 and 73728 within the configuration tool. If you have a release which supports it, you will also see 90317 as an available option here, for 90MHz operation.

This option only applies to certain EP7312 hardware, not all EP7312 boards support it. Do not select 90MHz when building RedBoot or your eCos application unless you are absolutely sure that your board supports it.

If you do have a 90MHz board and wish to execute at 90MHz, it is in fact not necessary to build RedBoot specially, if you build your eCos application configured for 90MHz. RedBoot will run at 72MHz and your application will run at 90Mhz. If you do install a 90MHz RedBoot, then you must build eCos for 90Mhz or timing and baud rates on serial I/O will be wrong.

In other words, code (either eCos app or RedBoot) built for 90MHz will “change up a gear” when it starts up; but code built for 72MHz, because it needs to run correctly on boards without the “gearbox” does not change back down, so if you mix the two, unexpected timing can result. To run a non-eCos application without any hardware initialization code at 90MHz, you must install a specially-built RedBoot.

#### Cirrus Logic ARM EP7209 Development Board Hardware Setup

Note: At time of writing, no EP7209 Development Board is available, and consequently eCos has not been verified for use with the EP7209 Development Board.

The Cirrus Logic EP7209 Development Board is almost identical to the EP7212 Board in all respects, except that it is not fitted with DRAM, nor has it a DRAM controller.

The only valid configuration for the EDB7209 is ROM based. The STUBS and RAM startup modes are not available as no DRAM is fitted.

#### Cirrus Logic ARM CL-PS7111 Evaluation Board Hardware Setup

The implementation of the port of eCos to the Cirrus Logic ARM CL-PS7111 Evaluation Board (also known as EB7111) is based on the EP7211 Development Board port.

For that reason, the setup required is identical to the EP7211 Development Board as described above, with the following exceptions:

- The Cygmon ROM monitor is not supported

- The ARM Multi-ICE is not supported

- Prebuilt GDB stubs are provided in the directory loaders/arm-eb7111 relative to the root of your eCos installation

- If rebuilding the GDB stub ROM image, change the "Cirrus Logic processor variant" option (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_EDB7XXX_VARIANT) from the EP7211 to the CL_PS7111. This can be selected in the eCos Configuration Tool , or if using ecosconfig, can be set by uncommenting the user_value property of this option in ecos.ecc and setting it to "CL_PS7111"

All remote serial communication is done with the serial I/O connector

    /misc
    % slow_cat.tcl < [path]/gdb_module.srec > /dev/ttyS0

Power off the board, and change it to boot the GDB stubs in big-endian mode by setting the switches like this:

SW1: 00000000 (all levers down) SW2: 10001010

The GDB stubs allow communication with GDB using the serial port at connector PJ7A (lower connector). The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a straight through serial cable.

(See )

#### StrongARM EBSA-285 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with a ROM image which provides GDB support for the Intel® StrongARM® Evaluation Board EBSA-285. Both eCos and the Stub ROM image assume the clocks are: 3.6864 MHz PLL input for generating the core clock, and 50MHz osc input for external clocks. An image of this ROM is also provided at `loaders/arm-ebsa285/gdbload.bin` under the root of your eCos installation.

The ROM monitor image (an eCos GDB stub) provided for the EBSA-285 board must be programmed into the flash, replacing the Angel monitor on the board. Please refer to the section titled "Loading the ROM Image into On-Board flash" on how to program the ROM onto the board.

The Stub ROM allows communication with GDB via the serial connector on the bulkhead mounting bracket COM0. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed.

##### Building the GDB Stub FLASH ROM images

Prebuilt GDB stubs images are provided in the directory loaders/arm-ebsa285 relative to the root of your eCos installation, but here are instructions on how to rebuild them if you should ever need to.

##### Building the GDB Stubs with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File -> New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build -> Templates menu item, and then select the StrongARM EBSA285 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build -> Templates dialog box, select the "stubs" package template to build a GDB stub image. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build -> Library

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. The GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module".

##### Building the GDB Stub ROMs with ecosconfig

(See “Using ecosconfig on UNIX” on page 72)

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new ebsa285 stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. The GDB stub ROM images have the prefix "gdb_module".

##### Loading the ROM Image into On-board Flash

There are several ways to install the eCos gdb stub ROM image in the EBSA board’s flash memory. Once installed, the gdb stub ROM provides standard eCos download and debug via the EBSA board"s serial port. The options available include the Linux based EBSA flash upgrade utility provided by Red Hat, direct writing of the flash via MultiICE (JTAG) hardware debugger, and other flash management utilities from Intel (these only support DOS, and proprietary ARM tools and image formats). Only the Red Hat flash upgrade tool is supported and tested in this release.

The flash upgrade tool requires the EBSA board to be configured as a PCI slave (rather than a master, its normal operating mode) and plugged into a Linux host computer"s PCI bus.

Configuring the board for flash loading: Follow the instructions in the EBSA-285 Reference Manual, pages A-2 and A-3 to configure the board as an add-in card, and enable flash blank programming. Briefly: assuming the board was in the default setting to execute as a bus master ("Host Bridge") make jumper 9 (J9), move jumper 10 (J10) to external reset (PCI_RST), and move jumper 15 (J15) link 4-6-5 to connect 5-6 instead of 4-6.

Configuring the board for execution of eCos programs: Follow the instructions in the EBSA-285 Reference Manual, pages A-2 and A-3 to configure the board as a "Host Bridge" with "Central Function". Briefly: unset J9, move J10 to on-board reset (BRD_RST), and set J15 to make 4-6 instead of 5-6 (see page A-8 also). Plug the card into its own PCI bus, not the Linux PC used for the flash-programming process.

Building the Linux software: the Linux software sources are in directory

          <BASEDIR>/packages/hal/arm/ebsa285/v1_3/support/linux/safl_util

in the eCos source repository. There are two parts to the system: a loadable kernel module and the flash utility. The loadable kernel module is safl.o and the utility is sa_flash. To build:

cd to this directory, or a copy of it.

make

This builds safl.o and sa_flash. The kernel module must be installed, and a device file created for it. Both of these operations require root permissions. Create the device file by:

          % mknod /dev/safl c 10 178

Programming the flash: switch off the EBSA-285, and remove the EBSA-285 board from its PCI bus. Take appropriate anti-static precautions. Configure it for flash loading as above, halt your Linux system and turn it off. Install the EBSA-285 board in the PCI bus of the Linux system and boot it up. (Single user is good enough, assuming your image and safl_util build dir are on a local disc partition.) Change directory to the safl_util directory, then, to load the kernel module and flash an image onto the eval board (as root):

           % insmod safl.o
           % sa_flash <image_file>

Halt and turn off the Linux machine and remove the EBSA-285 card. Take appropriate anti-static precautions. Configure it for execution of eCos programs as above, and plug it into its own PCI bus. Restart the Linux machine however you wish.

This information is replicated in the README file within the safl_util directory and its parents, and in the EBSA-285 Reference Manual from Intel, appendix A "Configuration Guide". If in doubt, please refer to those documents also.

This procedure also applies for loading ROM-startup eCos programs into the on-board flash memory, given a binary format image of the program from arm-elf-objcopy. Loading a ROM-startup eCos program into flash will overwrite the StubROM in flash, so you would have to reload the StubROM to return to normal RAM-startup program development.

##### Running your eCos Program Using GDB and the StubROM

You must first load the StubROM image into the flash memory on the EBSA-285 board before doing this. See “Loading the ROM Image into On-board Flash”, page 93 for details.

Connect to the StubROM in the board and run your eCos program <PROGRAM> as

follows:

          $ arm-elf-gdb -nw <PROGRAM>
          (gdb) set remotebaud 38400
          (gdb) target remote <DEVICE>

Where <DEVICE> is /dev/ttyS0 or COM1: or similar, depending on your environment and how you connected your serial line to the host computer. Expect some output here, for example:

          Remote debugging using /dev/ttyS0
          0x410026a4 in ?? ()

then, to load the program

            (gdb) load

which will report locations and sizes of sections as they load, then begin execution using

          (gdb) continue

If you have no eCos program yet, but you want to connect to the board just to verify serial communications, tell gdb "set endian little" before anything else, so that it understands the board (GDB normally infers this from information within the eCos program).

When an eCos program is run on the EBSA-285 board, the GDB stub in ROM loses control. This means that if you require the ability to stop execution on the target remotely, or want thread debugging capabilities, you must include GDB stub support when configuring eCos.

#### Compaq iPAQ PocketPC Hardware Setup

For setting up the iPAQ to run with RedBoot, see the the RedBoot User's Guide. Connections may be made using the Compact Flash Ethernet interface. A serial cable may be connected directly, or via the cradle. Serial communication uses the parameters 38400,8,N,1. The LCD/Touchscreen may also be used as an interface to RedBoot and eCos applications.

#### SH3/EDK7708 Hardware Setup

The eCos Developer’s Kit package comes with a ROM which provides GDB support for the Hitachi EDK7708 board (a big-endian and a little-endian version). Images of these ROMs are also provided at `loaders/sh-edk7708/gdbload.bin` and `loaders/sh-edk7708le/gdbload.bin` under the root of your eCos installation.

The ROM is installed to socket U6 on the board. When using the big-endian ROM, jumper 9 must be set to 2-3. When using the little-endian ROM, jumper 9 must be set to 1-2. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the ROM during installation. Only replace the board"s existing ROM using a proper PLCC extraction tool, as the socket would otherwise risk being damaged.

If you are going to program a new ROM or FLASH using the binary image, you may have to experiment to get the right byte-order in the device. Depending on the programming software you use, it might be necessary to enable byte-swapping. If the GDB stub ROM/FLASH you program does not work, try reversing the byte-order.

The GDB stub in the EPROM allows communication with GDB using the serial port at connector J1. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using the dedicated serial cable included in the EDK package.

##### Installing the Stubs into FLASH

###### Preparing the Binaries

These two binary preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled binaries in the directory loaders/sh-edk7708 and loaders/sh-edk7708le relative to the installation root.

###### Building the ROM images with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the SH EDK7708 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the “stubs” package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. If building a little-endian image, disable the “Use big-endian mode” option in the SH EDK7708 HAL (CYGHWR_HAL_SH_BIGENDIAN).

5. Build eCos using Build->Library.

6. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Building the ROM images with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new edk7708 stubs

3. If building a little-endian image, uncomment the user value in ecos.ecc for CYGHWR_HAL_SH_BIGENDIAN and change it to 0.

4. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Installing the Stubs into ROM or FLASH

1. Program the binary image file gdb_module.bin into ROM or FLASH referring to the instructions of your ROM programmer.

2. Plug the ROM/FLASH into socket U6. If the image is little-endian set jumper 9 to 1-2. If the image is big-endian set jumper 9 to 2-3.

#### SH3/CQ7708 Hardware Setup

##### Preparing the board

Make sure the DIP switches on the board are set as follows:

    SW1-1 ON
    SW1-2 OFF
    SW1-3 ON
    SW1-4 OFF

    SW2-1 ON
    SW2-2 ON
    SW2-3 OFF
    SW2-4 OFF

If you are using a straight through serial cable which has flow control lines, you will also need to cut JP12 (5-6) as the flow control lines can cause NMIs.

##### eCos GDB Stubs

The eCos installation CD contains a copy of the eCos GDB stubs in binary format which must be programmed into an EPROM or FLASH and installed on the board.

###### Preparing the GDB stubs

These stub preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled stubs in the directory loaders/sh3-cq7708 relative to the installation root.

###### Building the GDB stub image with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the SH3 cq7708 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the stubs package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. Build eCos stubs using Build->Library.

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the `bin/` subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub images have the prefix `gdb_module`.

###### Building the GDB stub image with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new cq7708 stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the `bin/` subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub images have the prefix `gdb_module`.

##### Programming the stubs in EPROM/FLASH

The board can use different sizes of ROMs. Use this table to adjust the board’s jumpers to the ROM sizes you are using.

    size(kbit)    JP7   JP9   JP10   JP11
    256           2-3   2-3   open   open
    512           1-2   2-3   open   open
    1000          1-2   open  open   2-3
    2000          1-2   1-2   open   2-3
    4000          1-2   1-2   short  2-3
    8000          1-2   1-2   short  1-2

There are two ways to program the stubs. We advise you to use method 1, since it is simpler. Method 2 is unsupported and requires a bit of fiddling.

Method 1:

Program the binary stub image into two EPROMs, E and O. EPROM E should contain the even bytes, and O the odd bytes (your EPROM programmer should have the ability to split the image).

EPROM E should be installed in socket IC8, and EPROM O should be installed in socket IC4.

Set JP6 to 16 bit mode (1-2 soldered, 2-3 cut) Set SW1-4 to ON and SW2-1 to OFF.

Method2:

Assuming that the stub binary is smaller than 32 kB, you can install it in a single EPROM.

Compile the `mkcqrom.c` program found in the `misc` directory.

Use it to convert the binary image to the required format. See the `mkcqrom.c` source for a description of what is done, and why it is necessary.

     % mkcqrom gdb_module.bin gdb_mangled.bin

Program the `gdb_mangled.bin` file into an EPROM and install it in socket IC4

Set JP6 to 8 bit mode (cut 1-2, solder 2-3)

The GDB stubs allow communication with GDB using the serial port at connector CN7. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a straight through serial cable.

#### SH3/HS7729PCI Hardware Setup

Please see the RedBoot manual for instructions on how to prepare the board for use with eCos.

#### SH3/SE77x9 Hardware Setup

Please see the RedBoot manual for instructions on how to prepare the board for use with eCos.

#### SH4/CQ7750 Hardware Setup

##### Preparing the board

Make sure the DIP switches on the board are set as follows:

    SW1-1 ON
    SW1-2 OFF
    SW1-3 ON
    SW1-4 OFF

    SW2-1 ON
    SW2-2 ON
    SW2-3 OFF
    SW2-4 OFF

If you are using a straight through serial cable which has flow control lines, you will also need to cut JP12 (5-6) as the flow control lines can cause NMIs.

##### eCos GDB Stubs

The eCos installation CD contains a copy of the eCos GDB stubs in binary format which must be programmed into an EPROM or FLASH and installed on the board.

###### Preparing the GDB stubs

These stub preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled stubs in the directory loaders/sh3-cq7708 relative to the installation root.

###### Building the GDB stub image with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the SH3 cq7708 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the stubs package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. Build eCos stubs using Build->Library.

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the `bin/` subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub images have the prefix `gdb_module`.

###### Building the GDB stub image with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new cq7708 stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the `bin/` subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub images have the prefix `gdb_module`.

##### Programming the stubs in EPROM/FLASH

The board can use different sizes of ROMs. Use this table to adjust the board’s jumpers to the ROM sizes you are using.

    size(kbit)    JP7   JP9   JP10   JP11
    256           2-3   2-3   open   open
    512           1-2   2-3   open   open
    1000          1-2   open  open   2-3
    2000          1-2   1-2   open   2-3
    4000          1-2   1-2   short  2-3
    8000          1-2   1-2   short  1-2

There are two ways to program the stubs. We advise you to use method 1, since it is simpler. Method 2 is unsupported and requires a bit of fiddling.

Method 1:

Program the binary stub image into two EPROMs, E and O. EPROM E should contain the even bytes, and O the odd bytes (your EPROM programmer should have the ability to split the image).

EPROM E should be installed in socket IC8, and EPROM O should be installed in socket IC4.

Set JP6 to 16 bit mode (1-2 soldered, 2-3 cut) Set SW1-4 to ON and SW2-1 to OFF.

Method2:

Assuming that the stub binary is smaller than 32 kB, you can install it in a single EPROM.

Compile the `mkcqrom.c` program found in the `misc` directory.

Use it to convert the binary image to the required format. See the `mkcqrom.c` source for a description of what is done, and why it is necessary.

     % mkcqrom gdb_module.bin gdb_mangled.bin

Program the `gdb_mangled.bin` file into an EPROM and install it in socket IC4

Set JP6 to 8 bit mode (cut 1-2, solder 2-3)

The GDB stubs allow communication with GDB using the serial port at connector CN7. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a straight through serial cable.

#### SH4/SE7751 Hardware Setup

Please see the RedBoot manual for instructions on how to repare the board for use with eCos.

#### NEC CEB-V850/SA1 Hardware Setup

The CEB-V850 board is fitted with a socketed EPROM. The internal Flash of the V850 supplied with the CEB-V850 boards defaults to vectoring into this EPROM. A GDB stub image should be programmed into an EPROM fitted to this board, and a prebuilt image is provided at `loaders/v850-ceb_v850/v850sa1/gdb_module.bin` under the root of your eCos installation.

The EPROM is installed to the socket labelled U7 on the board. Attention should be paid to the correct orientation of the EPROM during installation.

When programming an EPROM using the binary image, be careful to get the byte order correct. It needs to be little-endian. If the EPROM burner software has a hex-editor, check that the first few bytes of the image look similar to:

    00000000: 0018 8007 5e02 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

If the byte order is wrong you will see 1800 instead of 0018 etc. Use the EPROM burner software to make a byte-swap before you burn to image to the EPROM.

If the GDB stub EPROM you burn does not work, try reversing the byte-order, even if you think you have it the right way around. At least one DOS-based EPROM burner program is known to have the byte-order upside down.

The GDB stub in the EPROM allows communication with GDB using the serial port. The communication parameters are fixed at 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit (8-N-1). No flow control is employed. Connection to the host computer should be made using a dedicated serial cable as specified in the CEB-V850/SA1 manual.

##### Installing the Stubs into ROM

###### Preparing the Binaries

These two binary preparation steps are not strictly necessary as the eCos distribution ships with precompiled binaries in the directory loaders/v850-ceb_v850 relative to the installation root.

###### Building the ROM images with the eCos Configuration Tool

1. Start with a new document - selecting the File->New menu item if necessary to do this.

2. Choose the Build->Templates menu item, and then select the NEC CEB-V850/SA1 hardware.

3. While still displaying the Build->Templates dialog box, select the “stubs” package template to build a GDB stub. Click OK.

4. Build eCos using Build->Library.

5. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Building the ROM images with ecosconfig

1. Make an empty directory to contain the build tree, and cd into it.

2. To build a GDB stub ROM image, enter the command:

       $ ecosconfig new ceb-v850 stubs

3. Enter the commands:

       $ ecosconfig tree
       $ make

4. When the build completes, the image files can be found in the bin/ subdirectory of the install tree. GDB stub ROM images have the prefix “gdb_module”.

###### Installing the Stubs into ROM or FLASH

1. Program the binary image file gdb_module.bin into ROM or FLASH referring to the instructions of your ROM programmer.

2. Plug the ROM/FLASH into the socket as described at the beginning of this section.

##### Debugging with the NEC V850 I.C.E.

eCos applications may be debugged using the NEC V850 In Circuit Emulator (I.C.E.) A PC running Microsoft Windows is required in order to run the NEC ICE software and drivers. In addition Red Hat have developed a “libremote” server application named v850ice.exe which is used on the PC connected to the I.C.E. in order to allow connections from GDB.

The I.C.E. must be physically connected to a Windows NT system through NEC"s PCI or PC Card interface. A driver, DLLs, and application are provided by NEC to control the I.C.E.

v850ice is a Cygwin based server that runs on the NT system and provides an interface between the gdb client and the I.C.E. software. v850-elf-gdb may be run on the Windows NT system or on a remote system. v850-elf-gdb communicates with the libremote server using the gdb remote protocol over a TCP/IP socket. v850ice communicates with the I.C.E. by calling functions in the NECMSG.DLL provided by NEC.

###### INITIAL SETUP

1. Configure the hardware including the I.C.E., SA1 or SB1 Option Module, and target board. Install the interface card in the Windows NT system. Reference NEC"s documentation for interface installation, jumper settings, etc.

2. Install the Windows NT device driver provided by NEC.

3. Copy the NEC DLLs, MDI application, and other support files to a directory on the Windows NT system. The standard location is C:\NecTools32. This directory will be refered to as the "libremote server directory" in this document. v850ice.exe must also be copied to this directory after being built. The required files are: cpu.cfg, Nec.cfg, MDI.EXE, NECMSG.DLL, EX85032.DLL, V850E.DLL, IE850.MON, IE850E.MON, and D3037A.800.

4. Make certain the file cpu.cfg contains the line:

       CpuOption=SA1

   if using a V850/SA1 module, or:

       CpuOption=SB1

   if using a V850/SB1 module.

5. Set the environment variable IEPATH to point to the libremote server

   directory.

###### BUILD PROCEDURES

A prebuilt v850ice.exe executable is supplied in the loaders/v850-ceb_v850 directory relative to the root of the eCos installation. However the following process will allow the rebuilding of this executable if required:

For this example assume the v850ice libremote tree has been copied to a directory named "server". The directory structure will be similar to the following diagram:

                    server
                       |
                     devo
                     /  \
               config    libremote
                          /     \
                       lib       v850ice

Build the v850ice source as follows. Be sure to use the native Cygwin compiler tools that were supplied alongside eCos.

cd server mkdir build cd build ../devo/configure --target=v850-elf --host=i686-pc-cygwin make

The resultant libremote server image (v850ice.exe) can be found in build/libremote/v850ice. Copy v850ice.exe to the lib remote server directory.

###### V850ICE.EXE EXECUTION

The v850ice command line syntax is:

v850ice [-d] [-t addr] [port number]

The optional -d option enables debug output. The -t option is associated with thread debugging - see the "eCos thread debugging" section below for details. By default v850ice listens on port 2345 for an attach request from a gdb client. A different port number may be specified on the command line.

To run the libremote server:

1. Power on the I.C.E. and target board.

2. Open a Cygwin window.

3. Run v850ice.

4. You will see the MDI interface window appear. In this window you should see the "Connected to In-Circuit Emulator" message. In the Cygwin window, the libremote server will indicate it is ready to accept a gdb client connection with the message "v850ice: listening on port 2345."

###### V850-ELF-GDB EXECUTION

Run the v850-elf-gdb client to debug the V850 target. It is necessary to issue certain configuration commands to the I.C.E. software. These commands may be issued directly in the MDI window or they may be issued from the gdb client through the "monitor" command.

On the Cosmo CEB-V850 board, on-chip Flash is mapped at address 0x0, the on-board EPROM at 0x100000 and the on-board RAM at 0xfc0000. Since a standalone V850 will start executing from address 0x0 on reset, it is normal to load either an application or a bootstrap loader for Flash at this address. eCos programs may be built to boot from Flash or the on-board EPROM. If building for the on-board EPROM, it would be expected that the Flash will contain the default CEB-V850 flash contents. An ELF format version of the default contents may be found in the eCos distribution with the name v850flash.img.

In standalone operation, normally the code in this flash image would have been programmed into the V850 on the Cosmo board, and this would cause it to vector into the on-board EPROM to run the application located there. In the case of eCos, this application may be a GDB stub ROM application, allowing the further download to RAM over serial of actual applications to debug.

As an example, we shall demonstrate how to use the I.C.E. to download the v850flash.img and GDB stub EPROM image using I.C.E. emulator memory only, and not requiring any actual programming of devices.

v850-elf-gdb -nw (gdb) file v850flash.img (gdb) target remote localhost:2345 (gdb) monitor reset (gdb) monitor cpu r=256 a=16 (gdb) monitor map r=0x100000-L 0x80000 (gdb) monitor map u=0xfc0000-L 0x40000 (gdb) monitor pinmask k (gdb) monitor step (gdb) monitor step (gdb) monitor step (gdb) monitor step (gdb) load (gdb) detach (gdb) file gdb_module.img (gdb) target remote localhost:2345 (gdb) load (gdb) continue

NOTE: The four "monitor step" commands are only required the first time the board is connected to the I.C.E., otherwise the program will fail.

This is because of a limitation of the I.C.E. hardware that means that the first time it is used, the "map" commands are not acted on and the addresses "0x100000" and "0xfc0000" are not mapped. This can be observed using the command "td e-20" in the MDI application"s console to display the trace buffer, which will show that the contents of address 0x100000 are not valid. Subsequent runs do not require the "monitor step" commands.

It is unusual to load two executable images to a target through gdb. From the example above notice that this is accomplished by attaching to the libremote server, loading the flash image, detaching, reattaching, and loading the ROM/RAM image. It is more normal to build an executable image that can be executed directly. In eCos this is achieved by selecting either the ROM or ROMRAM startup type, and optionally enable building for the internal FLASH. The I.C.E. emulator memory can emulate both the internal FLASH and the EPROM, so real hardware programming is not required.

Upon running this example you will notice that the libremote server does not exit upon detecting a detach request, but simply begins listening for the next attach request. To cause v850ice to terminate, issue the "monitor quit" or "monitor exit" command from the gdb client. v850ice will then terminate with the next detach request. (You can also enter control-c in the Cygwin/DOS window where v850ice is running.)

###### MDI INTERFACE VS. GDB INTERFACE

If a filename is referenced in an MDI command, whether the command is entered in the MDI window or issued from the gdb client with the monitor command, the file must reside on the Windows NT libremote server system. When specifying a filename when entering a command in the MDI window it is obvious that a server local file is being referenced. When issuing an MDI command from the gdb client, the user must remember that the command line is simply passed to the I.C.E. software on the server system. The command is executed by the I.C.E. software as though it were entered locally.

Executable images may be loaded into the V850 target by entering the "load" command in the MDI window or with the gdb "load" command. If the MDI load command is used, the executable image must be located on the server system and must be in S Record format. If the gdb load command is used, the executable image must be located on the client system and must be in ELF format.

Be aware that the gdb client is not aware of debugger commands issued from the MDI window. It is possible to cause the gdb client and the I.C.E. software to get out of sync by issuing commands from both interfaces during the same debugging session.

###### eCos THREAD DEBUGGING

eCos and the V850 I.C.E. libremote server have been written to work together to allow debugging of eCos threads. This is an optional feature, disabled by default because of the overheads trying to detect a threaded program involves.

Obviously thread debugging is not possible for programs with "RAM" startup type, as they are expected to operate underneath a separate ROM monitor (such as a GDB stub ROM), that itself would provide its own thread debugging capabilities over the serial line. Thread debugging is relevant only for programs built for Flash, ROM, or ROMRAM startup.

To configure the libremote server to support thread debugging, use the command:

    (gdb) monitor syscallinfo ADDRESS

at the GDB console prompt, where ADDRESS is the address of the syscall information structure included in the applications. In eCos this has been designed to be located at a consistent address for each CPU model (V850/SA1 or V850/SB1). It may be determined from an eCos executable using the following command at a cygwin bash prompt:

    v850-elf-nm EXECUTABLE | grep hal_v85x_ice_syscall_info

At the current time, this address is 0xfc0400 for a Cosmo board fitted with a V850/SA1, or 0xfc0540 for a Cosmo board fitted with a V850/SB1.

So for example, the GDB command for the SB1 would be:

    (gdb) monitor syscallinfo 0xfc0540

Given that the syscallinfo address is fixed over all eCos executables for a given target, it is possible to define it on the libremote command line as well using the "-t" option, for example:

    bash$ v850ice -t 0xfc0400
    v850ice: listening on port 2345

#### NEC CEB-V850/SB1 Hardware Setup

The instructions for setting up the CEB-V850/SB1 are virtually identical to those of the CEB-V850/SA1 above. The only significant differences are that prebuilt loaders are available at loaders/v850-ceb_v850/v850sb1 within the eCos installation. Binaries supporting boards with both 16MHz and 8MHz clock speeds are supplied. Also when building applications, or rebuilding the stubs for a V850/SB1 target, then the V850 CPU variant must be changed in the CEB-V850 HAL to the SB1.

#### i386 PC Hardware Setup

eCos application on the PC can be run in three ways: via RedBoot, loaded directly from a floppy disk, or loaded by the GRUB bootloader.

##### RedBoot Support

For information about setting up the PC to run with RedBoot, consult the RedBoot User"s Guide. If using serial debugging, the serial line runs at 38400 baud 8-N-1 and should be connected to the debug host using a null modem cable. If ethernet debugging is required, an i82559 compatible network interface card, such as an Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100, should be installed on the target PC and connected to the development PC running GDB. When RedBoot is configured appropriately to have an IP address set, then GDB will be able to debug directly over TCP/IP to the target PC.

##### Floppy Disk Support

If an application is built with a startup type of FLOPPY, then it is configured to be a self-booting image that must be written onto a formatted floppy disk. This will erase any existing file system or data that is already on the disk, so proceed with caution.

To write an application to floppy disk, it must first be converted to a pure binary format. This is done with the following command:

    $ i386-elf-objcopy -O binary app.elf app.bin

Here `app.elf` is the final linked application executable, in ELF format (it may not have a `.elf` extension). The file `app.bin` is the resulting pure binary file. This must be written to the floppy disk with the following command:

    $ dd conv=sync if=app.bin of=/dev/fd0

For NT Cygwin users, this can be done by first ensuring that the raw floppy device is mounted as `/dev/fd0`. To check if this is the case, type the command `mount` at the Cygwin bash prompt. If the floppy drive is already mounted, it will be listed as something similar to the following line:

      \\.\a: /dev/fd0 user binmode

If this line is not listed, then mount the floppy drive using the command:

    $ mount -f -b //./a: /dev/fd0

To actually install the boot image on the floppy, use the command:

    $ dd conv=sync if=app.bin of=/dev/fd0

Insert this floppy in the A: drive of the PC to be used as a target and ensure that the BIOS is configured to boot from A: by default. On reset, the PC will boot from the floppy and the eCos application will load itself and execute immediately.

###### NOTE

Unreliable floppy media may cause the write to silently fail. This can be determined if the RedBoot image does not correctly boot. In such cases, the floppy should be (unconditionally) reformatted using the `fdformat` command on Linux, or `format a: /u` on DOS/Windows. If this fails, try a different disk.

##### GRUB Bootloader Support

If an application is built with the GRUB startup type, it is configured to be loaded by the GRUB bootloader.

GRUB is an open source boot loader that supports many different operating systems. It is available from http://www.gnu.org/software/grub. The latest version of GRUB should be downloaded from there and installed. In Red Hat Linux version 7.2 and later it is the default bootloader for Linux and therefore is already installed.

To install GRUB on a floppy disk from Linux you need to execute the following commands:

    $ mformat a:
    $ mount /mnt/floppy
    $ grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/floppy '(fd0)'
    Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
    Installation finished. No error reported.
    This is the contents of the device map /mnt/floppy/boot/grub/device.map.
    Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
    fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.

    (fd0)	/dev/fd0
    $ cp $ECOS_REPOSITORY/packages/hal/i386/pc/current/misc/menu.lst /mnt/floppy/boot/grub
    $ umount /mnt/floppy

The file `menu.lst` is an example GRUB menu configuration file. It contains menu items to load some of the standard eCos tests from floppy or from partition zero of the first hard disk. You should, of course, customize this file to load your own application. Alternatively you can use the command-line interface of GRUB to input commands yourself.

Applications can be installed, or updated simply by copying them to the floppy disk at the location expected by the `menu.lst` file. For booting from floppy disks it is recommended that the executable be stripped of all debug and symbol table information before copying. This reduces the size of the file and can make booting faster.

To install GRUB on a hard disk, refer to the GRUB documentation. Be warned, however, that if you get this wrong it may compromise any existing bootloader that exists on the hard disk and may make any other operating systems unbootable. Practice on floppy disks or sacrificial hard disks first. On machines running Red Hat Linux version 7.2 and later, you can just add your own menu items to the `/boot/grub/menu.lst` file that already exists.

##### Debugging FLOPPY and GRUB Applications

When RedBoot loads an application it also provides debugging services in the form of GDB remote protocol stubs. When an application is loaded stand-alone from a floppy disk, or by GRUB, these services are not present. To allow these application to be debugged, it is possible to include GDB stubs into the application.

To do this, set the "Support for GDB stubs" (`CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_INCLUDE_STUBS`) configuration option. Following this any application built will allow GDB to connect to the debug serial port (by default serial device 0, also known as COM1) whenever the application takes an exception, or if a Control-C is typed to the debug port. Ethernet debugging is not supported.

The option "Enable initial breakpoint" (`CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_INITIAL_BREAK`) causes the HAL to take a breakpoint immediately before calling cyg_start(). This gives the developer a chance to set any breakpoints or inspect the system state before it proceeds. The configuration sets this option by default if GDB stubs are included, and this is not a RedBoot build. To make the application execute immediately either disable this option, or disable `CYGDBG_HAL_DEBUG_GDB_INCLUDE_STUBS`.

#### i386/Linux Synthetic Target Setup

When building for the synthetic Linux target, the resulting binaries are native Linux applications with the HAL providing suitable bindings between the eCos kernel and the Linux kernel.

Please be aware that the current implementation of the Linux synthetic target does not allow thread-aware debugging.

These Linux applications cannot be run on a Windows system. However, it is possible to write a similar HAL emulation for the Windows kernel if such a testing target is desired.

##### Tools

For the synthetic target, eCos relies on features not available in native compilers earlier than gcc-2.95.1. It also requires version 2.9.5 or later of the GNU linker. If you have gcc-2.95.1 or later and ld version 2.9.5 or later, then you do not need to build new tools. eCos does not support earlier versions. You can check the compiler version using `gcc -v` or `egcs -v`, and the linker version using `ld -v`.

If you have native tools that are sufficiently recent for use with eCos, you should be aware that by default eCos assumes that the tools `i686-pc-linux-gnu-gcc`, `i686-pc-linux-gnu-ar`, `i686-pc-linux-gnu-ld`, and `i686-pc-linux-gnu-objcopy` are on your system and are the correct versions for use with eCos. But instead, you can tell eCos to use your native tools by editing the configuration value "Global command prefix" (CYGBLD_GLOBAL_COMMAND_PREFIX) in your eCos configuration. If left empty (i.e. set to the empty string) eCos will use your native tools when building.

If you have any difficulties, it is almost certainly easiest overall to rebuild the tools as described on: http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/getstart.html

### Running Applications on the Target

At this point you should have installed the eCos software on your system (see ), and connected to a hardware target (see ).

To verify both that a hardware target is properly set up, and that the GDB commands used to connect to the target (hardware, simulator or synthetic) work properly on your system, you will now be guided through downloading and executing a prebuilt eCos test. The procedure is exactly the same when you want to download and run applications or tests that you have built yourself.

On Windows you must have the bash command line interpreter running with some environment variables that are useful for eCos work. If you have purchased the eCos Developer's Kit, you can select this by selecting Start->Programs->Red Hat eCos->eCos Development Environment. If you are using the eCos Net Release, you should set the environment variables as shown in the GNUPro Toolkit Reference Manual. On Linux, simply open a new shell window.

You will need to change directory to the prebuilt tests that are provided in the eCos installation, as follows:

    for the SHARP LH77790A-based AEB-1 boards:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/aeb/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the ARM7-based Cogent CMA230 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/cma230/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the StrongARM based Intel EBSA board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/ebsa285/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the ARM-based Cirrus Logic EP72xx Development boards:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/edb7xxx/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the ARM-based ARM PID board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/pid/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the StrongARM-based ARM Brutus board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/brutus/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the StrongARM-based ARM Assabet board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/assabet/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the AM31 simulator target:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/am31_sim/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the AM33-based Matsushita STB board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/stb/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the AM31-based Matsushita stdeval1 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/stdeval1/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the MPC8xx-based Cogent CMA28x boards:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/cma28x/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the MPC8xx-based Motorola FADS board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/fads/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the MPC8xx-based Motorola MBX boards:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/mbx/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the PowerPC minimal simulator target:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/psim/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the TX3904-based Toshiba JMR-TX3904 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/jmr3904/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the TX39 simulator target:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/tx39_sim/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the TX49based Toshiba REF4995 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/ref4955/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the VR4300-based NEC VRC4373 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/vrc4373/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the SH7708-based Hitachi EDK/SH7708 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/sh7708/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the SH3-based CQ cq7708 board a prebuilt test is provided  in:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/cq7708/tests/kernel/tests
    for the SH4-based CQ cq7750 board a prebuilt test is provided  in:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/cq7750/tests/kernel/tests
    for the SE7751-based Hitachi Solutions Engine board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/se7751/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the SE77x9-based Hitachi Solutions Engine board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/se77x9/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the SPARClite-based Fujitsu MB86800-MA01 board:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/sleb/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the SPARClite minimal simulator target:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/sparclite_sim/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the i386 PC target:
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/pc/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests
    for the NEC CEB-V850SA1
      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/ceb_v850/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests

for the i386-based Linux synthetic target:

      $ cd BASE_DIR/prebuilt/linux/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests

To execute the `thread_gdb` test case on the desired target,

1. Run GDB in command line mode using the following command, remembering to substitute the appropriate name for the architecture's gdb, eg. <target>-gdb:

       $ gdb -nw thread_gdb

   GDB will display a copyright banner and then display a prompt (gdb).

2. Connect to the target according to the instructions given earlier (in ) - via serial or ethernet to hardware targets, or directly, for simulator and synthetic targets.

3. Depending on the target type, you will be notified about a successful connection, and possibly see some output informing you of the current program counter of the target.

4. Download the test - effectively loading the test case executable into the memory of the target - by typing this command:

       (gdb) load

   Again, depending on the target, you may see some output describing how much data was downloaded, and at what speed.

5. Start the test case running. For hardware targets this is done with the

       continue

   command, while

       run

   must be used on simulators and synthetic targets:

       (gdb) continue

   or

       (gdb) run

   You should now see a number of text messages appear, such as:

       PASS:<GDB Thread test OK>
       EXIT:<done>

   eCos has no concept of the application exiting. All eCos test cases complete and then run in a continuous tight loop. To return control to GDB you must stop the application.

   The usual method of stopping an application is with Ctrl+C , but Ctrl+C may not work on your platform for the prebuilts. First, make default tests and check that they work the same way as prebuilts, then modify your config to enable GDB stubs (if applicable) and break support, so that a Ctrl+C character will interrupt the application.

   Another way to stop the application is by means of a breakpoint. Before running the application, breakpoint `cyg_test_exit()` to stop an eCos test case at its end.

   When an eCos program is run on ARM or SH3 boards, the GDB

   stub in ROM does not provide thread debugging or asynchronous GDB interrupt support. If you require full debugging capabilities, you must include GDB stub support when configuring eCos.

   The usual method of stopping an application is with Ctrl+C, but Ctrl+C may not work on your platform for the prebuilts. First, make default tests and check that they work the same way as prebuilts, then modify your config to enable GDB stubs (if applicable) and break support, so that a Ctrl+C character will interrupt the application.

   Another way to stop the application is by means of a breakpoint. Before running the application, breakpoint `cyg_test_exit()` to stop an eCos test case at its end.

   The full functionality of GDB is now available to you, including breakpoints and watchpoints. Please consult the GNUPro GDB documentation for further information.

### Test Suites

The eCos kernel and other packages have test suites which rigorously exercise the available features and confirm correct execution. The tests are run on many different possible configurations, but the high number of configuration permutations makes it impossible to test them all. The use of test suites is particularly important for embedded systems, where software robustness is a priority. All eCos software is tested prior to shipping, but if you define your own configuration, you will probably want to verify that the test cases work for it.

This release includes test suites for the eCos kernel, kernel C API, C library, µITRON compatibility, and device driver packages. The use of the test suites is similar for all packages. The tests are supplied as source code for building with specific eCos configurations.

Each test suite consists of a number of test cases which can be executed individually, as shown below for the TX39, AM31 and AM33 PowerPC StrongARM SH3, VR4300 SPARClite hardware target, and all supported ARM platforms, including the Cirrus Logic EP7211 and EP7212 Development Boards if connecting via a serial line.

Using the eCos Configuration Tool it is possible to automate the downloading and execution of tests with the appropriately configured eCos packages. To do so, compile and link the test cases by using the Build->Tests menu item, after which the tests can be downloaded and executed by selecting Tools->Run Tests. See .

To compile and run tests using the command line:

1. Type “make tests”.

2. Start GDB, using the correct command prefix for your platform (see “GDB and GCC Command Notation” on page 19).

3. Set up the baud rate, usually with `(gdb) set remotebaud 38400 (19200).`

4. Select the target board, usually with `(gdb) target remote com1` on Windows or `(gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0` on Linux.

5. download the test program, usually with `(gdb) load` . This can take some time.

6. execute the test program, usually with `(gdb) continue`.

When executing test cases on the Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board via an TCP connection to the board, the following steps are required:

1. Start GDB using the test case file name as an argument.

2. connect to the target board with `(gdb) target remote xxx:1000` where xxx is the IP address or hostname assigned to the board.

3. download the test program with `(gdb) load.`

4. execute the test program with `(gdb) continue.`

When executing test cases on the Cirrus Logic EP7211 or EP7212 Development Boards and connecting with the ARM Multi-ICE Interface Unit, follow the instructions in the manual GNUPro Toolkit reference for eCos ARM/Thumb.

When executing test cases on the Linux synthetic target, it is possible to run them directly from the command line. If debugging is needed, only the following steps are required:

1. start GDB using the test case file name as an argument

2. execute the test program with `(gdb) run`

Each test case runs without further intervention. A test case may involve one or more individual tests. Successful completion of each test within the test case is reported as a line of text that is sent to the diagnostic channel (usually the serial port) for display on a terminal or terminal emulator.

Each test case runs only once and usually requires the target hardware to be reset on completion. Note that certain test cases may not terminate immediately, especially if they involve delays and run on the target simulators.

In the CD distribution of the eCos Developer’s Kit, the test cases are located as follows:

- one prebuilt “thread_gdb” test compiled for RAM start-up (needs CygMon or an eCos GDB stub in ROM, and will only run on real hardware):

      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/mn10300_am31-stdeval-ram for the MN10300 AM31 standard evaluation board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/mn10300_am33-stb-ram for the AM33 STB system reference board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/tx39-jmr3904-ram for the TX39.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/powerpc-cogent-ram for the PowerPC Cogent board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/powerpc-mbx-ram for the PowerPC MBX860 board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/sparclite-sleb-ram for the SPARClite.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-pid-ram for the ARM PID board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-pidT-ram for the ARM PID in Thumb mode.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-aeb-ram for the ARM AEB-1 board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-cma230-ram for the Cogent CMA230 board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-edb7xxx-ram for the Cirrus Logic EP7211 development board
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-pid-ram for the VR4300.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/sh-edk7708-ram for the SH3 in big-endian mode.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/sh-edk7708le-ram for the SH3 in little-endian mode.

- one prebuilt “thread_gdb” test compiled for ROM start-up:

      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/mn10300_am31-stdeval-rom for the MN10300 AM31 standard evaluation board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/mn10300_am33-stb-rom for the AM33 STB system reference board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/tx39-jmr3904-rom for the TX39.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/powerpc-cogent-rom for the PowerPC Cogent board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/powerpc-mbx-rom for the PowerPC MBX860 board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/sparclite-sleb-rom for the SPARClite.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-pid-rom for the ARM PID board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-pidT-rom for the ARM in Thumb mode.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-aeb-rom for the ARM AEB-1 board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-cma230-rom for the ARM CMA230 board.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/arm-edb7xxx-rom for the Cirrus Logic EP7211 development board
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/mips_vr4300-vrc4373-rom for the VR4300.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/sh-edk7708-rom for the SH3 in big-endian mode.
      BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/sh-edk7708le-rom for the SH3 in little-endian mode.

  For targets that do not have simulator support, the ROM tests will work if programmed into ROM/FLASH, or if using a PROM emulator.

- one prebuilt synthetic target test (will work on Linux only): `BASE_DIR/prebuilt/&Version;/i386-linux` for i386.

  test case source code is under the base source directory BASE_DIR/packages /

  - `compat/uitron/&Version;/tests`

  - `io/serial/&Version;/tests`

- `hal/powerpc/arch/&Version;/test`

  - `devs/wallclock/&Version;/tests`

  - `devs/watchdog/&Version;/tests`

  - `kernel/&Version;/tests`

  - `language/c/libc/&Version;/tests`

  - `language/c/libm/&Version;/tests`

In you will find detailed instructions on running a test case to verify that your hardware board is working with the supplied software. Instructions for testing on a simulator are in .

## Programming Tutorial

### Programming with eCos

The remaining chapters of this manual comprise a simple tutorial for configuring and building eCos, building and running eCos tests, and finally building three stand-alone example programs which use the eCos API to perform some simple tasks.

You will need a properly installed eCos system, with the accompanying versions of the GNUPro tools. On Windows you will be using the bash command line interpreter that comes with Cygwin, with the environment variables set as described in the GNUPro documentation.

#### The Development Process

Most development projects using eCos would contain some (or most) of the following:

##### eCos Configuration

eCos is configured to provide the desired API (the inclusion of libc, uitron, and the disabling of certain undesired funtions, etc.), and semantics (selecting scheduler, mutex behavior, etc.). See .

It would normally make sense to enable eCos assertion checking at this time as well, to catch as many programming errors during the development phase as possible.

Note that it should not be necessary to spend much time on eCos configuration initially. It may be important to perform fine tuning to reduce the memory footprint and to improve performance later when the product reaches a testable state.

##### Integrity check of the eCos configuration

While Red Hat strive to thoroughly test eCos, the vast number of configuration permutations mean that the particular configuration parameters used for your project may not have been tested. Therefore, we advise running all the eCos tests after the project's eCos configuration has been determined. See .

Obviously, this should be repeated if the configuration changes later on in the development process.

##### Application Development - Target Neutral Part

While your project is probably targeting a specific architecture and platform, possibly custom hardware, part of the application development may be possible to perform using simulated or synthetic targets.

There are two primary reasons for doing this:

- It may be possible by this means to perform application development in parallel with the design/implementation of the target hardware, thus providing more time for developing and testing functionality, and reducing time-to-market.

- The build-run-debug-cycle may be faster when the application does not have to be downloaded to a target via a serial interface. Debugging is also likely to be more responsive when you do not have to to communicate with a stub via serial. It also removes the need for manually or automatically resetting the target hardware.

This is approach is possible because all targets (including simulators and synthetic ones) provide the same basic API: that is, kernel, libc, libm, uitron, infra, and to some extent, HAL and IO.

Synthetic targets are especially suitable as they allow you to jury-rig simulations of elaborate devices by interaction with the host system, where an IO device API can hide the details from the application. When switching to hardware later in the development cycle, the IO driver is properly implemented. While this is possible to do, and has been done, it is not specifically documented or supported by Red Hat. It may become so later.

Therefore, select a simulator or synthetic target and use it for as long as possible doing application development. That is, configure for the selected target, build eCos, build the application and link with eCos, run and debug. Repeat the latter two steps.

Obviously, at some time you will have to switch to the intended target hardware, for example when adding target specific feature support, for memory footprint/performance characterization, and for final tuning of eCos and the application.

##### Application Development - Target Specific Part

Repeat the build-run-debug-cycle while performing final tuning and debugging of application. Remember to disable eCos assertion checking, as it reduces performance.

It may be useful to switch between this and the previous step repeatedly through the development process; use the simulator/synthetic target for actual development, and use the target hardware to continually check memory footprint and performance. There should be little cost in switching between the two targets when using two separate build trees.

### Configuring and Building eCos from Source

This chapter documents the configuration of eCos, using the ARM PID board as an example. The process is the same for any of the other supported targets: you may select a hardware target (if you have a board available), any one of the simulators, or a synthetic target (if your host platform has synthetic target support).

At the end of the chapter is a section describing special issues for this architecture which may affect the way you should configure eCos for your target.

#### eCos Start-up Configurations

There are various ways to download an executable image to a target board, and these involve different ways of preparing the executable image. In the eCos Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL package) there are configuration options to support the different download methods. The following table summarizes the ways in which an eCos image can be prepared for different types of download.

##### Configuration for various download methods

Download method | HAL configuration
--- | ---
Burn hardware ROM | ROM start-up
Download to ROM emulator | ROM start-up
Download to board with CygMon or GDB stub ROM | RAM start-up
Download to simulator without CygMon or GDB stub ROM | ROM start-up
Download to simulator with CygMon | RAM start-up
Download to simulator ignoring devices | SIM configuration
Run synthetic target | RAM start-up

You cannot run an application configured for RAM start-up on the simulator directly: it will fail during start-up. You can only download it to the simulator if you are already running CygMon (or a GDB stub) in the simulator, as described in the GNUPro documentation or you load through the SID GDB debugging component. This is not the same as the simulated stub, since it does not require a target program to be running to get GDB to talk to it. It can be done before letting the simulator run or you use the ELF loader component to get a program into memory.

Configuring eCos' HAL package for simulation should rarely be needed for real development; binaries built with such a kernel will not run on target boards at all, and the MN10300 and TX39 simulators can run binaries built for stdeval1 and jmr3904 target boards. The main use for a ``simulation'' configuration is if you are trying to work around problems with the device drivers or with the simulator. Also note that when using a TX39 system configured for simulator start-up you should then invoke the simulator with the `--board=jmr3904pal` option instead of `--board=jmr3904`

If your chosen architecture does not have simulator support, then the combinations above that refer to the simulator do not apply. Similarly, if your chosen platform does not have CygMon or GDB stub ROM support, the combinations listed above that use CygMon or GDB stub ROMs do not apply.

The debugging environment for most developers will be either a hardware board or the simulator, in which case they will be able to select a single HAL configuration.

More information on the interactions between CygMon, the simulators, and GDB's thread-aware debugging features is available in the GNUPro Reference Manual for your specific architecture.

#### Using the Configuration Tool on Windows and UNIX

Note that the use of the Configuration Tool is described in detail in the eCos User's Guide.

The Configuration Tool (see ) has five main elements: the configuration window, the conflicts window, the properties window, the short description window, and the output window.

##### Configuration Tool

Start by opening the templates window via Build->Templates. Select the desired target (see ).

##### Template selection

Make sure that the configuration is correct for the target in terms of endianness, CPU model, Startup type, etc. (see ).

##### Configuring for the target

Next, select the Build->Library menu item to start building eCos (see ). The application will configure the sources, prepare a build tree, and build the `libtarget.a` library, which contains the eCos kernel and other packages.

The output from the configuration process and the building of libtarget.a will be shown in the output window.

Once the build process has finished you will have a kernel with other packages in `libtarget.a`. You should now build the eCos tests for your particular configuration.

Select Build->Batch Build->Build to build the test project.

##### Selecting the Build Library menu item

The Save As dialog box will appear, asking you to specify a directory in which to place your save file. You can use the default, but it is a good idea to make a subdirectory, called ecos-work for example.

##### Save file dialog

The first time you build an eCos library for a specific architecture, the Configuration Tool may prompt you for the location of the appropriate build tools (including make and gcc) using a Build Tools dialog box (as shown in ). You can select a location from the drop down list, browse to the directory using the Browse button, or type in the location of the build tools manually.

##### Build tools dialog

The Configuration Tool may also prompt you for the location of the user tools (such as cat and ls) using a User Tools dialog box (as shown in ). As with the Build Tools dialog, you can select a location from the drop down list, browse to the directory using the Browse button, or type in the location of the user tools manually. Note that on UNIX, this will often be unnecessary as the tools will already be on your PATH.

##### User tools dialog

When the tool locations have been entered, the Configuration Tool will configure the sources, prepare a build tree, and build the libtarget.a library, which contains the eCos kernel and other packages.

The output from the configuration process and the building of libtarget.a will be shown in the output window.

Once the build process has finished you will have a kernel with other packages in libtarget.a. You should now build the eCos tests for your particular configuration.

You can do this by selecting Build -> Tests. Notice that you could have selected Tests instead of Library in the earlier step and it would have built both the library and the tests, but this would increase the build time substantially, and if you do not need to build the tests it is unnecessary.

##### Selecting the Build Tests menu item

will guide you through running one of the test cases you just built on the selected target, using GDB.

#### Using ecosconfig on Windows and UNIX

As an alternative to using the graphical Configuration Tool, it is still possible to configure and build a kernel by editing a configuration file manually and using the ecosconfig command.

The following instructions assume that the PATH and ECOS_REPOSITORY environment variables have been setup correctly as described in . They also assume UNIX usage but equally well apply to Windows running Cygwin.

Before invoking ecosconfig you need to choose a directory in which to work. For the purposes of this tutorial, the default path will be `BASE_DIR/ecos-work`. Create this directory and change to it by typing:

    $ mkdir BASE_DIR/ecos-work
    $ cd BASE_DIR/ecos-work

To see what options can be used with ecosconfig, type:

    $ ecosconfig --help

The available packages, targets and templates may be listed as follows:

    $ ecosconfig list

Here is sample output from ecosconfig showing the usage message.

##### Getting help from ecosconfig

    $ ecosconfig --help
    Usage: ecosconfig [ qualifier ... ] [ command ]
      commands are:
        list                                       : list repository contents
        new TARGET [ TEMPLATE [ VERSION ] ]        : create a configuration
        target TARGET                              : change the target hardware
        template TEMPLATE [ VERSION ]              : change the template
        add PACKAGE [ PACKAGE ... ]                : add package(s)
        remove PACKAGE [ PACKAGE ... ]             : remove package(s)
        version VERSION PACKAGE [ PACKAGE ... ]    : change version of package(s)
        export FILE                                : export minimal config info
        import FILE                                : import additional config info
        check                                      : check the configuration
        resolve                                    : resolve conflicts
        tree                                       : create a build tree
      qualifiers are:
        --config=FILE                              : the configuration file
        --prefix=DIRECTORY                         : the install prefix
        --srcdir=DIRECTORY                         : the source repository
        --no-resolve                               : disable conflict
    resolution
        --version                                  : show version and copyright
    $

##### ecosconfig output — list of available packages, targets and templates

    $ ecosconfig list
    Package CYGPKG_CYGMON (CygMon support via eCos):
    aliases: cygmon
    versions: &Version;
    Package CYGPKG_DEVICES_WALLCLOCK_DALLAS_DS1742 (Wallclock driver for Dallas 1742):
    aliases: devices_wallclock_ds1742 device_wallclock_ds1742
    versions: &Version;
    Package CYGPKG_DEVICES_WALLCLOCK_SH3 (Wallclock driver for SH3 RTC module):
    aliases: devices_wallclock_sh3 device_wallclock_sh3
    versions: &Version;
    Package CYGPKG_DEVICES_WATCHDOG_ARM_AEB (Watchdog driver for ARM/AEB board):
    aliases: devices_watchdog_aeb device_watchdog_aeb
    versions: &Version;
    Package CYGPKG_DEVICES_WATCHDOG_ARM_EBSA285 (Watchdog driver for ARM/EBSA285 board):
    aliases: devices_watchdog_ebsa285 device_watchdog_ebsa285
    versions: &Version;
    …

For detailed information about how to edit the ecos.ecc file, see the CDL Writer's Guide and Editing an eCos Savefile in the eCos User's Guide.

##### Selecting a Target

To select the MN10300 (AM31) target, building for running under the simulator, type:

    $ tclsh BASE_DIR/packages/pkgconf.tcl --target=mn10300 --platform=stdeval1 --startup=rom

To select the AM33 target, the STB reference board platform, and RAM start-up, type:

    $ tclsh BASE_DIR/packages/pkgconf.tcl --target=am33 --platform=stb --startup=ram

To select the TX39 target, building for running under the simulator, type:

    $ tclsh BASE_DIR/packages/pkgconf.tcl --target=tx39 --platform=jmr3904 --startup=rom

To configure for a PowerPC target, building for running under the simulator, type:

    $ tclsh BASE_DIR/packages/pkgconf.tcl --target=powerpc --platform=sim --startup=ram

To configure for a SPARClite target, building for running under the simulator, type:

    $ tclsh BASE_DIR/packages/pkgconf.tcl --target=sparclite --platform=sim --startup=ram

To configure for a listed target, type:

    $ ecosconfig new <target>

For example, to configure for the ARM PID development board, type:

    $ ecosconfig new pid

Then edit the generated file, `ecos.ecc`, setting the options as required for the target (endianess, CPU model, Startup type, etc.)

Create a build tree for the configured target by typing:

    $ ecosconfig tree

You can now run the command make or make tests, after which you will be at the same point you would be after running the Configuration Tool on Windows— you can start developing your own applications, following the steps in .

The procedure shown above allows you to do very coarse-grained configuration of the eCos kernel: you can select which packages to include in your kernel, and give target and start-up options. But you cannot select components within a package, or set the very fine-grained options.

To select fine-grained configuration options you will need to edit the configuration file ecos.ecc in the current directory and regenerate the build tree.

You should follow the manual configuration process described above very carefully, and you should read the comments in each file to see when one option depends on other options or packages being enabled or disabled. If you do not, you might end up with an inconsistently configured kernel which could fail to build or might execute incorrectly.

#### Architectural Notes

##### ARM and Thumb Interworking

While GNUPro tools allow ARM and Thumb code to be mixed on a per-object basis, the eCos library (libtarget.a) must be compiled in whole for either ARM or Thumb. This is controlled by the "Enable Thumb instruction set" (CYGHWR_THUMB) switch. Note that not all targets have support for Thumb mode execution.

Adding `-mthumb-interwork` to the architecture options will allow the library to be linked with the application code of either ARM or Thumb type - or a mix. See the ARM GNUPro manuals for details about ARM and Thumb mode interworking.

##### CPU Family Model

Some targets can be equipped with either an ARM7 or an ARM9 daughter CPU module. The "ARM CPU family" (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_CPU_FAMILY) option should be set accordingly.

Changing this option primarily affects compiler optimization in this release.

##### CPU Endian Mode

Some targets support either little or big endian operation. The "Use big-endian mode" (CYGHWR_HAL_ARM_BIGENDIAN) option should be set accordingly.

### Test Suites

The eCos kernel and other packages have test suites that rigorously exercise the available features and confirm correct execution. The tests are run on many different possible configurations, but the high number of configuration permutations makes it impossible to test them all. The use of test suites is particularly important for embedded systems, where software robustness is a priority. All eCos software is tested prior to shipping, but if you define your own configuration, you will probably want to verify that the test cases work for it.

This release includes test suites for the eCos kernel, kernel C API, C library, ITRON compatibility, and device driver packages. The use of the test suites is similar for all packages. The tests are supplied as source code for building with your specific eCos configurations. The test case source code is located under the base source directory BASE_DIR/packages/:

- compat/uitron/&Version;/tests

- hal/common/&Version;/tests

- io/serial/&Version;/tests

- io/wallclock/&Version;/tests

- devs/watchdog/&Version;/tests

- kernel/&Version;/tests

- language/c/libc/&Version;/tests

- language/c/libm/&Version;/tests

There may be additional tests found in other packages.

Each test suite consists of a number of test cases which can be executed individually. A test case may involve one or more individual tests of the package's features. Successful completion of each test within the test case is reported as a line of text that is sent to the diagnostic channel (usually the serial port) for display on a terminal or terminal emulator.

Each test case runs only once and usually requires target hardware to be reset on completion. Note that certain test cases may not terminate immediately, especially if they involve delays and run on a target simulator.

#### Using the Configuration Tool

Using the eCos Configuration Tool it is possible to automate the downloading and execution of tests with the appropriately configured eCos packages. To do so, compile and link the test cases by using the Build->Tests menu item, after which the tests can be downloaded and executed by selecting Tools->Run Tests.

When a test run is invoked, a resizable property sheet is displayed, comprising three tabs: Executables, Output and Summary.

Three buttons appear on the property sheet itself: Run/Stop, Close and Properties.

The Run button is used to initiate a test run. Those tests selected on the Executables tab are run, and the output recorded on the Output and Summary tabs. During the course of a run, the Run button changes to Stop. This button may be used to interrupt a test run at any point.

See the eCos User's Guide for further details.

#### Using the command line

It may be necessary to run tests by hand if the automated tool finds any failing tests: it may be necessary to diagnose the problem by debugging the test.

Build the tests by typing ‘make tests' in the root of the build directory. This will cause the tests to be built and installed under `<install-path>/tests/`.

Running the test manually is done simply by invoking GDB, connecting to the target, downloading the test, optionally setting some breakpoints, and then running the test. All this was covered in .

#### Testing Filters

While most test cases today run solely in the target environment, some packages may require external testing infrastructure and/or feedback from the external environment to do complete testing.

The serial package is an example of this. It is the first package to require external testing infrastructure, but it will certainly not be the last.

Since the serial line is also used for communication with GDB, a filter is inserted in the communication pathway between GDB and the serial device which is connected to the hardware target. The filter forwards all communication between the two, but also listens for special commands embedded in the data stream from the target.

When such a command is seen, the filter stops forwarding data to GDB from the target and enters a special mode. In this mode the test case running on the target is able to control the filter, commanding it to run various tests. While these tests run, GDB is isolated from the target.

As the test completes (or if the filter detects a target crash) the communication path between GDB and the hardware target is re-established, allowing GDB to resume control.

In theory, it is possible to extend the filter to provide a generic framework for other target-external testing components, thus decoupling the testing infrastructure from the (possibly limited) communication means provided by the target (serial, JTAG, Ethernet, etc).

Another advantage is that the host tools will not need to know about the various testing environments required by the eCos packages, since all contact with the target will continue to happen via GDB.

It remains to be seen if it will be possible, or sensible, to implement all target-external testing infrastructure via filters.

### Running an eCos Test Case

In you ran the prebuilt test case on real hardware; now you are ready to run one of the test programs in the simulated environment or as a Linux application.

If the architecture you use does not have simulator support, you need to run the following tests on the evaluation boards. Make sure you have configured and built eCos for the correct board and for RAM start-up instead of ROM start-up as described previously. Consult “Test Suites” on page 112 for details about downloading the test to the board. Otherwise, the program behavior as described below should be the same.

#### Using the Configuration Tool

Test executables that have been linked using the Build/Tests operation against the current configuration can be executed by selecting Tools->Run Tests.

When a test run is invoked, a property sheet is displayed, comprising three tabs: Executables, Output and Summary.

Note that the property sheet is resizable.

Three buttons appear on the property sheet itself: Run/Stop, Close and Properties.

The Run button is used to initiate a test run. Those tests selected on the Executables tab are run, and the output recorded on the Output and Summary tabs. During the course of a run, the Run button changes to “Stop”. The button may be used to interrupt a test run at any point.

See the eCos User’s Guide for further details.

#### Using the command line

Start a command shell (such as an MS-DOS window in Windows NT) with the environment variables set as described in the GNUPro documentation. If using a simulator, define the appropriate GDB macro described in “ROM Monitor Image” on page 22. Change to the directory in which you set up your build tree, and invoke GDB on the test program.

To run the bin_sem0 test (which will test the kernel for the correct creation and destruction of binary semaphores) type:

    $ gdb -nw install/tests/kernel/&Version;/tests/bin_sem0

#### Starting up GDB

You should see output similar to the following in the command window:

    GNU gdb THIS-GDB-VERSION
    Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
    welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
    Type "show copying" to see the conditions.  This version of GDB is supported
    for customers of Red Hat.  Type "show warranty" for details.
    This GDB was configured as "--host=THIS-HOST --target=THIS-TARGET".
    (gdb)

If you are trying to run a synthetic target test on Linux, skip the simulator connection and download steps. Otherwise, specify that you are using the simulator target (rather than real hardware) by typing:

    (gdb) msim

for the MN10300 AM31

    (gdb) tsim

for the TX39

    (gdb) psim

for the PowerPC.

    (gdb) ssim

for the SPARClite.

At this point, if you are using the simulator, enter the appropriate GDB macro to initialize it. You will then see output similar to the following:

    Connected to the simulator.
    (gdb)

Now download the program to the (simulator) target with

    (gdb) load

You should see output similar to the following on your screen:

    Loading section .rom_vectors, size 0xc0
    lma 0x40000000
    Loading section .text, size 0x1b3b lma 0x400000c0
    Loading section .rodata, size 0x2f4 lma 0x40001bfc
    Loading section .data, size 0x7c lma 0x40001ef0
    Start address 0x40000000
    Transfer rate: 64344 bits in <1 sec.
    (gdb)

You are now ready to run your program as if this were an ordinary debugging session with GDB. If you type

    (gdb) run

you will see output similar to the following:

    Starting program: /ecos-work/./install/tests/kernel/bin_sem0.exe
    PASS:<Binary Semaphore 0 OK>
    EXIT:<done>

If you are using real hardware rather than a simulator, you must use the GDB command “continue” rather than “run” to start your program.

You must kill your GDB session with Control+C, or it will sit in the “idle” thread and use up CPU time. Type `quit` and you are done.

See also “Running Applications on the Target” on page 108.

### Building and Running Sample Applications

The example programs in this tutorial are included, along with a Makefile, in the examples directory of the eCos distribution. The first program you will run is a hello world-style application, then you will run a more complex application that demonstrates the creation of threads and the use of cyg_thread_delay(), and finally you will run one that uses clocks and alarm handlers.

The Makefile has two variables you will need to adjust: PKG_INSTALL_DIR and XCC.

Edit the Makefile, setting PKG_INSTALL_DIR to the install tree previously created by `ecosconfig` and uncommenting the relevant XCC line for your architecture.

#### eCos Hello World

The following code is found in the file `hello.c` in the `examples` directory:

##### eCos hello world program listing

    /* this is a simple hello world program */
    #include <stdio.h>
    int main(void)
    {
     printf("Hello, eCos world!\n");
     return 0;
    }

To compile this or any other program that is not part of the eCos distribution, you can follow the procedures described below. Type this explicit compilation instruction (assuming your current working directory is also where you built the eCos kernel):

    $ gcc -g -IBASE_DIR/ecos-work/install/include hello.c -LBASE_DIR/ecos-work/install/lib -Ttarget.ld -nostdlib

The compilation instruction above contains some standard GCC options (for example, `-g` enables debugging), as well as some mention of paths (`-IBASE_DIR/ecos-work/install/include` allows files like `cyg/kernel/kapi.h` to be found, and `-LBASE_DIR/ecos-work/install/lib` allows the linker to find `-Ttarget.ld`).

The executable program will be called `a.out`.

Some target systems require special options to be passed to gcc to compile correctly for that system. Please examine the Makefile in the examples directory to see if this applies to your target.

You can now run the resulting program in the simulator using GDB the way you ran the test case. The procedure will be the same, but this time run "gdb" specifying "-nw a.out" on the command line:

    $ gdb -nw a.out

For targets other than the synthetic linux target, you should now run the usual GDB commands described earlier. Once this is done, typing the command "run" at the (gdb) prompt ("continue" for real hardware) will allow the program to execute and print the string "Hello, eCos world!" on your screen.

On the synthetic linux target, you may use the "run" command immediately - you do not need to invoke simulator macros, nor the "load" command.

#### A Sample Program with Two Threads

Below is a program that uses some of eCos' system calls. It creates two threads, each of which goes into an infinite loop in which it sleeps for a while (using cyg_thread_delay()). This code is found in the file twothreads.c in the examples directory.

##### eCos two-threaded program listing

    #include <cyg/kernel/kapi.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <math.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>

    /* now declare (and allocate space for) some kernel objects,
      like the two threads we will use */
    cyg_thread thread_s[2];	/* space for two thread objects */

    char stack[2][4096];	/* space for two 4K stacks */

    /* now the handles for the threads */
    cyg_handle_t simple_threadA, simple_threadB;

    /* and now variables for the procedure which is the thread */
    cyg_thread_entry_t simple_program;

    /* and now a mutex to protect calls to the C library */
    cyg_mutex_t cliblock;

    /* we install our own startup routine which sets up threads */
    void cyg_user_start(void)
    {
     printf("Entering twothreads' cyg_user_start() function\n");

     cyg_mutex_init(&cliblock);

     cyg_thread_create(4, simple_program, (cyg_addrword_t) 0,
    	"Thread A", (void *) stack[0], 4096,
    	&simple_threadA, &thread_s[0]);
     cyg_thread_create(4, simple_program, (cyg_addrword_t) 1,
    	"Thread B", (void *) stack[1], 4096,
    	&simple_threadB, &thread_s[1]);

     cyg_thread_resume(simple_threadA);
     cyg_thread_resume(simple_threadB);
    }

    /* this is a simple program which runs in a thread */
    void simple_program(cyg_addrword_t data)
    {
     int message = (int) data;
     int delay;

     printf("Beginning execution; thread data is %d\n", message);

     cyg_thread_delay(200);

     for (;;) {
     delay = 200 + (rand() % 50);

     /* note: printf() must be protected by a
     call to cyg_mutex_lock() */
     cyg_mutex_lock(&cliblock); {
     printf("Thread %d: and now a delay of %d clock ticks\n",
    	message, delay);
     }
     cyg_mutex_unlock(&cliblock);
     cyg_thread_delay(delay);
     }
    }

When you run the program (by typing

    run

at the (gdb) prompt) the output should look like this:

    Starting program: BASE_DIR/examples/twothreads.exe
    Entering twothreads' cyg_user_start()
    function
    Beginning execution; thread data is 0
    Beginning execution; thread data is 1
    Thread 0: and now a delay of 240 clock ticks
    Thread 1: and now a delay of 225 clock ticks
    Thread 1: and now a delay of 234 clock ticks
    Thread 0: and now a delay of 231 clock ticks
    Thread 1: and now a delay of 224 clock ticks
    Thread 0: and now a delay of 249 clock ticks
    Thread 1: and now a delay of 202 clock ticks
    Thread 0: and now a delay of 235 clock ticks

When running in a simulator the delays might be quite long. On a hardware board (where the clock speed is 100 ticks/second) the delays should average to about 2.25 seconds. In simulation, the delay will depend on the speed of the processor and will almost always be much slower than the actual board. You might want to reduce the delay parameter when running in simulation.

shows how this multitasking program executes. Note that apart from the thread creation system calls, this program also creates and uses a mutex for synchronization between the printf() calls in the two threads. This is because the C library standard I/O (by default) is configured not to be thread-safe, which means that if more than one thread is using standard I/O they might corrupt each other. This is fixed by a mutual exclusion (or mutex) lockout mechanism: the threads do not call printf() until cyg_mutex_lock() has returned, which only happens when the other thread calls cyg_mutex_unlock().

You could avoid using the mutex by configuring the C library to be thread-safe (by selecting the component `CYGSEM_LIBC_STDIO_THREAD_SAFE_STREAMS`). Keep in mind that if the C library is thread-safe, you can no longer use printf() in cyg_user_start().

###### Two threads with simple print statements after random delays

### More Features — Clocks and Alarm Handlers

If a program wanted to execute a task at a given time, or periodically, it could do it in an inefficient way by sitting in an infinite loop and checking the real-time clock to see if the proper amount of time has elapsed. But operating systems usually provide system calls which allow the program to be interrupted at the desired time.

eCos provides a rich timekeeping formalism, involving counters, clocks, alarms, and timers. The precise definition, relationship, and motivation of these features is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but these examples illustrate how to set up basic periodic tasks.

Alarms are events that happen at a given time, either once or periodically. A thread associates an alarm handling function with the alarm, so that the function will be invoked every time the alarm “goes off”.

#### A Sample Program with Alarms

`simple-alarm.c` (in the examples directory) is a short program that creates a thread that creates an alarm. The alarm is handled by the function `test_alarm_func()`, which sets a global variable. When the main thread of execution sees that the variable has changed, it prints a message.

##### A sample program that creates an alarm

     /* this is a very simple program meant to demonstrate
     a basic use of time, alarms and alarm-handling functions  in eCos */

    #include <cyg/kernel/kapi.h>

    #include <stdio.h>

    #define NTHREADS 1
    #define STACKSIZE 4096

    static cyg_handle_t thread[NTHREADS];

    static cyg_thread thread_obj[NTHREADS];
    static char stack[NTHREADS][STACKSIZE];

    static void alarm_prog( cyg_addrword_t data );

    /* we install our own startup routine which sets up
      threads and starts the scheduler */
    void cyg_user_start(void)
    {
     cyg_thread_create(4, alarm_prog, (cyg_addrword_t) 0,
    	"alarm_thread", (void *) stack[0],
    	STACKSIZE, &thread[0], &thread_obj[0]);
     cyg_thread_resume(thread[0]);
    }

    /* we need to declare the alarm handling function (which is
     defined below), so that we can pass it to  cyg_alarm_initialize() */
    cyg_alarm_t test_alarm_func;

    /* alarm_prog() is a thread which sets up an alarm which is then
     handled by test_alarm_func() */
    static void alarm_prog(cyg_addrword_t data)
    {
     cyg_handle_t test_counterH, system_clockH, test_alarmH;
     cyg_tick_count_t ticks;
     cyg_alarm test_alarm;
     unsigned how_many_alarms = 0, prev_alarms = 0, tmp_how_many;

     system_clockH = cyg_real_time_clock();
     cyg_clock_to_counter(system_clockH, &test_counterH);
     cyg_alarm_create(test_counterH, test_alarm_func,
    	(cyg_addrword_t) &how_many_alarms,
    	&test_alarmH, &test_alarm);
     cyg_alarm_initialize(test_alarmH, cyg_current_time()+200, 200);

     /* get in a loop in which we read the current time and
        print it out, just to have something scrolling by */
     for (;;) {
       ticks = cyg_current_time();
       printf("Time is %llu\n", ticks);
       /* note that we must lock access to how_many_alarms, since the
       alarm handler might change it. this involves using the
       annoying temporary variable tmp_how_many so that I can keep the
       critical region short */
       cyg_scheduler_lock();
       tmp_how_many = how_many_alarms;
       cyg_scheduler_unlock();
       if (prev_alarms != tmp_how_many) {
         printf(" --- alarm calls so far: %u\n", tmp_how_many);
         prev_alarms = tmp_how_many;
       }
       cyg_thread_delay(30);
     }
    }

    /* test_alarm_func() is invoked as an alarm handler, so
       it should be quick and simple. in this case it increments
       the data that is passed to it. */
    void test_alarm_func(cyg_handle_t alarmH, cyg_addrword_t data)
    {
     ++*((unsigned *) data);
    }

When you run this program (by typing `run` at the (gdb) prompt) the output should look like this:

    Starting program: BASE_DIR/examples/simple-alarm.exe
    Time is 0
    Time is 30
    Time is 60
    Time is 90
    Time is 120
    Time is 150
    Time is 180
    Time is 210
      --- alarm calls so far: 1
    Time is 240
    Time is 270
    Time is 300
    Time is 330
    Time is 360
    Time is 390
    Time is 420
      --- alarm calls so far: 2
    Time is 450
    Time is 480

When running in a simulator the delays might be quite long. On a hardware board (where the clock speed is 100 ticks/second) the delays should average to about 0.3 seconds (and 2 seconds between alarms). In simulation, the delay will depend on the speed of the processor and will almost always be much slower than the actual board. You might want to reduce the delay parameter when running in simulation.

Here are a few things you might notice about this program:

- It used the cyg_real_time_clock(); this always returns a handle to the default system real-time clock.

- Alarms are based on counters, so the function cyg_alarm_create() uses a counter handle. The program used the function cyg_clock_to_counter() to strip the clock handle to the underlying counter handle.

- Once the alarm is created it is initialized with cyg_alarm_initialize(), which sets the time at which the alarm should go off, as well as the period for repeating alarms. It is set to go off at the current time and then to repeat every 200 ticks.

- The alarm handler function test_alarm_func() conforms to the guidelines for writing alarm handlers and other delayed service routines: it does not invoke any functions which might lock the scheduler. This is discussed in detail in the eCos Reference Manual, in the chapter Requirements for programs.

- There is a critical region in this program: the variable `how_many_alarms` is accessed in the main thread of control and is also modified in the alarm handler. To prevent a possible (though unlikely) race condition on this variable, access to `how_many_alarms` in the principal thread is protected by calls to `cyg_scheduler_lock()` and `cyg_scheduler_unlock()`. When the scheduler is locked, the alarm handler will not be invoked, so the problem is averted.

## Appendices

### Real-time characterization

For a discussion of real-time performance measurement for eCos, see the eCos Users' Guide.

Sample numbers:

#### Board: ARM AEB-1 Revision B Evaluation Board

    Board: ARM AEB-1 Revision B Evaluation Board

    CPU : Sharp LH77790A 24MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   128 size  2048
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    80 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 13 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  193.49 microseconds (290 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                   7
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
      110.19  104.67  116.00    3.26   42%  28% Create thread
       34.00   34.00   34.00    0.00  100% 100% Yield thread [all suspended]
       24.67   24.67   24.67    0.00  100% 100% Suspend [suspended] thread
       25.05   24.67   25.33    0.33   57%  42% Resume thread
       37.14   36.67   37.33    0.27   71%  28% Set priority
        3.81    3.33    4.00    0.27   71%  28% Get priority
       80.00   80.00   80.00    0.00  100% 100% Kill [suspended] thread
       33.90   33.33   34.00    0.16   85%  14% Yield [no other] thread
       45.90   44.00   46.67    0.54   57%  14% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
       24.57   24.00   24.67    0.16   85%  14% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
       42.29   36.67   43.33    1.61   85%  14% Suspend [runnable] thread
       33.90   33.33   34.00    0.16   85%  14% Yield [only low prio] thread
       24.67   24.67   24.67    0.00  100% 100% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       80.00   80.00   80.00    0.00  100% 100% Kill [runnable] thread
       43.33   43.33   43.33    0.00  100% 100% Destroy [dead] thread
      106.29  101.33  107.33    1.41   85%  14% Destroy [runnable] thread
      144.95  141.33  166.00    6.01   85%  85% Resume [high priority] thread
       78.31   76.67  254.67    2.75   99%  99% Thread switch

        4.00    4.00    4.00    0.00  100% 100% Scheduler lock
       16.37   16.00   16.67    0.33   56%  43% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       16.37   16.00   16.67    0.33   56%  43% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
       16.37   16.00   16.67    0.33   56%  43% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
       16.37   16.00   16.67    0.33   56%  43% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

       10.67   10.67   10.67    0.00  100% 100% Init mutex
       28.67   28.67   28.67    0.00  100% 100% Lock [unlocked] mutex
       30.44   30.00   31.33    0.33   59%  37% Unlock [locked] mutex
       25.42   25.33   26.00    0.15   87%  87% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
       22.50   22.00   22.67    0.25   75%  25% Trylock [locked] mutex
        5.75    5.33    6.00    0.31   62%  37% Destroy mutex
      185.33  185.33  185.33    0.00  100% 100% Unlock/Lock mutex

       20.17   20.00   20.67    0.25   75%  75% Create mbox
        2.92    2.67    3.33    0.31   62%  62% Peek [empty] mbox
       32.42   32.00   32.67    0.31   62%  37% Put [first] mbox
        3.00    2.67    3.33    0.33  100%  50% Peek [1 msg] mbox
       32.50   32.00   32.67    0.25   75%  25% Put [second] mbox
        2.92    2.67    3.33    0.31   62%  62% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
       32.83   32.67   33.33    0.25   75%  75% Get [first] mbox
       32.67   32.67   32.67    0.00  100% 100% Get [second] mbox
       31.33   31.33   31.33    0.00  100% 100% Tryput [first] mbox
       27.58   27.33   28.00    0.31   62%  62% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
       32.83   32.67   33.33    0.25   75%  75% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
       26.50   26.00   26.67    0.25   75%  25% Peek item [empty] mbox
       28.00   28.00   28.00    0.00  100% 100% Tryget [empty] mbox
        3.25    2.67    3.33    0.15   87%  12% Waiting to get mbox
        3.25    2.67    3.33    0.15   87%  12% Waiting to put mbox
       30.83   30.67   31.33    0.25   75%  75% Delete mbox
      101.08  100.67  101.33    0.31   62%  37% Put/Get mbox

       11.17   10.67   11.33    0.25   75%  25% Init semaphore
       24.17   24.00   24.67    0.25   75%  75% Post [0] semaphore
       27.08   26.67   27.33    0.31   62%  37% Wait [1] semaphore
       22.75   22.67   23.33    0.15   87%  87% Trywait [0] semaphore
       22.21   22.00   22.67    0.29   68%  68% Trywait [1] semaphore
        7.33    7.33    7.33    0.00  100% 100% Peek semaphore
        5.92    5.33    6.00    0.15   87%  12% Destroy semaphore
      110.04  110.00  110.67    0.08   93%  93% Post/Wait semaphore

        9.54    9.33   10.00    0.29   68%  68% Create counter
        3.92    3.33    4.00    0.15   87%  12% Get counter value
        4.00    4.00    4.00    0.00  100% 100% Set counter value
       30.92   30.67   31.33    0.31   62%  62% Tick counter
        5.75    5.33    6.00    0.31   62%  37% Delete counter

       13.83   13.33   14.00    0.25   75%  25% Create alarm
       46.67   46.67   46.67    0.00  100% 100% Initialize alarm
        3.67    3.33    4.00    0.33  100%  50% Disable alarm
       45.67   45.33   46.00    0.33  100%  50% Enable alarm
        8.33    8.00    8.67    0.33  100%  50% Delete alarm
       36.33   36.00   36.67    0.33  100%  50% Tick counter [1 alarm]
      214.67  214.67  214.67    0.00  100% 100% Tick counter [many alarms]
       62.67   62.67   62.67    0.00  100% 100% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
     1087.04 1075.33 1278.67   21.91   93%  93% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
      246.35  240.67  412.00   10.35   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      168.01  167.33  237.33    1.08   99%  99% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      187.36  168.00  234.67    3.60   86%   1% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      187.37  167.33  235.33    3.59   85%   1% Alarm latency [many threads]
      303.12  280.00  508.67    3.21   98%   0% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       36.65   36.00   38.67    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

       65.79   52.00  152.67    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      316     316     316  (main stack:   752)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   752 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   280 size  2048
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   268 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30390 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Atmel AT91/EB40

    Board: Atmel AT91/EB40
    CPU : AT91R40807 (ARM7TDMI core), 32MHz
    512KB RAM, 64K Flash

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   420 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   144 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    84 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 3 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  127.53 microseconds (130 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  25
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       86.48   71.29  101.56    7.99   48%  28% Create thread
       20.70   20.51   21.48    0.31   80%  80% Yield thread [all suspended]
       17.15   16.60   17.58    0.48   56%  44% Suspend [suspended] thread
       17.07   16.60   17.58    0.49   52%  52% Resume thread
       25.51   25.39   26.37    0.21   88%  88% Set priority
        3.16    2.93    3.91    0.36   76%  76% Get priority
       52.34   51.76   52.73    0.47   60%  40% Kill [suspended] thread
       20.70   20.51   21.48    0.31   80%  80% Yield [no other] thread
       28.98   28.32   30.27    0.48   60%  36% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
       17.11   16.60   17.58    0.49   52%  48% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
       27.85   26.37   28.32    0.52   96%   4% Suspend [runnable] thread
       20.70   20.51   21.48    0.31   80%  80% Yield [only low prio] thread
       17.23   16.60   17.58    0.45   64%  36% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       52.34   51.76   52.73    0.47   60%  40% Kill [runnable] thread
       33.01   32.23   33.20    0.31   80%  20% Destroy [dead] thread
       72.03   70.31   72.27    0.38   80%   4% Destroy [runnable] thread
       96.99   95.70  112.30    1.22   64%  96% Resume [high priority] thread
       51.48   49.80  164.06    1.76   99%  99% Thread switch

        2.78    1.95    2.93    0.26   84%  15% Scheduler lock
       11.81   11.72   12.70    0.17   90%  90% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       11.81   11.72   12.70    0.17   90%  90% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
       11.81   11.72   12.70    0.17   90%  90% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
       11.81   11.72   12.70    0.17   90%  90% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        5.49    4.88    5.86    0.46   62%  37% Init mutex
       20.20   19.53   20.51    0.42   68%  31% Lock [unlocked] mutex
       24.44   24.41   25.39    0.06   96%  96% Unlock [locked] mutex
       18.25   17.58   18.55    0.42   68%  31% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
       16.11   15.63   16.60    0.49  100%  50% Trylock [locked] mutex
        6.10    5.86    6.84    0.37   75%  75% Destroy mutex
      124.21  124.02  125.00    0.30   81%  81% Unlock/Lock mutex

        9.28    8.79    9.77    0.49  100%  50% Create mbox
        2.93    2.93    2.93    0.00  100% 100% Peek [empty] mbox
       22.58   22.46   23.44    0.21   87%  87% Put [first] mbox
        2.44    1.95    2.93    0.49  100%  50% Peek [1 msg] mbox
       22.58   22.46   23.44    0.21   87%  87% Put [second] mbox
        2.44    1.95    2.93    0.49  100%  50% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
       22.71   22.46   23.44    0.37   75%  75% Get [first] mbox
       22.71   22.46   23.44    0.37   75%  75% Get [second] mbox
       21.18   20.51   21.48    0.42   68%  31% Tryput [first] mbox
       18.98   18.55   19.53    0.48   56%  56% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
       22.46   22.46   22.46    0.00  100% 100% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
       18.31   17.58   18.55    0.37   75%  25% Peek item [empty] mbox
       19.53   19.53   19.53    0.00  100% 100% Tryget [empty] mbox
        2.69    1.95    2.93    0.37   75%  25% Waiting to get mbox
        2.93    2.93    2.93    0.00  100% 100% Waiting to put mbox
       23.86   23.44   24.41    0.48   56%  56% Delete mbox
       67.60   67.38   68.36    0.33   78%  78% Put/Get mbox

        5.37    4.88    5.86    0.49  100%  50% Init semaphore
       16.97   16.60   17.58    0.46   62%  62% Post [0] semaphore
       18.98   18.55   19.53    0.48   56%  56% Wait [1] semaphore
       15.81   15.63   16.60    0.30   81%  81% Trywait [0] semaphore
       15.29   14.65   15.63    0.44   65%  34% Trywait [1] semaphore
        5.62    4.88    5.86    0.37   75%  25% Peek semaphore
        6.35    5.86    6.84    0.49  100%  50% Destroy semaphore
       72.36   72.27   73.24    0.17   90%  90% Post/Wait semaphore

        7.08    6.84    7.81    0.37   75%  75% Create counter
        3.17    2.93    3.91    0.37   75%  75% Get counter value
        3.05    2.93    3.91    0.21   87%  87% Set counter value
       24.11   23.44   24.41    0.42   68%  31% Tick counter
        5.49    4.88    5.86    0.46   62%  37% Delete counter

       10.92   10.74   11.72    0.30   81%  81% Create alarm
       31.46   31.25   32.23    0.33   78%  78% Initialize alarm
        3.05    2.93    3.91    0.21   87%  87% Disable alarm
       31.49   31.25   32.23    0.37   75%  75% Enable alarm
        7.02    6.84    7.81    0.30   81%  81% Delete alarm
       31.16   30.27   31.25    0.17   90%   9% Tick counter [1 alarm]
      309.26  304.69  425.78    7.28   96%  96% Tick counter [many alarms]
       44.83   43.95   44.92    0.17   90%   9% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
      781.68  774.41  893.55   13.62   93%  93% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
      324.16  320.31  433.59    6.84   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      114.26  113.28  167.97    0.84   57%  42% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      126.91  113.28  159.18    8.20   50%  31% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      127.11  113.28  158.20    8.09   51%  28% Alarm latency [many threads]
      196.49  189.45  331.05    2.10   98%   0% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       23.50   23.44   25.39    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

       40.31   33.20  514.65    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      300     271     312  (main stack:   832)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   832 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   272 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30350 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Intel StrongARM EBSA-285 Evaluation Board

    Board: Intel StrongARM EBSA-285 Evaluation Board

    CPU   : Intel StrongARM SA-110 228MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    80 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 1 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    4.61 microseconds (16 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
        4.97    3.26    7.34    0.60   50%   4% Create thread
        0.73    0.54    2.17    0.14   60%  37% Yield thread [all suspended]
        0.98    0.82    2.99    0.23   81%  68% Suspend [suspended] thread
        0.54    0.27    1.63    0.03   92%   6% Resume thread
        0.83    0.54    1.90    0.10   73%  14% Set priority
        0.21    0.00    0.54    0.21   25%  48% Get priority
        2.25    1.90   10.05    0.37   96%  67% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.70    0.54    1.09    0.14   53%  45% Yield [no other] thread
        0.96    0.82    1.36    0.14   50%  48% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        0.53    0.27    0.82    0.03   92%   6% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        0.90    0.82    1.63    0.13   70%  70% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.70    0.54    0.82    0.13   57%  42% Yield [only low prio] thread
        0.55    0.54    0.82    0.01   98%  98% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        1.64    1.63    2.17    0.02   98%  98% Kill [runnable] thread
        0.97    0.82    4.62    0.20   98%  64% Destroy [dead] thread
        2.17    1.90    2.17    0.01   98%   1% Destroy [runnable] thread
        6.06    5.16   10.60    0.53   59%  31% Resume [high priority] thread
        1.69    1.63    5.98    0.11   90%  90% Thread switch

        0.14    0.00    1.36    0.14   99%  50% Scheduler lock
        0.37    0.27    0.54    0.13   62%  62% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.38    0.27    0.54    0.13   60%  60% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.37    0.27    0.54    0.13   63%  63% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.37    0.27    0.54    0.13   63%  63% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.34    0.00    1.90    0.15   78%   6% Init mutex
        0.88    0.54    4.62    0.37   93%  71% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        0.79    0.54    4.35    0.26   93%  53% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.59    0.27    2.17    0.10   93%   3% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.50    0.27    0.82    0.09   78%  18% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.18    0.00    0.54    0.13   59%  37% Destroy mutex
        3.85    3.80    5.16    0.08   96%  96% Unlock/Lock mutex

        0.64    0.27    3.53    0.24   81%  15% Create mbox
        0.61    0.27    2.17    0.21   68%  18% Peek [empty] mbox
        0.87    0.54    5.16    0.31   59%  87% Put [first] mbox
        0.08    0.00    0.54    0.12   71%  71% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        0.71    0.54    1.09    0.14   56%  40% Put [second] mbox
        0.08    0.00    0.27    0.12   68%  68% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        0.89    0.54    4.89    0.31   62%  81% Get [first] mbox
        0.76    0.54    1.09    0.17   43%  37% Get [second] mbox
        0.76    0.54    3.26    0.21   96%  50% Tryput [first] mbox
        0.65    0.54    2.45    0.17   81%  81% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        0.76    0.54    2.72    0.19   53%  43% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        0.58    0.54    0.82    0.06   87%  87% Peek item [empty] mbox
        0.61    0.54    0.82    0.10   75%  75% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.10    0.00    0.54    0.13   65%  65% Waiting to get mbox
        0.10    0.00    0.54    0.13   65%  65% Waiting to put mbox
        0.77    0.54    3.26    0.20   53%  43% Delete mbox
        2.10    1.90    6.25    0.30   93%  93% Put/Get mbox

        0.34    0.27    1.09    0.11   81%  81% Init semaphore
        0.60    0.27    1.09    0.12   68%   6% Post [0] semaphore
        0.59    0.54    0.82    0.08   81%  81% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.59    0.54    2.17    0.10   96%  96% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.48    0.27    0.82    0.11   71%  25% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.24    0.00    0.82    0.09   78%  18% Peek semaphore
        0.19    0.00    0.54    0.13   62%  34% Destroy semaphore
        2.28    2.17    4.08    0.18   93%  90% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.43    0.00    2.72    0.23   90%   6% Create counter
        0.40    0.00    1.63    0.25   68%  28% Get counter value
        0.13    0.00    0.82    0.15   96%  59% Set counter value
        0.71    0.54    1.63    0.16   50%  46% Tick counter
        0.16    0.00    0.54    0.14   53%  43% Delete counter

        0.47    0.27    1.36    0.15   59%  37% Create alarm
        1.58    1.09    7.07    0.44   71%  68% Initialize alarm
        0.12    0.00    1.09    0.16   96%  65% Disable alarm
        1.01    0.82    2.45    0.17   53%  43% Enable alarm
        0.21    0.00    0.27    0.09   78%  21% Delete alarm
        0.78    0.54    1.90    0.12   71%  25% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        3.90    3.80    4.35    0.13   68%  68% Tick counter [many alarms]
        1.25    1.09    1.63    0.14   53%  43% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       19.88   19.84   20.11    0.07   84%  84% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        4.37    4.35    4.62    0.05   90%  90% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        3.83    3.80    7.61    0.06   99%  99% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        4.46    3.80    7.88    0.27   71%  24% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       16.06   13.59   26.36    1.05   54%  10% Alarm latency [many threads]
        6.67    6.52   22.83    0.29   98%  98% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        1.89    0.82    9.78    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        2.17    1.09    7.34    0.00            Clock DSR latency

       11       0     316  (main stack:   744)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   744 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   268 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30210 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Cirrus Logic EDB7111-2 Development Board

##### CPU : Cirrus Logic EP7211 73MHz

    Board: Cirrus Logic EDB7111-2 Development Board

    CPU  : Cirrus Logic EP7211 73MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    88 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  356.69 microseconds (182 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       22.71   17.58   37.11    3.07   46%  34% Create thread
        4.36    3.91    5.86    0.70   76%  76% Yield thread [all suspended]
        4.24    3.91    7.81    0.56   84%  84% Suspend [suspended] thread
        4.09    1.95    7.81    0.45   85%   3% Resume thread
        5.31    3.91   11.72    0.92   65%  32% Set priority
        2.11    1.95    3.91    0.28   92%  92% Get priority
       11.54    9.77   25.39    0.99   62%  28% Kill [suspended] thread
        4.46    3.91    9.77    0.82   75%  75% Yield [no other] thread
        7.57    5.86   13.67    0.69   75%  20% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        3.94    1.95    5.86    0.18   92%   3% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        7.02    5.86   13.67    1.05   53%  45% Suspend [runnable] thread
        4.42    3.91    9.77    0.79   76%  76% Yield [only low prio] thread
        4.24    1.95    5.86    0.61   79%   1% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       11.29    9.77   27.34    1.14   57%  37% Kill [runnable] thread
        6.29    3.91   11.72    0.84   71%   4% Destroy [dead] thread
       13.52   11.72   31.25    0.90   70%  25% Destroy [runnable] thread
       24.50   21.48   42.97    1.69   79%  12% Resume [high priority] thread
        8.79    7.81   19.53    1.05   99%  53% Thread switch

        1.66    0.00    3.91    0.52   83%  15% Scheduler lock
        2.59    1.95    3.91    0.86   67%  67% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        2.62    1.95    3.91    0.88   65%  65% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        2.61    1.95    3.91    0.87   66%  66% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        2.58    1.95    3.91    0.85   67%  67% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        2.69    1.95    5.86    0.96   65%  65% Init mutex
        4.88    3.91    9.77    1.10   96%  56% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        4.64    3.91   11.72    1.05   71%  71% Unlock [locked] mutex
        3.97    1.95    7.81    0.47   81%   9% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        3.48    1.95    3.91    0.67   78%  21% Trylock [locked] mutex
        1.77    0.00    3.91    0.44   84%  12% Destroy mutex
       31.92   29.30   42.97    1.65   71%  18% Unlock/Lock mutex

        4.09    3.91    9.77    0.35   96%  96% Create mbox
        1.83    0.00    3.91    0.34   87%   9% Peek [empty] mbox
        5.31    3.91    9.77    0.96   62%  34% Put [first] mbox
        1.59    0.00    1.95    0.60   81%  18% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        5.19    3.91    9.77    1.04   56%  40% Put [second] mbox
        1.65    0.00    3.91    0.62   78%  18% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        5.43    3.91    9.77    0.86   68%  28% Get [first] mbox
        5.31    3.91    7.81    0.96   59%  34% Get [second] mbox
        4.76    3.91    9.77    1.07   62%  62% Tryput [first] mbox
        4.82    1.95    9.77    1.15   93%   3% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        5.55    3.91   11.72    0.82   71%  25% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        3.97    1.95    7.81    0.59   75%  12% Peek item [empty] mbox
        4.33    3.91    7.81    0.69   81%  81% Tryget [empty] mbox
        1.59    0.00    3.91    0.79   68%  25% Waiting to get mbox
        1.71    0.00    3.91    0.53   81%  15% Waiting to put mbox
        5.25    3.91    9.77    1.01   59%  37% Delete mbox
       17.82   15.63   29.30    1.14   65%  18% Put/Get mbox

        2.69    1.95    5.86    0.96   65%  65% Init semaphore
        3.78    1.95    7.81    0.46   84%  12% Post [0] semaphore
        4.27    3.91    7.81    0.62   84%  84% Wait [1] semaphore
        3.72    1.95    7.81    0.66   75%  18% Trywait [0] semaphore
        3.29    1.95    5.86    0.92   62%  34% Trywait [1] semaphore
        2.32    1.95    3.91    0.59   81%  81% Peek semaphore
        1.89    0.00    3.91    0.24   90%   6% Destroy semaphore
       15.75   13.67   29.30    1.07   68%  21% Post/Wait semaphore

        2.69    1.95    5.86    0.96   65%  65% Create counter
        1.83    0.00    1.95    0.23   93%   6% Get counter value
        1.53    0.00    3.91    0.76   71%  25% Set counter value
        4.82    3.91    5.86    0.97   53%  53% Tick counter
        1.89    0.00    1.95    0.12   96%   3% Delete counter

        3.78    1.95    7.81    0.46   84%  12% Create alarm
        7.99    5.86   15.63    0.70   81%   9% Initialize alarm
        1.71    0.00    1.95    0.43   87%  12% Disable alarm
        7.14    5.86   11.72    1.04   56%  40% Enable alarm
        2.50    1.95    3.91    0.79   71%  71% Delete alarm
        4.94    3.91    7.81    1.04   96%  50% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       19.47   17.58   23.44    0.36   87%   9% Tick counter [many alarms]
        7.63    5.86   11.72    0.55   81%  15% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       99.06   97.66  105.47    1.05   59%  37% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       22.15   21.48   27.34    0.96   71%  71% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      359.16  357.42  378.91    0.87   71%  25% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      364.03  357.42  402.34    3.03   58%  15% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      408.25  402.34  416.02    2.89   53%  24% Alarm latency [many threads]
      381.16  376.95  492.19    2.48   95%  46% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        9.79    5.86   19.53    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

       12.13    5.86   31.25    0.00            Clock DSR latency

       12       0     316  (main stack:   752)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   752 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   276 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30450 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

##### CPU : Cirrus Logic EP7212 73MHz

    Board: Cirrus Logic EDB7111-2 Development Board

    CPU  : Cirrus Logic EP7212 73MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    88 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  356.32 microseconds (182 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       22.43   15.63   33.20    3.02   68%  18% Create thread
        4.48    3.91    5.86    0.81   70%  70% Yield thread [all suspended]
        4.42    3.91    7.81    0.78   75%  75% Suspend [suspended] thread
        4.12    1.95    5.86    0.49   82%   3% Resume thread
        5.62    3.91   11.72    0.64   78%  18% Set priority
        2.17    1.95    3.91    0.38   89%  89% Get priority
       11.54    9.77   27.34    0.88   70%  25% Kill [suspended] thread
        4.64    3.91    9.77    0.96   65%  65% Yield [no other] thread
        7.51    5.86   15.63    0.72   76%  21% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        3.88    1.95    9.77    0.42   82%  10% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        7.14    5.86   13.67    1.00   59%  39% Suspend [runnable] thread
        4.52    3.91    7.81    0.86   70%  70% Yield [only low prio] thread
        4.15    1.95    7.81    0.49   85%   1% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       11.26    9.77   27.34    1.17   56%  39% Kill [runnable] thread
        6.22    3.91   13.67    0.88   70%   7% Destroy [dead] thread
       13.64   11.72   33.20    1.02   64%  26% Destroy [runnable] thread
       24.17   21.48   41.02    1.49   82%  12% Resume [high priority] thread
        8.80    7.81   21.48    1.08   98%  54% Thread switch

        1.60    0.00    1.95    0.58   82%  17% Scheduler lock
        2.61    1.95    3.91    0.87   66%  66% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        2.59    1.95    3.91    0.86   67%  67% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        2.61    1.95    3.91    0.87   66%  66% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        2.59    1.95    3.91    0.86   67%  67% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        2.62    1.95    3.91    0.88   65%  65% Init mutex
        4.82    3.91    9.77    1.09   96%  59% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        4.39    3.91    9.77    0.79   81%  81% Unlock [locked] mutex
        3.84    1.95    7.81    0.36   87%   9% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        3.54    1.95    5.86    0.69   75%  21% Trylock [locked] mutex
        1.83    0.00    3.91    0.34   87%   9% Destroy mutex
       34.61   31.25   46.88    1.68   78%   9% Unlock/Lock mutex

        3.97    1.95    7.81    0.24   93%   3% Create mbox
        1.83    0.00    3.91    0.34   87%   9% Peek [empty] mbox
        4.76    3.91    9.77    1.07   62%  62% Put [first] mbox
        1.71    0.00    3.91    0.64   75%  18% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        5.00    3.91    9.77    1.10   96%  50% Put [second] mbox
        1.65    0.00    1.95    0.52   84%  15% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        5.31    3.91   11.72    1.05   59%  37% Get [first] mbox
        5.13    3.91    7.81    0.99   56%  40% Get [second] mbox
        4.76    3.91   11.72    1.12   96%  65% Tryput [first] mbox
        4.46    3.91    7.81    0.82   75%  75% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        5.55    3.91    9.77    0.82   68%  25% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        4.03    1.95    7.81    0.58   78%   9% Peek item [empty] mbox
        4.27    3.91    5.86    0.59   81%  81% Tryget [empty] mbox
        1.77    0.00    3.91    0.44   84%  12% Waiting to get mbox
        1.59    0.00    1.95    0.60   81%  18% Waiting to put mbox
        5.37    3.91    9.77    0.91   65%  31% Delete mbox
       16.66   13.67   27.34    1.42   90%   3% Put/Get mbox

        2.62    1.95    5.86    0.92   68%  68% Init semaphore
        3.84    1.95    7.81    0.47   81%  12% Post [0] semaphore
        4.21    3.91    7.81    0.53   87%  87% Wait [1] semaphore
        3.48    1.95    5.86    0.76   71%  25% Trywait [0] semaphore
        3.60    1.95    5.86    0.62   78%  18% Trywait [1] semaphore
        2.26    1.95    5.86    0.53   87%  87% Peek semaphore
        1.89    0.00    1.95    0.12   96%   3% Destroy semaphore
       16.05   13.67   29.30    1.40   59%  18% Post/Wait semaphore

        2.38    1.95    3.91    0.67   78%  78% Create counter
        2.01    0.00    3.91    0.35   84%   6% Get counter value
        1.89    0.00    3.91    0.24   90%   6% Set counter value
        4.58    3.91    5.86    0.88   65%  65% Tick counter
        1.71    0.00    1.95    0.43   87%  12% Delete counter

        3.84    1.95    7.81    0.36   87%   9% Create alarm
        7.99    5.86   15.63    0.47   93%   3% Initialize alarm
        2.01    0.00    3.91    0.35   84%   6% Disable alarm
        6.53    5.86   13.67    1.01   75%  75% Enable alarm
        2.32    1.95    3.91    0.59   81%  81% Delete alarm
        4.76    3.91    7.81    1.01   59%  59% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       19.53   17.58   23.44    0.24   90%   6% Tick counter [many alarms]
        7.57    5.86   13.67    0.75   75%  21% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       98.57   97.66  105.47    1.14   96%  62% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       22.15   21.48   27.34    0.96   71%  71% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      359.18  357.42  384.77    1.10   65%  31% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      362.63  357.42  396.48    2.55   43%  27% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      408.22  402.34  416.02    2.73   55%  21% Alarm latency [many threads]
      378.63  375.00  494.14    2.56   93%  71% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        9.78    5.86   19.53    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

       12.21    5.86   31.25    0.00            Clock DSR latency

       12       0     316  (main stack:   752)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   752 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   276 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30550 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: ARM PID Evaluation Board

##### CPU : ARM 7TDMI 20 MHz

    Board: ARM PID Evaluation Board

    CPU :  ARM 7TDMI 20 MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    84 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 6 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  120.74 microseconds (150 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  50
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       99.01   68.00  129.60   15.62   50%  26% Create thread
       21.60   21.60   21.60    0.00  100% 100% Yield thread [all suspended]
       15.65   15.20   16.00    0.39   56%  44% Suspend [suspended] thread
       15.79   15.20   16.00    0.31   74%  26% Resume thread
       23.65   23.20   24.00    0.39   56%  44% Set priority
        2.26    1.60    2.40    0.24   82%  18% Get priority
       51.39   51.20   52.00    0.29   76%  76% Kill [suspended] thread
       21.60   21.60   21.60    0.00  100% 100% Yield [no other] thread
       29.47   28.00   29.60    0.22   86%   2% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
       15.60   15.20   16.00    0.40  100%  50% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
       27.73   24.00   28.00    0.40   74%   2% Suspend [runnable] thread
       21.60   21.60   21.60    0.00  100% 100% Yield [only low prio] thread
       15.65   15.20   16.00    0.39   56%  44% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       51.39   51.20   52.00    0.29   76%  76% Kill [runnable] thread
       27.66   27.20   28.80    0.41   54%  44% Destroy [dead] thread
       68.93   64.80   69.60    0.35   72%   2% Destroy [runnable] thread
       91.26   90.40  107.20    0.64   66%  32% Resume [high priority] thread
       49.14   48.80   49.60    0.39   57%  57% Thread switch

        2.20    1.60    2.40    0.30   75%  25% Scheduler lock
       10.20    9.60   10.40    0.30   75%  25% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       10.20    9.60   10.40    0.30   75%  25% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
       10.20    9.60   10.40    0.30   75%  25% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
       10.20    9.60   10.40    0.30   75%  25% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        6.85    6.40    7.20    0.39   56%  43% Init mutex
       18.40   18.40   18.40    0.00  100% 100% Lock [unlocked] mutex
       19.57   19.20   20.00    0.40   53%  53% Unlock [locked] mutex
       16.55   16.00   16.80    0.34   68%  31% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
       14.55   14.40   15.20    0.24   81%  81% Trylock [locked] mutex
        3.55    3.20    4.00    0.39   56%  56% Destroy mutex
      119.85  119.20  120.00    0.24   81%  18% Unlock/Lock mutex

       12.85   12.80   13.60    0.09   93%  93% Create mbox
        1.65    1.60    2.40    0.09   93%  93% Peek [empty] mbox
       20.70   20.00   20.80    0.17   87%  12% Put [first] mbox
        1.65    1.60    2.40    0.09   93%  93% Peek [1 msg] mbox
       20.70   20.00   20.80    0.17   87%  12% Put [second] mbox
        1.65    1.60    2.40    0.09   93%  93% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
       20.85   20.80   21.60    0.09   93%  93% Get [first] mbox
       20.85   20.80   21.60    0.09   93%  93% Get [second] mbox
       19.90   19.20   20.00    0.17   87%  12% Tryput [first] mbox
       17.60   17.60   17.60    0.00  100% 100% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
       20.90   20.80   21.60    0.17   87%  87% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
       16.80   16.80   16.80    0.00  100% 100% Peek item [empty] mbox
       17.65   17.60   18.40    0.09   93%  93% Tryget [empty] mbox
        1.85    1.60    2.40    0.34   68%  68% Waiting to get mbox
        1.85    1.60    2.40    0.34   68%  68% Waiting to put mbox
       19.40   19.20   20.00    0.30   75%  75% Delete mbox
       65.05   64.80   65.60    0.34   68%  68% Put/Get mbox

        7.05    6.40    7.20    0.24   81%  18% Init semaphore
       15.55   15.20   16.00    0.39   56%  56% Post [0] semaphore
       17.35   16.80   17.60    0.34   68%  31% Wait [1] semaphore
       14.60   14.40   15.20    0.30   75%  75% Trywait [0] semaphore
       14.20   13.60   14.40    0.30   75%  25% Trywait [1] semaphore
        4.55    4.00    4.80    0.34   68%  31% Peek semaphore
        3.75    3.20    4.00    0.34   68%  31% Destroy semaphore
       70.85   70.40   71.20    0.39   56%  43% Post/Wait semaphore

        6.05    5.60    6.40    0.39   56%  43% Create counter
        2.25    1.60    2.40    0.24   81%  18% Get counter value
        2.25    1.60    2.40    0.24   81%  18% Set counter value
       19.70   19.20   20.00    0.37   62%  37% Tick counter
        3.45    3.20    4.00    0.34   68%  68% Delete counter

        9.05    8.80    9.60    0.34   68%  68% Create alarm
       29.60   29.60   29.60    0.00  100% 100% Initialize alarm
        2.15    1.60    2.40    0.34   68%  31% Disable alarm
       29.35   28.80   29.60    0.34   68%  31% Enable alarm
        5.10    4.80    5.60    0.37   62%  62% Delete alarm
       23.20   23.20   23.20    0.00  100% 100% Tick counter [1 alarm]
      138.00  137.60  138.40    0.40  100%  50% Tick counter [many alarms]
       40.40   40.00   40.80    0.40  100%  50% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
      704.25  697.60  804.00   12.47   93%  93% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
      155.20  155.20  155.20    0.00  100% 100% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      105.20  104.80  151.20    0.76   99%  94% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      117.57  104.80  149.60    7.13   57%  25% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      117.49  104.80  148.80    7.10   58%  26% Alarm latency [many threads]
      192.59  177.60  316.00    1.93   98%   0% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       22.10   21.60   24.00    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

       38.69   32.80   61.60    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      297     276     316  (main stack:   752)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   752 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   272 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30350 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

##### CPU : ARM 920T 20 MHz

    Board: ARM PID Evaluation Board

    CPU :  ARM 920T 20 MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    84 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 15 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  291.41 microseconds (364 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  50
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
      257.78  168.00  568.00   48.70   56%  28% Create thread
       50.21   49.60   50.40    0.29   76%  24% Yield thread [all suspended]
       36.26   36.00   36.80    0.35   68%  68% Suspend [suspended] thread
       37.20   36.80   37.60    0.40  100%  50% Resume thread
       56.24   56.00   56.80    0.34   70%  70% Set priority
        5.20    4.80    5.60    0.40  100%  50% Get priority
      122.75  122.40  123.20    0.39   56%  56% Kill [suspended] thread
       50.19   49.60   50.40    0.31   74%  26% Yield [no other] thread
       69.49   66.40   69.60    0.21   92%   2% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
       37.01   36.80   37.60    0.31   74%  74% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
       64.75   55.20   65.60    0.38   80%   2% Suspend [runnable] thread
       50.19   49.60   50.40    0.31   74%  26% Yield [only low prio] thread
       36.24   36.00   36.80    0.34   70%  70% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
      122.75  122.40  123.20    0.39   56%  56% Kill [runnable] thread
       67.76   67.20   68.00    0.34   70%  30% Destroy [dead] thread
      167.07  158.40  168.00    0.35   92%   2% Destroy [runnable] thread
      213.49  212.00  249.60    1.46   84%  90% Resume [high priority] thread
      122.81  120.00  389.60    4.17   99%  99% Thread switch

        4.70    4.00    4.80    0.17   87%  12% Scheduler lock
       23.70   23.20   24.00    0.37   62%  37% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       23.60   23.20   24.00    0.40  100%  50% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
       23.70   23.20   24.00    0.37   62%  37% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
       23.60   23.20   24.00    0.40  100%  50% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

       15.65   15.20   16.00    0.39   56%  43% Init mutex
       42.40   42.40   42.40    0.00  100% 100% Lock [unlocked] mutex
       45.37   44.80   46.40    0.36   65%  31% Unlock [locked] mutex
       39.20   39.20   39.20    0.00  100% 100% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
       34.45   34.40   35.20    0.09   93%  93% Trylock [locked] mutex
        8.00    8.00    8.00    0.00  100% 100% Destroy mutex
      284.42  284.00  284.80    0.40   53%  46% Unlock/Lock mutex

       29.40   28.80   29.60    0.30   75%  25% Create mbox
        3.35    3.20    4.00    0.24   81%  81% Peek [empty] mbox
       49.35   48.80   49.60    0.34   68%  31% Put [first] mbox
        3.35    3.20    4.00    0.24   81%  81% Peek [1 msg] mbox
       49.35   48.80   49.60    0.34   68%  31% Put [second] mbox
        3.35    3.20    4.00    0.24   81%  81% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
       49.15   48.80   49.60    0.39   56%  56% Get [first] mbox
       49.15   48.80   49.60    0.39   56%  56% Get [second] mbox
       47.80   47.20   48.00    0.30   75%  25% Tryput [first] mbox
       41.40   40.80   41.60    0.30   75%  25% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
       49.40   48.80   49.60    0.30   75%  25% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
       40.15   40.00   40.80    0.24   81%  81% Peek item [empty] mbox
       40.95   40.80   41.60    0.24   81%  81% Tryget [empty] mbox
        4.05    4.00    4.80    0.09   93%  93% Waiting to get mbox
        4.05    4.00    4.80    0.09   93%  93% Waiting to put mbox
       45.60   45.60   45.60    0.00  100% 100% Delete mbox
      153.27  152.80  153.60    0.39   59%  40% Put/Get mbox

       16.80   16.80   16.80    0.00  100% 100% Init semaphore
       36.60   36.00   36.80    0.30   75%  25% Post [0] semaphore
       39.60   39.20   40.00    0.40  100%  50% Wait [1] semaphore
       34.80   34.40   35.20    0.40  100%  50% Trywait [0] semaphore
       33.35   32.80   33.60    0.34   68%  31% Trywait [1] semaphore
       10.30    9.60   10.40    0.17   87%  12% Peek semaphore
        8.80    8.80    8.80    0.00  100% 100% Destroy semaphore
      166.92  166.40  167.20    0.36   65%  34% Post/Wait semaphore

       13.60   13.60   13.60    0.00  100% 100% Create counter
        4.85    4.80    5.60    0.09   93%  93% Get counter value
        4.80    4.80    4.80    0.00  100% 100% Set counter value
       45.25   44.80   45.60    0.39   56%  43% Tick counter
        7.75    7.20    8.00    0.34   68%  31% Delete counter

       20.80   20.80   20.80    0.00  100% 100% Create alarm
       69.30   68.80   69.60    0.37   62%  37% Initialize alarm
        4.80    4.80    4.80    0.00  100% 100% Disable alarm
       67.35   67.20   68.00    0.24   81%  81% Enable alarm
       11.80   11.20   12.00    0.30   75%  25% Delete alarm
       54.80   54.40   55.20    0.40  100%  50% Tick counter [1 alarm]
      372.35  363.20  652.80   17.53   96%  96% Tick counter [many alarms]
       95.50   95.20   96.00    0.37   62%  62% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
     1757.92 1707.20 1996.80   81.43   81%  81% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
      404.37  404.00  404.80    0.40   53%  53% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      256.57  254.40  395.20    2.17   98%  97% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      296.60  255.20  359.20   23.53   53%  31% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      307.49  265.60  357.60   27.52   53%  53% Alarm latency [many threads]
      467.04  432.00  788.80    5.03   97%   1% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       55.63   54.40   60.80    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

      101.23   80.80 1433.60    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      316     316     316  (main stack:   752)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   752 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   272 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30780 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Intel IQ80310 XScale Development Kit

    Board: Intel IQ80310 XScale Development Kit

    CPU: Intel XScale 600MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   388 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   148 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    76 size  1120

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 73 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   12.11 microseconds (399 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
        6.53    5.48    8.55    0.50   53%  23% Create thread
        0.37    0.03    3.24    0.18   87%   1% Yield thread [all suspended]
        0.24    0.00    2.06    0.12   87%   1% Suspend [suspended] thread
        0.25    0.00    0.73    0.06   71%   1% Resume thread
        0.36    0.09    0.82    0.10   89%   1% Set priority
        0.03    0.00    0.42    0.05   90%  90% Get priority
        1.07    0.52    6.39    0.18   92%   1% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.33    0.06    0.91    0.08   78%   3% Yield [no other] thread
        0.55    0.03    1.06    0.09   85%   1% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        0.28    0.00    1.79    0.11   84%   4% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        0.43    0.00    1.00    0.12   76%   1% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.31    0.00    1.24    0.09   82%   4% Yield [only low prio] thread
        0.21    0.00    0.42    0.04   73%   1% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        1.00    0.88    1.45    0.04   78%   4% Kill [runnable] thread
        0.59    0.42    3.97    0.13   81%  87% Destroy [dead] thread
        1.43    1.27    1.94    0.07   78%   7% Destroy [runnable] thread
        3.12    2.58    5.09    0.33   56%  34% Resume [high priority] thread
        0.87    0.36    1.39    0.07   86%   0% Thread switch

        0.15    0.00    1.39    0.21   81%  81% Scheduler lock
        0.16    0.00    0.64    0.08   85%   7% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.16    0.00    0.64    0.08   75%   8% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.16    0.00    0.70    0.08   78%   6% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.16    0.00    0.64    0.07   81%   4% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.45    0.00    1.39    0.34   56%  46% Init mutex
        0.43    0.18    3.27    0.23   87%  87% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        0.48    0.09    3.88    0.26   84%  71% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.35    0.21    2.24    0.21   87%  84% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.26    0.00    0.67    0.13   78%   9% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.21    0.00    1.27    0.24   78%  75% Destroy mutex
        2.58    2.09    3.09    0.13   75%   9% Unlock/Lock mutex

        0.99    0.21    2.48    0.41   65%  28% Create mbox
        0.04    0.00    0.39    0.07   90%  87% Peek [empty] mbox
        0.47    0.27    3.48    0.29   90%  78% Put [first] mbox
        0.02    0.00    0.39    0.03   90%  90% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        0.29    0.15    0.58    0.04   68%   3% Put [second] mbox
        0.02    0.00    0.45    0.04   93%  93% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        0.48    0.21    3.67    0.26   84%  87% Get [first] mbox
        0.35    0.09    0.82    0.11   75%   3% Get [second] mbox
        0.50    0.21    3.18    0.33   90%  68% Tryput [first] mbox
        0.39    0.15    1.39    0.19   78%  68% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        0.43    0.18    3.33    0.23   87%  90% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        0.28    0.03    0.79    0.06   68%   3% Peek item [empty] mbox
        0.28    0.21    0.58    0.05   71%  65% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.01    0.00    0.36    0.02   96%  90% Waiting to get mbox
        0.05    0.00    0.45    0.09   87%  84% Waiting to put mbox
        0.42    0.09    2.88    0.20   84%  12% Delete mbox
        1.39    1.27    2.39    0.14   87%  87% Put/Get mbox

        0.35    0.00    1.36    0.45   75%  68% Init semaphore
        0.19    0.00    0.45    0.04   81%   3% Post [0] semaphore
        0.25    0.21    0.88    0.06   84%  81% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.32    0.06    1.79    0.21   78%  68% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.20    0.00    0.52    0.06   62%   3% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.07    0.00    0.45    0.10   84%  81% Peek semaphore
        0.06    0.00    0.52    0.06   71%  78% Destroy semaphore
        1.45    1.42    1.79    0.04   87%  87% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.70    0.00    2.88    0.47   43%  34% Create counter
        0.05    0.00    0.42    0.09   87%  84% Get counter value
        0.02    0.00    0.45    0.04   93%  93% Set counter value
        0.38    0.12    0.58    0.06   59%   3% Tick counter
        0.03    0.00    0.48    0.05   93%  78% Delete counter

        1.10    0.39    4.30    0.47   62%  53% Create alarm
        0.58    0.03    3.12    0.18   87%   3% Initialize alarm
        0.04    0.00    0.42    0.07   90%  90% Disable alarm
        0.54    0.36    1.36    0.12   84%  43% Enable alarm
        0.03    0.00    0.70    0.06   84%  84% Delete alarm
        0.50    0.24    0.97    0.08   84%   6% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        5.30    5.12    5.97    0.14   84%  75% Tick counter [many alarms]
        0.82    0.64    1.36    0.11   78%  43% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       14.13   13.85   14.55    0.09   78%   3% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        5.56    5.45    6.00    0.09   78%  71% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        9.69    9.45   12.52    0.22   64%  71% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        9.98    9.48   12.76    0.23   69%  14% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       10.38    9.48   24.67    0.59   74%  45% Alarm latency [many threads]
       11.72   11.30   21.33    0.32   81%  58% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        1.87    1.82   10.42    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        3.02    2.58    7.67    0.00            Clock DSR latency

        9       0     260  (main stack:   776)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   776 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   268 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   244 size  1120

    Timing complete - 30300 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Toshiba JMR3904 Evaluation Board

    Board: Toshiba JMR3904 Evaluation Board

    CPU  : TMPR3904F 50MHz

    eCOS Kernel Timings
    Note: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   29.68 microseconds (45 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                24
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       13.62   11.72   27.99    1.51   79%  54% Create thread
        2.77    2.60    3.91    0.26   79%  79% Yield thread [all suspended]
        3.31    2.60    6.51    0.27   83%  12% Suspend [suspended] thread
        2.58    1.95    7.81    0.47   58%  37% Resume thread
        4.94    4.56   11.07    0.60   95%  79% Set priority
        0.71    0.65    1.95    0.10   95%  95% Get priority
       14.97   14.32   25.39    0.87   95%  95% Kill [suspended] thread
        2.25    1.95    9.11    0.57   95%  95% Yield [no other] thread
        7.27    6.51   12.37    0.42   79%  16% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        2.28    1.95    7.16    0.51   95%  79% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        4.31    3.26   12.37    0.75   87%  79% Suspend [runnable] thread
        2.17    1.95    7.16    0.42   95%  95% Yield [only low prio] thread
        2.39    1.95    6.51    0.51   95%  58% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       13.43   12.37   22.79    0.80   91%  91% Kill [runnable] thread
       22.30   20.83   37.76    1.76   91%  91% Resume [high priority] thread
        4.62    4.56   11.07    0.13   98%  98% Thread switch

        1.51    1.30    2.60    0.29   68%  68% Scheduler lock
        2.36    1.95    3.26    0.31   61%  37% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        2.39    1.95    5.21    0.32   62%  36% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        2.38    1.95    4.56    0.32   61%  37% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        2.38    1.95    5.21    0.32   61%  37% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.90    0.65    3.26    0.35   71%  71% Init mutex
        2.48    1.95    8.46    0.50   50%  46% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        2.83    2.60    9.11    0.42   93%  93% Unlock [locked] mutex
        2.30    1.95    6.51    0.45   96%  65% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        1.99    1.30    5.86    0.24   84%  12% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.04    0.00    1.30    0.08   96%  96% Destroy mutex
       42.40   42.32   44.92    0.16   96%  96% Unlock/Lock mutex

        1.44    1.30    5.86    0.28   96%  96% Create mbox
        0.51    0.00    1.30    0.25   71%  25% Peek [empty] mbox
        2.93    2.60    9.11    0.51   96%  78% Put [first] mbox
        0.51    0.00    1.30    0.25   71%  25% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        4.19    3.91    5.21    0.34   59%  59% Put [second] mbox
        0.45    0.00    0.65    0.28   68%  31% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        3.28    2.60   10.42    0.45   65%  31% Get [first] mbox
        3.34    2.60    9.77    0.40   78%  18% Get [second] mbox
        2.69    1.95    9.11    0.40   78%  18% Tryput [first] mbox
        2.75    1.95    7.81    0.32   93%   3% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        3.15    2.60    9.11    0.48   53%  43% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        2.22    1.95    6.51    0.41   96%  78% Peek item [empty] mbox
        2.40    1.95    5.86    0.42   50%  46% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.47    0.00    0.65    0.26   71%  28% Waiting to get mbox
        0.59    0.00    1.30    0.15   84%  12% Waiting to put mbox
        4.01    3.26   10.42    0.40   81%  15% Delete mbox
       26.18   26.04   30.60    0.28   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        0.92    0.65    3.91    0.38   71%  71% Init semaphore
        2.24    1.95    6.51    0.43   96%  75% Post [0] semaphore
        2.32    1.95    7.16    0.48   96%  65% Wait [1] semaphore
        2.03    1.30    5.86    0.24   90%   6% Trywait [0] semaphore
        1.91    1.30    4.56    0.23   78%  18% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.77    0.00    1.95    0.30   65%   9% Peek semaphore
        0.61    0.00    1.95    0.15   84%  12% Destroy semaphore
       22.62   22.14   30.60    0.61   96%  62% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.92    0.65    3.91    0.38   71%  71% Create counter
        0.69    0.65    1.95    0.08   96%  96% Get counter value
        0.41    0.00    1.30    0.33   56%  40% Set counter value
        3.21    2.60    5.86    0.27   71%  21% Tick counter
        0.65    0.00    3.26    0.16   84%  12% Delete counter

        1.57    1.30    4.56    0.38   71%  71% Create alarm
        4.52    3.91   13.02    0.57   50%  46% Initialize alarm
        0.61    0.00    1.95    0.15   84%  12% Disable alarm
        4.43    3.91    9.11    0.43   56%  40% Enable alarm
        0.87    0.65    2.60    0.32   71%  71% Delete alarm
        2.93    2.60    6.51    0.43   96%  65% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       14.83   14.32   22.79    0.60   96%  59% Tick counter [many alarms]
        4.88    4.56   11.07    0.51   96%  78% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       83.25   82.03  102.86    1.23   96%  93% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       17.58   16.93   27.34    0.61   50%  46% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       26.18   24.74   40.36    0.30   97%   0% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       33.88   29.30   56.64    1.70   85%   6% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       36.37   29.30   61.20    3.25   53%  24% Alarm latency [many threads]

        7.85    6.51   14.97    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

    Timing complete - 23540 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Toshiba REF 4955

    Board: Toshiba REF 4955

    CPU  : Toshiba TX4955 66MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   960 size  2936
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   168 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used   372 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 3 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    4.00 microseconds (264 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       11.21    9.58   14.11    0.95   48%  34% Create thread
        0.66    0.65    1.29    0.02   98%  98% Yield thread [all suspended]
        0.63    0.53    3.06    0.17   82%  82% Suspend [suspended] thread
        0.54    0.53    1.06    0.02   98%  98% Resume thread
        0.78    0.74    1.39    0.05   93%  93% Set priority
        0.05    0.05    0.36    0.01   98%  98% Get priority
        2.06    1.89    6.65    0.25   95%  79% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.65    0.65    0.68    0.00   98%  98% Yield [no other] thread
        1.15    1.02    3.03    0.20   81%  81% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        0.54    0.52    1.18    0.03   96%  96% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        0.94    0.88    1.27    0.01   95%   1% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.65    0.65    0.68    0.00   98%  98% Yield [only low prio] thread
        0.54    0.53    0.86    0.01   98%  96% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        1.97    1.89    2.98    0.12   84%  84% Kill [runnable] thread
        1.03    0.92    4.94    0.17   89%  89% Destroy [dead] thread
        2.55    2.33    4.38    0.24   89%  70% Destroy [runnable] thread
        5.62    4.11   13.23    0.99   65%  40% Resume [high priority] thread
        1.84    1.83    2.79    0.02   98%  98% Thread switch

        0.12    0.02    0.65    0.15   74%  74% Scheduler lock
        0.35    0.35    0.35    0.00  100% 100% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.35    0.35    0.35    0.00  100% 100% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.43    0.35    1.17    0.13   78%  78% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.45    0.35    1.17    0.15   75%  75% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.46    0.15    3.38    0.30   62%  50% Init mutex
        0.73    0.64    3.27    0.16   96%  96% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        0.77    0.65    4.50    0.23   96%  96% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.58    0.55    1.42    0.05   96%  96% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.51    0.50    0.83    0.02   96%  96% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.12    0.11    0.41    0.02   96%  96% Destroy mutex
        4.72    4.70    5.58    0.05   96%  96% Unlock/Lock mutex

        1.01    0.67    3.48    0.40   71%  71% Create mbox
        0.02    0.00    0.53    0.03   96%  96% Peek [empty] mbox
        0.89    0.68    4.20    0.29   96%  71% Put [first] mbox
        0.02    0.00    0.33    0.02   96%  96% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        0.69    0.68    0.76    0.01   50%  46% Put [second] mbox
        0.02    0.00    0.30    0.02   96%  96% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        0.81    0.71    3.83    0.19   96%  96% Get [first] mbox
        0.72    0.71    1.02    0.02   96%  96% Get [second] mbox
        0.81    0.65    2.74    0.22   96%  71% Tryput [first] mbox
        0.67    0.62    2.27    0.10   96%  96% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        0.77    0.71    2.41    0.10   96%  96% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        0.59    0.58    0.88    0.02   96%  96% Peek item [empty] mbox
        0.62    0.62    0.67    0.00   96%  96% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.03    0.02    0.32    0.02   96%  96% Waiting to get mbox
        0.02    0.02    0.06    0.01   50%  46% Waiting to put mbox
        0.75    0.65    3.59    0.18   96%  96% Delete mbox
        2.80    2.77    3.59    0.05   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        0.37    0.18    0.88    0.28   71%  71% Init semaphore
        0.48    0.47    0.80    0.02   96%  96% Post [0] semaphore
        0.60    0.59    0.67    0.01   50%  46% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.53    0.50    1.41    0.06   96%  96% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.51    0.50    0.71    0.01   96%  50% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.09    0.09    0.15    0.00   96%  96% Peek semaphore
        0.12    0.11    0.41    0.02   96%  96% Destroy semaphore
        3.05    3.05    3.05    0.00  100% 100% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.57    0.17    2.76    0.24   59%  25% Create counter
        0.06    0.05    0.58    0.03   96%  96% Get counter value
        0.06    0.03    0.64    0.04   96%  96% Set counter value
        0.73    0.71    1.02    0.02   96%  96% Tick counter
        0.12    0.11    0.15    0.01   50%  46% Delete counter

        0.89    0.64    3.15    0.34   84%  71% Create alarm
        1.00    0.95    2.41    0.09   96%  96% Initialize alarm
        0.09    0.06    0.68    0.04   96%  96% Disable alarm
        1.05    1.00    2.48    0.09   96%  96% Enable alarm
        0.18    0.17    0.50    0.02   96%  96% Delete alarm
        0.90    0.89    1.11    0.01   96%  96% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        5.60    5.59    5.88    0.02   96%  96% Tick counter [many alarms]
        1.53    1.52    2.11    0.04   96%  96% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       25.48   25.47   25.76    0.02   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        6.22    6.21    6.44    0.01   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        2.59    2.56    6.17    0.07   98%  98% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        4.06    3.95    6.24    0.08   78%  57% Alarm latency [2 threads]
        5.03    2.56    9.03    0.89   59%  10% Alarm latency [many threads]
        5.68    5.59   15.45    0.15   99%  99% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        2.52    1.41    8.12    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        2.05    1.17    6.00    0.00            Clock DSR latency

       34       0    1072  (main stack:  1320)  Thread stack used (1912 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used  1320 size  2936
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   996 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30360 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Matsushita STDEVAL1 Board

    Board: Matsushita STDEVAL1 Board

    CPU  : MN103002A  60MHz

    eCOS Kernel Timings
    Note: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 18 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   13.73 microseconds (205 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                24
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       14.36   11.53   23.53    1.81   54%  33% Create thread
        2.64    2.53    5.07    0.20   95%  95% Yield thread [all suspended]
        2.25    1.93    4.80    0.31   45%  83% Suspend [suspended] thread
        2.19    2.00    4.93    0.28   91%  91% Resume thread
        3.42    3.00    8.40    0.47   95%  87% Set priority
        0.31    0.13    1.20    0.19   79%  58% Get priority
        8.26    7.40   18.80    0.93   95%  87% Kill [suspended] thread
        2.58    2.47    5.13    0.21   95%  95% Yield [no other] thread
        5.07    4.53    8.67    0.44   62%  50% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        2.27    2.07    4.53    0.23   87%  87% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        4.76    4.07    9.40    0.65   66%  75% Suspend [runnable] thread
        2.63    2.53    4.73    0.18   95%  95% Yield [only low prio] thread
        2.09    1.87    4.27    0.27   91%  79% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       10.79   10.00   18.20    0.81   95%  79% Kill [runnable] thread
       20.30   18.40   28.80    1.42   79%  54% Resume [high priority] thread
        5.53    5.47   12.13    0.11   98%  97% Thread switch

        0.28    0.27    2.20    0.03   97%  97% Scheduler lock
        1.14    1.13    2.00    0.01   99%  99% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        1.14    1.13    2.40    0.02   99%  99% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        1.16    1.13    3.33    0.06   95%  95% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        1.23    1.20    3.13    0.05   95%  95% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        1.29    1.00    4.20    0.25   65%  50% Init mutex
        2.65    2.47    5.27    0.23   93%  87% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        3.26    3.07    6.80    0.28   93%  87% Unlock [locked] mutex
        2.48    2.33    5.07    0.21   90%  87% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        2.20    2.07    4.67    0.21   93%  87% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.23    0.20    1.00    0.05   96%  93% Destroy mutex
       25.11   24.73   27.53    0.21   65%  31% Unlock/Lock mutex

        2.49    2.00    5.73    0.32   81%  37% Create mbox
        0.11    0.00    1.60    0.15   84%  81% Peek [empty] mbox
        3.01    2.60    9.47    0.52   96%  78% Put [first] mbox
        0.10    0.00    1.67    0.15   87%  81% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        3.09    2.60    8.33    0.50   93%  75% Put [second] mbox
        0.06    0.00    1.13    0.08   96%  87% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        3.10    2.80    7.93    0.40   93%  84% Get [first] mbox
        3.13    2.80    7.53    0.43   90%  78% Get [second] mbox
        2.99    2.60    8.53    0.52   93%  75% Tryput [first] mbox
        2.65    2.33    6.80    0.42   90%  78% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        3.05    2.73    7.60    0.42   93%  78% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        3.16    2.93    6.27    0.31   84%  84% Peek item [empty] mbox
        2.48    2.27    5.73    0.30   84%  84% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.23    0.13    2.07    0.14   96%  87% Waiting to get mbox
        0.22    0.13    1.93    0.13   96%  75% Waiting to put mbox
        3.08    2.80    7.93    0.42   84%  84% Delete mbox
       16.01   15.53   19.00    0.52   78%  59% Put/Get mbox

        0.85    0.67    3.27    0.19   96%  50% Init semaphore
        2.00    1.93    3.87    0.12   96%  90% Post [0] semaphore
        2.05    2.00    3.47    0.09   96%  96% Wait [1] semaphore
        1.85    1.80    3.47    0.10   96%  96% Trywait [0] semaphore
        1.82    1.80    2.53    0.04   96%  96% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.36    0.33    1.33    0.06   96%  96% Peek semaphore
        0.38    0.33    1.87    0.09   96%  96% Destroy semaphore
       12.38   12.20   16.27    0.30   93%  87% Post/Wait semaphore

        1.18    0.73    4.07    0.24   78%  18% Create counter
        0.20    0.13    1.40    0.11   87%  87% Get counter value
        0.24    0.20    1.40    0.08   93%  93% Set counter value
        3.17    3.13    4.20    0.07   93%  93% Tick counter
        0.44    0.40    1.73    0.08   96%  96% Delete counter

        2.24    1.67    5.13    0.47   68%  65% Create alarm
        3.86    3.40    9.67    0.51   90%  78% Initialize alarm
        0.15    0.07    1.60    0.12   96%  68% Disable alarm
        3.76    3.47    7.67    0.35   93%  75% Enable alarm
        0.57    0.47    2.73    0.16   96%  84% Delete alarm
        3.64    3.60    4.73    0.07   96%  96% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       21.72   21.67   23.27    0.10   96%  96% Tick counter [many alarms]
        6.13    6.07    8.07    0.12   96%  96% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
      101.40   99.53  132.73    2.75   93%  93% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       24.21   24.13   26.40    0.14   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       11.74   11.60   22.67    0.26   98%  98% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       14.58   11.73   24.93    1.59   54%  28% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       18.18   15.20   41.07    1.96   60%  43% Alarm latency [many threads]

        3.06    2.13   10.33    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

    Timing complete - 23480 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board

    Board: Fujitsu SPARClite Evaluation Board

    CPU  : Fujitsu SPARClite MB8683X 100MHz

    eCOS Kernel Timings
    Note: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   17.19 microseconds (17 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                24
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       48.59   47.00   63.01    1.41   66%  70% Create thread
        2.13    2.00    5.00    0.24   95%  95% Yield thread [all suspended]
        2.92    2.00   10.00    0.69   58%  37% Suspend [suspended] thread
        2.13    1.00   10.00    0.66   75%  20% Resume thread
        2.79    2.00   11.00    0.86   95%  54% Set priority
        1.00    0.00    5.00    0.33   79%  16% Get priority
        7.17    5.00   34.00    2.24   95%  95% Kill [suspended] thread
        2.42    2.00   12.00    0.80   95%  95% Yield [no other] thread
        3.46    2.00   14.00    1.10   75%  83% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        2.00    1.00    9.00    0.58   66%  29% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        4.21    3.00   20.00    1.38   95%  91% Suspend [runnable] thread
        2.33    2.00   10.00    0.64   95%  95% Yield [only low prio] thread
        2.00    1.00    9.00    0.67   58%  33% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        5.79    4.00   30.00    2.07   95%  95% Kill [runnable] thread
       39.34   37.00   75.01    3.36   91%  91% Resume [high priority] thread
       15.20   15.00   31.00    0.40   97%  97% Thread switch

        1.04    1.00    4.00    0.08   97%  97% Scheduler lock
        1.42    1.00    5.00    0.51   60%  60% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        1.41    1.00    5.00    0.50   61%  61% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        1.41    1.00    5.00    0.50   60%  60% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        1.40    1.00    5.00    0.50   62%  62% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        1.19    1.00    6.00    0.35   93%  93% Init mutex
        2.34    2.00   12.00    0.64   93%  93% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        3.41    3.00   13.00    0.71   96%  87% Unlock [locked] mutex
        2.16    1.00   10.00    0.49   87%   9% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        1.78    1.00    7.00    0.59   59%  37% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.72    0.00    2.00    0.45   65%  31% Destroy mutex
       25.25   24.00   41.00    0.98   71%  25% Unlock/Lock mutex

        1.44    1.00    9.00    0.68   96%  78% Create mbox
        0.94    0.00    3.00    0.23   84%  12% Peek [empty] mbox
        3.06    2.00   13.00    0.62   71%  25% Put [first] mbox
        0.69    0.00    3.00    0.52   59%  37% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        2.44    2.00   10.00    0.68   96%  78% Put [second] mbox
        0.78    0.00    3.00    0.44   68%  28% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        3.78    3.00   14.00    0.83   96%  53% Get [first] mbox
        2.97    2.00    9.00    0.61   56%  31% Get [second] mbox
        2.53    2.00   12.00    0.80   96%  75% Tryput [first] mbox
        2.72    2.00   12.00    0.81   96%  56% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        2.63    2.00   13.00    0.94   90%  75% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        1.97    1.00    6.00    0.42   68%  21% Peek item [empty] mbox
        2.09    1.00    9.00    0.49   78%  15% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.84    0.00    4.00    0.42   71%  25% Waiting to get mbox
        0.81    0.00    4.00    0.46   68%  28% Waiting to put mbox
        2.38    2.00   11.00    0.66   96%  87% Delete mbox
       23.41   22.00   47.00    1.47   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        1.03    0.00    6.00    0.31   84%  12% Init semaphore
        2.66    2.00    8.00    0.66   96%  50% Post [0] semaphore
        1.97    1.00   10.00    0.55   68%  28% Wait [1] semaphore
        1.78    1.00    8.00    0.63   56%  40% Trywait [0] semaphore
        1.84    1.00    8.00    0.58   62%  34% Trywait [1] semaphore
        1.00    0.00    5.00    0.25   84%  12% Peek semaphore
        0.81    0.00    4.00    0.46   68%  28% Destroy semaphore
       19.03   18.00   41.00    1.37   96%  96% Post/Wait semaphore

        1.38    1.00    6.00    0.56   75%  75% Create counter
        1.09    1.00    3.00    0.18   93%  93% Get counter value
        1.00    0.00    5.00    0.31   78%  15% Set counter value
        3.09    2.00    6.00    0.35   78%   9% Tick counter
        0.91    0.00    5.00    0.40   75%  21% Delete counter

        2.53    2.00    9.00    0.70   96%  65% Create alarm
        6.03    5.00   22.00    1.00   50%  46% Initialize alarm
        0.78    0.00    4.00    0.49   65%  31% Disable alarm
        2.91    2.00   13.00    0.91   87%  50% Enable alarm
        0.97    0.00    5.00    0.30   81%  15% Delete alarm
        2.69    2.00    9.00    0.69   96%  50% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       12.00   11.00   23.00    0.69   62%  34% Tick counter [many alarms]
        4.16    3.00   13.00    0.55   84%  12% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       72.69   72.01   87.01    1.03   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       13.66   13.00   23.00    0.82   96%  62% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       13.26   13.00   42.00    0.51   98%  98% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       16.75   11.00   53.01    2.78   64%  16% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       24.06   18.00   58.01    3.55   67%  25% Alarm latency [many threads]

        3.61    2.00   13.00    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

    Timing complete - 23590 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Cogent CMA MPC860 (PowerPC) Evaluation

    Board: Cogent CMA MPC860 (PowerPC) Evaluation
    CPU  : MPC860, revision A3 33MHz

    eCOS Kernel Timings
    Note: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   14.46 microseconds (30 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                24
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       26.78   23.52   41.76    1.97   66%  37% Create thread
        4.00    3.84    4.80    0.23   70%  70% Yield thread [all suspended]
        3.78    3.36    7.68    0.38   50%  45% Suspend [suspended] thread
        3.56    3.36    7.68    0.37   95%  91% Resume thread
        5.28    4.32   12.96    0.76   83%  66% Set priority
        0.84    0.48    3.84    0.39   91%  54% Get priority
       11.76   10.08   32.16    1.70   95%  95% Kill [suspended] thread
        4.14    3.84    8.64    0.45   95%  75% Yield [no other] thread
        7.14    5.76   17.76    1.07   79%  70% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        3.60    3.36    8.16    0.42   95%  87% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        6.10    5.28   14.88    0.80   62%  70% Suspend [runnable] thread
        4.00    3.84    5.76    0.25   79%  79% Yield [only low prio] thread
        3.66    3.36    8.64    0.47   95%  79% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       11.66   10.08   30.24    1.58   79%  91% Kill [runnable] thread
       31.12   27.84   53.28    2.35   87%  50% Resume [high priority] thread
        7.52    7.20   15.84    0.30   50%  48% Thread switch

        1.00    0.48    2.88    0.21   63%  14% Scheduler lock
        2.57    2.40    3.84    0.23   65%  65% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        2.58    2.40    4.32    0.23   64%  64% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        2.59    2.40    4.32    0.24   62%  62% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        2.59    2.40    4.32    0.24   61%  61% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        1.69    1.44    5.76    0.37   96%  71% Init mutex
        4.15    3.84   10.56    0.47   96%  75% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        5.82    5.28   10.56    0.38   62%  28% Unlock [locked] mutex
        3.70    3.36    8.64    0.41   96%  59% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        3.42    2.88    6.72    0.26   75%  15% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.36    0.00    1.92    0.25   62%  34% Destroy mutex
       43.41   42.72   45.12    0.34   81%   3% Unlock/Lock mutex

        3.27    2.88    8.16    0.39   96%  50% Create mbox
        0.57    0.00    2.40    0.34   50%  21% Peek [empty] mbox
        6.16    5.76   11.04    0.48   87%  87% Put [first] mbox
        0.48    0.00    1.92    0.27   50%  28% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        5.92    5.28   10.56    0.35   90%   6% Put [second] mbox
        0.60    0.00    2.40    0.30   62%  12% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        4.69    4.32   12.00    0.54   93%  93% Get [first] mbox
        4.68    4.32   11.52    0.52   93%  93% Get [second] mbox
        5.86    5.28   11.04    0.47   62%  31% Tryput [first] mbox
        4.00    3.36    9.12    0.38   87%   9% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        4.59    3.84   12.48    0.61   71%  75% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        3.75    3.36    7.68    0.34   53%  43% Peek item [empty] mbox
        3.93    3.36    9.60    0.45   65%  31% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.63    0.00    2.40    0.28   68%   6% Waiting to get mbox
        0.54    0.00    1.92    0.19   75%   9% Waiting to put mbox
        4.84    4.32   12.00    0.47   56%  40% Delete mbox
       24.18   23.52   29.76    0.66   81%  75% Put/Get mbox

        1.72    0.96    3.84    0.33   90%   6% Init semaphore
        3.15    2.88    6.24    0.34   96%  62% Post [0] semaphore
        3.85    3.36    8.64    0.30   68%  28% Wait [1] semaphore
        3.24    2.88    6.24    0.34   46%  46% Trywait [0] semaphore
        3.22    2.88    6.24    0.32   50%  46% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.96    0.48    2.88    0.12   84%  12% Peek semaphore
        0.99    0.96    1.92    0.06   96%  96% Destroy semaphore
       24.71   24.00   28.80    0.40   87%   6% Post/Wait semaphore

        2.31    1.44    6.24    0.77   46%  56% Create counter
        0.45    0.00    0.96    0.08   87%   9% Get counter value
        0.42    0.00    0.96    0.16   75%  18% Set counter value
        4.14    3.84    4.80    0.26   50%  43% Tick counter
        0.91    0.48    2.40    0.19   71%  21% Delete counter

        5.23    4.32    7.68    0.61   65%  53% Create alarm
        5.58    4.80   12.96    0.72   68%  84% Initialize alarm
        0.75    0.48    1.92    0.30   90%  56% Disable alarm
        8.02    7.20   14.40    0.53   84%  68% Enable alarm
        1.32    0.96    3.84    0.29   56%  40% Delete alarm
        4.63    4.32    6.24    0.28   53%  43% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       23.67   23.52   25.44    0.23   78%  78% Tick counter [many alarms]
        7.24    6.72   10.56    0.21   84%  12% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
      106.83  106.56  110.40    0.35   96%  65% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       26.18   25.44   29.76    0.46   81%   9% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       10.79   10.08   29.28    0.66   53%  55% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       17.20   13.92   35.52    1.48   67%  21% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       29.69   22.56   47.04    3.58   57%  17% Alarm latency [many threads]

        7.66    3.84   19.20    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

    Timing complete - 23530 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: NEC VR4373

    Board: NEC VR4373

    CPU  : NEC VR4300 133MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used  1304 size  3576
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   980 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used   494 size  2552

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 3 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    6.49 microseconds (431 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                16
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       17.21   16.18   22.14    0.88   75%  68% Create thread
        0.84    0.78    1.29    0.10   81%  81% Yield thread [all suspended]
        0.90    0.62    3.20    0.35   87%  87% Suspend [suspended] thread
        0.74    0.65    1.16    0.12   81%  68% Resume thread
        1.11    0.90    1.70    0.25   75%  68% Set priority
        0.11    0.05    0.35    0.09   75%  75% Get priority
        2.93    2.24    8.27    0.78   93%  75% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.88    0.78    1.92    0.16   93%  81% Yield [no other] thread
        1.82    1.20    4.71    0.62   87%  62% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        0.70    0.63    0.86    0.09   68%  68% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        1.21    1.07    1.61    0.13   81%  68% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.86    0.78    1.58    0.13   81%  81% Yield [only low prio] thread
        0.69    0.62    0.84    0.09   68%  68% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        2.64    2.24    4.35    0.43   81%  62% Kill [runnable] thread
        1.50    1.07    5.82    0.56   93%  87% Destroy [dead] thread
        3.66    2.75    7.74    0.82   50%  56% Destroy [runnable] thread
       13.65    8.33   27.88    3.70   50%  43% Resume [high priority] thread
        2.04    1.89    3.32    0.15   46%  49% Thread switch

        0.19    0.05    0.83    0.13   48%  44% Scheduler lock
        0.50    0.41    1.59    0.13   89%  73% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.52    0.41    1.29    0.14   89%  64% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.56    0.41    1.49    0.15   42%  47% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.56    0.41    1.41    0.15   43%  47% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.57    0.20    2.33    0.27   65%  50% Init mutex
        0.89    0.75    3.35    0.20   96%  75% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        0.90    0.74    4.38    0.25   96%  93% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.77    0.65    2.63    0.17   96%  75% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.66    0.59    1.16    0.10   75%  75% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.07    0.00    0.45    0.09   75%  75% Destroy mutex
        7.95    7.71    9.49    0.19   50%  46% Unlock/Lock mutex

        1.04    0.81    3.44    0.27   93%  68% Create mbox
        0.10    0.02    0.57    0.11   71%  68% Peek [empty] mbox
        1.15    0.83    4.71    0.31   53%  71% Put [first] mbox
        0.10    0.02    0.57    0.12   68%  68% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        1.01    0.83    3.83    0.22   93%  75% Put [second] mbox
        0.09    0.02    0.57    0.10   71%  71% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        1.03    0.81    5.02    0.27   96%  87% Get [first] mbox
        0.93    0.81    1.61    0.14   84%  62% Get [second] mbox
        1.07    0.77    4.18    0.23   68%  50% Tryput [first] mbox
        0.89    0.72    3.49    0.21   93%  71% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        1.04    0.83    4.09    0.26   90%  81% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        0.79    0.68    1.97    0.15   87%  68% Peek item [empty] mbox
        0.84    0.72    2.36    0.17   93%  68% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.13    0.02    0.59    0.13   87%  62% Waiting to get mbox
        0.13    0.02    0.90    0.13   90%  62% Waiting to put mbox
        0.93    0.77    3.23    0.21   90%  71% Delete mbox
        4.74    4.51    8.80    0.32   93%  78% Put/Get mbox

        0.50    0.21    1.95    0.29   90%  50% Init semaphore
        0.86    0.57    2.87    0.29   93%  56% Post [0] semaphore
        1.01    0.74    3.62    0.28   93%  56% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.87    0.60    3.17    0.28   90%  59% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.74    0.62    1.70    0.14   93%  56% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.36    0.11    1.11    0.26   65%  56% Peek semaphore
        0.25    0.12    1.19    0.14   93%  56% Destroy semaphore
        7.85    7.52    8.93    0.21   62%  43% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.90    0.44    3.08    0.29   65%  28% Create counter
        0.07    0.05    0.89    0.05   96%  96% Get counter value
        0.06    0.05    0.33    0.02   96%  96% Set counter value
        0.88    0.86    1.62    0.05   96%  96% Tick counter
        0.13    0.12    0.41    0.02   96%  96% Delete counter

        1.37    0.81    2.95    0.27   62%  25% Create alarm
        1.35    1.17    6.03    0.31   96%  93% Initialize alarm
        0.11    0.08    0.65    0.05   90%  90% Disable alarm
        1.23    1.14    3.05    0.15   93%  87% Enable alarm
        0.21    0.18    0.47    0.04   90%  90% Delete alarm
        1.03    0.99    2.11    0.07   96%  96% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        4.96    4.96    4.96    0.00  100% 100% Tick counter [many alarms]
        1.70    1.67    2.51    0.05   96%  96% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       26.39   26.38   26.71    0.02   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        5.65    5.64    5.91    0.02   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        2.55    2.38    9.86    0.19   96%  54% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        5.37    3.80    9.73    0.95   50%  34% Alarm latency [2 threads]
        8.79    5.83   16.12    1.29   57%  14% Alarm latency [many threads]

        5.85    2.26   16.24    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

     1540    1536    1544  (main stack:  1664)  Thread stack used (2552 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used  1664 size  3576
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   312 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used  1440 size  2552

    Timing complete - 23810 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Intel SA1110 (Assabet)

    Board: Intel SA1110 (Assabet)

    CPU :  StrongARM 221.2 MHz

    Microseconds for one run through Dhrystone:     3.3
    Dhrystones per Second:                        306748.5
    VAX MIPS rating =    174.586

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   420 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    84 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    3.20 microseconds (11 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
        5.98    4.88   14.38    0.70   57%  35% Create thread
        0.86    0.81    1.90    0.08   87%  87% Yield thread [all suspended]
        1.05    0.81    3.53    0.19   46%  39% Suspend [suspended] thread
        1.07    0.81    3.80    0.18   48%  35% Resume thread
        1.36    1.09    5.97    0.22   45%  39% Set priority
        0.73    0.54    1.90    0.19   85%  50% Get priority
        2.93    2.44   13.56    0.39   79%  70% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.89    0.81    4.34    0.14   89%  89% Yield [no other] thread
        1.63    1.36    4.61    0.17   57%  29% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        1.03    0.81    3.53    0.19   46%  42% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        1.74    1.36    6.51    0.22   87%   6% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.93    0.81    4.61    0.18   98%  78% Yield [only low prio] thread
        1.06    0.81    3.26    0.19   42%  39% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        2.56    1.90   13.02    0.41   87%  34% Kill [runnable] thread
        2.02    1.63    7.05    0.22   92%   3% Destroy [dead] thread
        3.09    2.44   15.19    0.51   78%  46% Destroy [runnable] thread
        6.77    5.43   13.02    0.59   75%  17% Resume [high priority] thread
        1.81    1.63    7.87    0.18   49%  49% Thread switch

        0.25    0.00    1.36    0.05   89%  10% Scheduler lock
        0.51    0.27    1.36    0.06   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.51    0.27    1.09    0.06   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.51    0.27    1.09    0.07   85%  14% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.51    0.27    1.09    0.06   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.52    0.27    2.17    0.15   62%  31% Init mutex
        0.97    0.54    4.34    0.28   84%  65% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        1.05    0.81    5.15    0.28   96%  96% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.86    0.54    3.26    0.24   65%  31% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.79    0.54    3.53    0.23   43%  46% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.33    0.27    1.63    0.11   90%  90% Destroy mutex
        4.16    3.80    8.95    0.30   75%  96% Unlock/Lock mutex

        0.70    0.54    2.98    0.21   96%  65% Create mbox
        0.59    0.27    1.63    0.14   75%   9% Peek [empty] mbox
        1.33    1.09    5.70    0.31   96%  93% Put [first] mbox
        0.61    0.27    1.63    0.13   81%   3% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        1.35    1.09    5.43    0.31   96%  87% Put [second] mbox
        0.58    0.27    1.36    0.11   78%   6% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        1.38    1.09    4.88    0.25   59%  37% Get [first] mbox
        1.40    1.09    5.15    0.26   62%  34% Get [second] mbox
        1.27    0.81    4.88    0.28   90%  65% Tryput [first] mbox
        1.34    0.81    4.61    0.22   59%   6% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        1.47    1.09    5.15    0.27   84%  12% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        1.12    0.81    4.34    0.23   59%  31% Peek item [empty] mbox
        1.14    0.81    4.07    0.24   71%  25% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.59    0.27    1.36    0.12   78%   6% Waiting to get mbox
        0.59    0.27    1.36    0.12   78%   6% Waiting to put mbox
        1.28    0.81    5.43    0.32   87%  78% Delete mbox
        2.64    2.17   10.31    0.48   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        0.47    0.27    2.17    0.19   46%  46% Init semaphore
        0.77    0.54    3.80    0.26   90%  56% Post [0] semaphore
        0.90    0.54    4.07    0.26   75%  21% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.85    0.54    3.26    0.21   56%  28% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.69    0.54    2.17    0.18   96%  62% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.44    0.27    2.17    0.19   96%  56% Peek semaphore
        0.38    0.27    1.90    0.17   96%  75% Destroy semaphore
        2.74    2.44    9.49    0.42   96%  96% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.43    0.27    1.90    0.18   96%  56% Create counter
        0.49    0.00    2.17    0.18   56%   3% Get counter value
        0.33    0.00    1.63    0.13   78%   6% Set counter value
        1.03    0.81    2.44    0.22   84%  50% Tick counter
        0.42    0.27    1.90    0.20   90%  65% Delete counter

        0.70    0.54    2.44    0.20   93%  62% Create alarm
        1.65    1.36    6.78    0.40   96%  81% Initialize alarm
        0.75    0.54    1.63    0.18   43%  43% Disable alarm
        1.75    1.36    7.05    0.38   65%  81% Enable alarm
        0.81    0.54    2.44    0.15   62%  28% Delete alarm
        1.01    0.81    2.17    0.16   56%  40% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        4.19    4.07    5.43    0.16   96%  68% Tick counter [many alarms]
        1.48    1.36    3.80    0.20   96%  78% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       20.23   20.07   22.52    0.21   96%  65% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        4.70    4.61    6.78    0.16   87%  87% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        2.81    2.71   14.38    0.20   98%  98% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        3.19    2.71   13.56    0.38   73%  59% Alarm latency [2 threads]
        9.71    7.87   18.17    1.25   59%  53% Alarm latency [many threads]
        5.77    5.43   45.57    0.68   97%  97% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        2.38    0.81    9.49    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        2.02    1.09    7.32    0.00            Clock DSR latency

       11       0     316  (main stack:   764)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   764 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   287 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   272 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30220 ms total

#### Board: Intel SA1100 (Brutus)

    Board: Intel SA1100 (Brutus)

    CPU :  StrongARM 221.2 MHz

    Microseconds for one run through Dhrystone:     3.3
    Dhrystones per Second:                        306748.5
    VAX MIPS rating =    174.586

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   404 size  2400
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   136 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    87 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    3.09 microseconds (11 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
        6.63    5.43   18.99    0.77   70%  37% Create thread
        0.83    0.81    2.17    0.04   98%  98% Yield thread [all suspended]
        1.27    0.81    5.15    0.30   68%  73% Suspend [suspended] thread
        1.25    0.81    5.15    0.25   82%   1% Resume thread
        1.52    1.09    7.87    0.30   78%  75% Set priority
        0.97    0.54    2.71    0.28   64%  51% Get priority
        3.45    2.71   19.53    0.66   84%  76% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.90    0.81    6.24    0.17   98%  98% Yield [no other] thread
        1.86    1.36    6.24    0.33   68%  50% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        1.25    0.81    5.15    0.25   82%   1% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        2.01    1.63   10.04    0.32   70%  84% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.90    0.81    6.24    0.17   98%  98% Yield [only low prio] thread
        1.25    0.81    5.15    0.24   84%   1% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        2.92    1.90   18.72    0.57   85%  43% Kill [runnable] thread
        2.45    1.90   10.31    0.33   95%  54% Destroy [dead] thread
        3.95    2.71   23.60    0.89   68%  54% Destroy [runnable] thread
        8.55    6.24   19.53    1.15   60%  23% Resume [high priority] thread
        1.85    1.63   11.94    0.21   49%  49% Thread switch

        0.25    0.00    1.63    0.05   89%  10% Scheduler lock
        0.52    0.27    1.90    0.07   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.51    0.27    1.36    0.06   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.51    0.27    1.36    0.06   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.51    0.27    1.63    0.06   85%  13% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.58    0.27    3.53    0.20   71%  21% Init mutex
        1.07    0.54    5.70    0.35   87%  59% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        1.14    0.81    6.51    0.40   96%  81% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.96    0.54    5.15    0.34   68%  65% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.94    0.54    4.88    0.34   65%  65% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.33    0.27    2.17    0.11   96%  96% Destroy mutex
        4.21    3.80   10.85    0.41   71%  96% Unlock/Lock mutex
        0.76    0.54    4.07    0.25   96%  56% Create mbox
        0.75    0.54    1.90    0.20   84%  50% Peek [empty] mbox
        1.56    1.09    6.78    0.39   68%  59% Put [first] mbox
        0.75    0.54    1.90    0.20   84%  50% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        1.55    1.09    6.78    0.40   68%  62% Put [second] mbox
        0.77    0.54    1.63    0.17   46%  37% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        1.67    1.09    6.24    0.31   87%  34% Get [first] mbox
        1.63    1.09    6.24    0.31   75%  34% Get [second] mbox
        1.50    1.09    6.51    0.40   56%  62% Tryput [first] mbox
        1.58    1.09    5.43    0.37   68%  53% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        1.79    1.09    7.05    0.43   71%  25% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        1.29    1.09    5.15    0.32   87%  87% Peek item [empty] mbox
        1.33    1.09    5.97    0.37   96%  84% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.73    0.54    1.90    0.21   84%  56% Waiting to get mbox
        0.76    0.54    1.90    0.19   40%  43% Waiting to put mbox
        1.47    1.09    6.78    0.39   59%  84% Delete mbox
        2.70    2.17   12.75    0.63   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        0.47    0.27    2.71    0.20   96%  50% Init semaphore
        0.89    0.54    4.88    0.33   56%  75% Post [0] semaphore
        0.96    0.54    5.15    0.33   71%  75% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.86    0.54    4.88    0.32   96%  81% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.69    0.54    3.26    0.22   96%  75% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.49    0.27    3.26    0.28   84%  84% Peek semaphore
        0.39    0.27    2.44    0.19   96%  78% Destroy semaphore
        2.83    2.44   11.66    0.55   96%  96% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.52    0.27    3.26    0.20   56%  40% Create counter
        0.59    0.00    2.71    0.34   81%  46% Get counter value
        0.36    0.00    2.44    0.21   81%   9% Set counter value
        1.13    0.81    2.98    0.26   59%  37% Tick counter
        0.39    0.27    1.90    0.19   90%  78% Delete counter

        0.86    0.54    4.07    0.24   65%  31% Create alarm
        1.86    1.36    9.77    0.54   96%  90% Initialize alarm
        0.77    0.54    2.71    0.23   84%  50% Disable alarm
        1.86    1.36    9.22    0.51   96%  75% Enable alarm
        0.89    0.54    3.26    0.25   65%  21% Delete alarm
        0.99    0.81    3.26    0.21   96%  59% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        4.22    4.07    6.78    0.22   96%  71% Tick counter [many alarms]
        1.51    1.36    4.61    0.24   96%  78% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       20.29   20.07   23.33    0.23   96%  53% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        4.71    4.61    7.87    0.20   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        2.88    2.71   23.87    0.33   99%  99% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        3.24    2.71   17.36    0.40   79%  58% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       15.71   12.48   27.40    1.47   53%  17% Alarm latency [many threads]
        5.95    5.43   64.56    1.02   97%  97% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        3.25    0.81   14.11    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        2.68    1.09   12.75    0.00            Clock DSR latency

       29       0     316  (main stack:   764)  Thread stack used (1120 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   764 size  2400
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   260 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30280 ms total

#### Board: Motorola MBX

    Board: Motorola MBX

    CPU  : Motorola MPC860 66MHZ

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   643 size  5664
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   427 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used   236 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 0 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   25.36 microseconds (79 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                16
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       27.58   25.60   44.16    2.07   93%  93% Create thread
        5.94    5.76    7.04    0.22   93%  62% Yield thread [all suspended]
        6.06    5.44   10.56    0.57   75%  75% Suspend [suspended] thread
        5.42    4.80    9.60    0.53   87%  81% Resume thread
        7.10    6.40   14.08    0.90   93%  87% Set priority
        0.86    0.64    1.92    0.22   93%  50% Get priority
       16.74   15.04   36.48    2.47   93%  93% Kill [suspended] thread
        6.14    5.76   10.56    0.55   93%  93% Yield [no other] thread
        9.74    8.96   18.56    1.10   93%  93% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        5.28    4.80    9.28    0.54   93%  81% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        9.40    8.32   18.56    1.14   93%  93% Suspend [runnable] thread
        6.04    5.76    8.96    0.38   93%  93% Yield [only low prio] thread
        5.68    5.12    9.60    0.52   68%  75% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       16.10   14.40   35.20    2.39   93%  93% Kill [runnable] thread
        8.54    7.68   16.00    0.94   93%  87% Destroy [dead] thread
       20.20   18.56   40.64    2.55   93%  93% Destroy [runnable] thread
       39.02   36.48   57.28    3.28   87%  87% Resume [high priority] thread
       13.13   12.80   22.08    0.15   78%  20% Thread switch

        0.59    0.32    1.60    0.09   82%  16% Scheduler lock
        3.67    3.52    5.12    0.17   99%  54% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        3.67    3.52    4.80    0.17   99%  53% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        3.67    3.52    4.80    0.17   54%  54% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        3.69    3.52    5.12    0.17   99%  50% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        2.41    2.24    5.44    0.25   96%  75% Init mutex
        6.83    6.40   11.84    0.34   75%  90% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        6.74    6.40   13.12    0.40   96%  96% Unlock [locked] mutex
        5.53    5.12    9.60    0.25   84%  12% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        4.84    4.48    7.36    0.17   78%  15% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.34    0.00    0.96    0.06   90%   3% Destroy mutex
       56.10   55.68   59.52    0.21   93%   3% Unlock/Lock mutex

        4.72    4.48   10.24    0.37   96%  96% Create mbox
        0.75    0.64    1.92    0.16   75%  75% Peek [empty] mbox
        6.79    6.40   12.80    0.41   96%  90% Put [first] mbox
        0.46    0.32    1.60    0.19   93%  68% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        6.68    6.40   12.16    0.37   96%  96% Put [second] mbox
        0.50    0.32    1.60    0.20   93%  56% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        7.13    6.40   14.08    0.49   90%  46% Get [first] mbox
        6.97    6.40   13.44    0.47   84%  78% Get [second] mbox
        6.24    5.76   11.52    0.38   78%  81% Tryput [first] mbox
        5.98    5.44   11.20    0.39   78%  62% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        6.52    6.08   13.12    0.49   93%  81% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        5.50    5.12   10.24    0.30   68%  28% Peek item [empty] mbox
        5.76    5.44   10.88    0.32   96%  96% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.50    0.32    1.60    0.19   96%  53% Waiting to get mbox
        0.50    0.32    1.60    0.19   96%  53% Waiting to put mbox
        7.45    7.04   15.04    0.49   96%  93% Delete mbox
       37.47   36.80   48.64    0.70   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        2.49    2.24    6.08    0.28   96%  56% Init semaphore
        5.09    4.80    8.64    0.27   46%  46% Post [0] semaphore
        6.25    5.76   10.88    0.32   93%   3% Wait [1] semaphore
        4.84    4.48    8.32    0.23   68%  25% Trywait [0] semaphore
        4.98    4.80    8.00    0.26   96%  71% Trywait [1] semaphore
        1.66    1.28    3.84    0.20   68%  15% Peek semaphore
        1.24    0.96    3.20    0.17   65%  31% Destroy semaphore
       40.74   40.32   49.28    0.53   96%  96% Post/Wait semaphore

        2.65    2.24    6.08    0.23   84%   9% Create counter
        0.85    0.64    2.24    0.22   90%  53% Get counter value
        0.68    0.64    1.92    0.08   96%  96% Set counter value
        7.13    6.72    8.64    0.24   78%  18% Tick counter
        1.30    0.96    3.20    0.12   84%  12% Delete counter

        3.69    3.52    7.68    0.29   96%  84% Create alarm
        8.98    8.32   17.60    0.61   68%  62% Initialize alarm
        0.96    0.64    2.88    0.14   71%  21% Disable alarm
        8.76    8.32   17.60    0.59   96%  87% Enable alarm
        1.99    1.60    5.12    0.21   81%  12% Delete alarm
        7.44    7.36    9.92    0.15   96%  96% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       21.68   21.44   24.64    0.25   96%  53% Tick counter [many alarms]
       10.95   10.56   15.04    0.26   78%  18% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
      132.79  132.48  136.32    0.23   59%  37% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       25.18   24.96   28.80    0.29   96%  65% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       23.06   22.72   47.36    0.40   98%  98% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       31.53   27.20   56.00    0.63   96%   0% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       36.86   30.40   58.88    4.15   50%  28% Alarm latency [many threads]

       11.41    8.96   16.32    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

      609     603     651  (main stack:  1059)  Thread stack used (1704 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used  1059 size  5664
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   251 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   587 size  2048

    Timing complete - 23690 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Hitachi EDK7708

    Board: Hitachi EDK7708

    CPU: Hitachi SH3/7708 60MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   444 size  4112
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used    76 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    96 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 2 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   14.75 microseconds (55 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:          32
       Threads:                16
       Thread switches:       128
       Mutexes:                32
       Mailboxes:              32
       Semaphores:             32
       Scheduler operations:  128
       Counters:               32
       Alarms:                 32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       15.43   13.60   24.00    1.29   62%  50% Create thread
        3.33    3.20    4.27    0.18   93%  68% Yield thread [all suspended]
        2.90    2.40    5.33    0.36   81%  62% Suspend [suspended] thread
        2.93    2.67    4.80    0.27   93%  87% Resume thread
        4.30    3.73   10.13    0.73   93%  93% Set priority
        0.65    0.27    2.13    0.28   68%  62% Get priority
        9.72    8.53   21.33    1.45   93%  93% Kill [suspended] thread
        3.33    3.20    4.53    0.20   93%  75% Yield [no other] thread
        5.30    4.80   10.13    0.65   93%  87% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        2.80    2.40    4.53    0.27   81%  75% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        4.82    4.00    8.27    0.49   68%  25% Suspend [runnable] thread
        3.32    3.20    4.00    0.16   93%  68% Yield [only low prio] thread
        2.82    2.40    4.27    0.25   81%  12% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        9.45    8.53   19.47    1.25   93%  93% Kill [runnable] thread
        5.30    4.53   11.20    0.74   87%  93% Destroy [dead] thread
       11.83   10.67   25.07    1.65   93%  93% Destroy [runnable] thread
       19.53   17.33   31.20    1.88   75%  75% Resume [high priority] thread
        6.70    6.67   11.47    0.07   99%  99% Thread switch

        0.33    0.27    0.80    0.10   75%  75% Scheduler lock
        1.74    1.60    2.67    0.14   99%  50% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        1.72    1.60    3.20    0.14   99%  57% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        1.81    1.60    3.20    0.10   75%  23% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        1.86    1.60    3.20    0.02   94%   4% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        1.22    1.07    3.20    0.20   96%  65% Init mutex
        3.21    2.93    5.87    0.17   68%  28% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        3.36    2.93    7.47    0.30   84%  75% Unlock [locked] mutex
        2.83    2.67    5.33    0.22   96%  65% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        2.53    2.40    2.93    0.14   96%  53% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.28    0.27    0.80    0.03   96%  96% Destroy mutex
       20.09   19.73   23.20    0.23   84%  12% Unlock/Lock mutex

        2.38    2.13    4.53    0.17   59%  34% Create mbox
        0.45    0.27    1.33    0.15   56%  40% Peek [empty] mbox
        3.70    3.20    7.20    0.29   84%  59% Put [first] mbox
        0.45    0.27    0.80    0.13   62%  34% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        3.67    3.20    5.60    0.23   81%   6% Put [second] mbox
        0.42    0.27    0.53    0.13   59%  40% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        3.98    3.47    7.47    0.24   59%   9% Get [first] mbox
        3.97    3.47    4.80    0.24   59%  12% Get [second] mbox
        3.51    3.20    6.67    0.28   56%  78% Tryput [first] mbox
        3.29    2.93    5.60    0.29   59%  65% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        4.06    3.47    7.20    0.26   68%   3% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        3.03    2.67    5.33    0.19   93%   3% Peek item [empty] mbox
        3.36    3.20    4.80    0.18   96%  56% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.57    0.27    1.33    0.09   84%   3% Waiting to get mbox
        0.52    0.27    1.07    0.11   62%  21% Waiting to put mbox
        3.88    3.47    7.47    0.30   78%  65% Delete mbox
       12.04   11.73   17.33    0.33   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        1.17    1.07    2.40    0.16   71%  71% Init semaphore
        2.67    2.40    4.27    0.15   62%  25% Post [0] semaphore
        3.00    2.67    4.53    0.17   65%  12% Wait [1] semaphore
        2.54    2.40    4.80    0.20   96%  71% Trywait [0] semaphore
        2.42    2.40    2.93    0.03   96%  96% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.79    0.53    2.13    0.15   59%  28% Peek semaphore
        0.77    0.53    1.87    0.12   71%  25% Destroy semaphore
       12.64   12.27   17.07    0.28   84%  96% Post/Wait semaphore

        1.27    1.07    2.93    0.17   53%  43% Create counter
        0.54    0.27    1.33    0.13   59%  21% Get counter value
        0.47    0.27    1.60    0.17   46%  43% Set counter value
        3.47    3.20    4.80    0.16   53%  28% Tick counter
        0.80    0.53    2.13    0.13   62%  25% Delete counter

        1.86    1.60    4.00    0.21   43%  40% Create alarm
        5.12    4.80    9.07    0.36   93%  75% Initialize alarm
        0.44    0.27    1.33    0.19   87%  53% Disable alarm
        4.77    4.27    9.60    0.35   87%  62% Enable alarm
        1.02    0.80    2.67    0.18   53%  40% Delete alarm
        3.56    3.47    5.33    0.15   84%  84% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       15.04   14.93   16.27    0.16   71%  71% Tick counter [many alarms]
        5.75    5.60    8.00    0.21   96%  68% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       79.60   79.47   81.07    0.17   96%  65% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       17.04   16.80   18.93    0.15   65%  31% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       12.44   12.27   29.60    0.31   96%  96% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       14.06   12.27   27.20    0.53   82%   4% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       19.62   17.07   38.40    1.44   57%  34% Alarm latency [many threads]

        2.79    2.40    6.13    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

      376     376     376  (main stack:   764)  Thread stack used (992 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   764 size  4112
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   176 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   352 size  2048

    Timing complete - 23860 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: CQ CqREEK SH3 Evaluation Board (cq7708)

    Board: CQ CqREEK SH3 Evaluation Board (cq7708)

    CPU: Hitachi SH3/7708 60MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   448 size  4112
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used    80 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    96 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 2 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   19.17 microseconds (71 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       20.62   14.40   26.93    3.23   48%  26% Create thread
        3.16    2.93    4.27    0.09   78%  20% Yield thread [all suspended]
        2.91    2.40    5.87    0.17   57%   1% Suspend [suspended] thread
        2.73    2.40    6.40    0.19   64%  15% Resume thread
        4.05    3.73   11.47    0.27   62%  90% Set priority
        0.82    0.27    2.67    0.17   56%   3% Get priority
        9.07    8.53   24.27    0.51   78%  71% Kill [suspended] thread
        3.19    2.93    7.20    0.14   70%  28% Yield [no other] thread
        5.45    4.53   17.87    0.49   78%  17% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        2.67    2.40    5.07    0.15   56%  28% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        4.95    4.27   11.47    0.28   82%  14% Suspend [runnable] thread
        3.15    2.93    4.53    0.11   73%  25% Yield [only low prio] thread
        2.82    2.40    5.60    0.21   84%  10% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        8.92    8.00   24.27    0.51   84%  14% Kill [runnable] thread
        5.10    4.53   12.00    0.27   59%  39% Destroy [dead] thread
       11.81   10.93   37.33    0.81   87%  95% Destroy [runnable] thread
       22.15   20.80   54.67    1.27   92%  92% Resume [high priority] thread
        6.85    6.67   13.60    0.19   99%  50% Thread switch

        0.27    0.27    1.07    0.01   99%  99% Scheduler lock
        1.74    1.60    2.67    0.14   99%  50% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        1.74    1.60    2.93    0.14   99%  50% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        1.81    1.60    4.27    0.11   72%  26% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        1.75    1.60    4.00    0.15   50%  49% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        1.22    1.07    4.27    0.23   96%  78% Init mutex
        3.18    2.93    7.20    0.27   96%  53% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        3.40    3.20    8.00    0.31   96%  96% Unlock [locked] mutex
        2.77    2.40    5.87    0.22   87%   9% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        2.35    2.13    3.47    0.14   65%  31% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.78    0.53    2.67    0.14   68%  28% Destroy mutex
       22.80   22.40   28.80    0.51   96%  71% Unlock/Lock mutex

        2.61    2.40    6.13    0.26   96%  62% Create mbox
        0.52    0.27    1.60    0.19   40%  37% Peek [empty] mbox
        3.54    3.20    7.73    0.35   93%  78% Put [first] mbox
        0.50    0.27    1.60    0.17   46%  37% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        3.62    3.20    6.93    0.34   59%  65% Put [second] mbox
        0.52    0.27    2.13    0.23   31%  43% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        3.93    3.47   10.13    0.43   65%  65% Get [first] mbox
        3.92    3.47    7.47    0.40   56%  56% Get [second] mbox
        3.37    2.93    6.93    0.36   59%  68% Tryput [first] mbox
        3.30    2.67    6.93    0.38   84%  40% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        3.93    3.47    9.33    0.44   65%  71% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        2.94    2.67    6.13    0.25   43%  43% Peek item [empty] mbox
        3.23    2.93    6.67    0.27   56%  84% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.58    0.27    2.67    0.20   62%  21% Waiting to get mbox
        0.55    0.27    1.87    0.14   62%  21% Waiting to put mbox
        3.82    3.47    9.87    0.39   96%  93% Delete mbox
       13.35   12.80   21.33    0.50   87%  78% Put/Get mbox

        1.22    1.07    2.93    0.19   96%  59% Init semaphore
        2.42    2.13    4.27    0.12   81%  15% Post [0] semaphore
        2.96    2.67    5.07    0.16   68%  21% Wait [1] semaphore
        2.37    2.13    4.53    0.17   62%  34% Trywait [0] semaphore
        2.29    2.13    3.47    0.17   96%  53% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.66    0.53    2.13    0.17   96%  68% Peek semaphore
        0.81    0.53    2.93    0.13   75%  21% Destroy semaphore
       14.47   14.13   21.33    0.43   96%  96% Post/Wait semaphore

        1.44    1.07    3.47    0.29   56%  71% Create counter
        0.62    0.27    1.07    0.14   62%   3% Get counter value
        0.56    0.27    1.60    0.17   50%  25% Set counter value
        3.39    3.20    4.27    0.16   53%  40% Tick counter
        0.83    0.53    1.87    0.14   68%  15% Delete counter

        2.02    1.87    4.00    0.21   93%  68% Create alarm
        5.06    4.27   11.73    0.46   78%  18% Initialize alarm
        0.73    0.27    2.40    0.22   84%   3% Disable alarm
        4.82    4.27   11.47    0.48   81%  65% Enable alarm
        1.19    0.80    3.47    0.22   87%   9% Delete alarm
        3.63    3.47    5.60    0.20   96%  59% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       15.01   14.93   16.53    0.13   87%  87% Tick counter [many alarms]
        5.50    5.33    8.00    0.22   96%  65% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       74.27   74.13   76.80    0.21   96%  78% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       16.90   16.53   19.47    0.23   81%  15% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       16.70   16.53   36.27    0.33   98%  98% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       17.85   16.53   34.40    0.47   73%   0% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       63.26   58.40   80.00    2.64   52%  32% Alarm latency [many threads]
       30.37   29.33  124.80    1.68   98%  97% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        7.37    5.07   17.87    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        9.00    4.53   26.93    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      106       0     376  (main stack:   764)  Thread stack used (992 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   764 size  4112
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   176 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   352 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30310 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Hitachi HS7729PCI HS7729 SH3

    Board: Hitachi HS7729PCI HS7729 SH3

    CPU: Hitachi SH3/7729 132MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   464 size  4112
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used    92 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    94 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 3 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took   18.10 microseconds (149 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
       18.33   15.52   28.24    1.47   53%  28% Create thread
        3.08    2.91    6.79    0.13   78%  89% Yield thread [all suspended]
        3.23    3.03    6.18    0.16   59%  70% Suspend [suspended] thread
        2.70    2.55    6.18    0.15   54%  82% Resume thread
        4.12    4.00    7.52    0.16   96%  81% Set priority
        0.61    0.48    1.33    0.07   57%  28% Get priority
        9.14    8.61   18.91    0.42   85%  57% Kill [suspended] thread
        3.04    2.91    4.48    0.07   68%  20% Yield [no other] thread
        5.12    4.73    7.88    0.29   60%  53% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        2.54    2.42    3.03    0.09   39%  40% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        5.00    4.36    9.45    0.21   75%   1% Suspend [runnable] thread
        3.04    2.91    4.61    0.07   65%  21% Yield [only low prio] thread
        2.91    2.79    3.27    0.08   43%  31% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        8.82    8.12   15.39    0.36   68%  29% Kill [runnable] thread
        5.07    4.48   12.73    0.37   76%  50% Destroy [dead] thread
       11.17   10.55   22.91    0.52   78%  67% Destroy [runnable] thread
       22.43   21.45   32.73    0.61   81%  50% Resume [high priority] thread
        7.99    7.88   13.58    0.14   98%  86% Thread switch

        0.37    0.36    1.33    0.02   97%  97% Scheduler lock
        1.74    1.70    2.06    0.06   70%  70% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       1.75    1.70    2.06    0.07   92%  64% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        1.71    1.70    2.42    0.03   89%  89% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        1.76    1.70    3.64    0.08   96%  64% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        4.23    3.88   10.67    0.41   96%  93% Unlock [locked] mutex
        3.12    2.91    6.91    0.29   96%  87% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        2.54    2.42    2.91    0.11   18%  46% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.88    0.73    3.15    0.14   65%  96% Destroy mutex
       22.33   22.06   25.94    0.23   81%  62% Unlock/Lock mutex

        1.92    1.82    4.73    0.19   96%  93% Create mbox
        0.61    0.48    1.70    0.15   84%  75% Peek [empty] mbox
        4.00    3.64    9.45    0.36   96%  87% Put [first] mbox
        0.30    0.24    0.73    0.09   84%  75% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        3.82    3.64    6.67    0.22   90%  84% Put [second] mbox
        0.32    0.24    1.33    0.12   81%  81% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        4.19    3.76    9.21    0.34   84%  50% Get [first] mbox
        3.91    3.76    5.21    0.16   84%  75% Get [second] mbox
        3.51    3.27    8.12    0.34   93%  87% Tryput [first] mbox
        3.25    2.91    7.15    0.30   62%  56% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        3.86    3.52    8.73    0.37   93%  84% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        2.87    2.79    3.76    0.12   84%  71% Peek item [empty] mbox
        3.15    3.03    4.24    0.10   46%  40% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.34    0.24    1.33    0.10   43%  46% Waiting to get mbox
        0.36    0.24    1.45    0.09   53%  37% Waiting to put mbox
        4.49    4.24   10.91    0.41   96%  96% Delete mbox
       12.67   12.36   19.52    0.43   96%  96% Put/Get mbox

        0.87    0.85    1.45    0.05   93%  93% Init semaphore
        2.74    2.55    4.48    0.18   50%  50% Post [0] semaphore
        3.39    3.15    4.24    0.14   78%  50% Wait [1] semaphore
        2.62    2.42    5.33    0.21   96%  65% Trywait [0] semaphore
        2.76    2.67    3.27    0.08   46%  43% Trywait [1] semaphore
        1.09    0.85    2.91    0.19   68%  56% Peek semaphore
        0.97    0.73    3.39    0.17   90%  65% Destroy semaphore
       13.09   12.85   16.12    0.19   84%  65% Post/Wait semaphore

        1.57    1.45    3.88    0.15   96%  93% Create counter
        0.91    0.73    2.18    0.16   46%  68% Get counter value
        0.55    0.48    0.97    0.09   90%  62% Set counter value
        4.19    4.00    5.82    0.13   84%  75% Tick counter
        0.87    0.73    3.15    0.16   93%  93% Delete counter

        2.50    2.30    5.21    0.18   81%  90% Create alarm
        6.16    5.70   12.97    0.47   96%  71% Initialize alarm
        0.50    0.36    1.70    0.11   62%  34% Disable alarm
        5.16    4.85    8.73    0.29   78%  78% Enable alarm
        1.18    1.09    2.30    0.12   84%  65% Delete alarm
        5.22    5.09    7.39    0.14   96%  93% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       52.37   52.12   52.73    0.20   37%  56% Tick counter [many alarms]
        6.73    6.55    8.24    0.13   78%  68% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
      108.65  108.61  109.21    0.07   87%  87% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       54.25   54.06   54.79    0.11   65%  18% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       17.36   17.09   29.82    0.23   82%  57% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       19.75   17.09   28.00    1.65   46%  40% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       39.02   34.06   50.67    2.00   53%  15% Alarm latency [many threads]
       29.31   28.36  105.09    1.27   98%  97% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        5.08    3.88   11.15    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        7.32    5.09   16.73    0.00            Clock DSR latency

        6       0     380  (main stack:   820)  Thread stack used (992 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   820 size  4112
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   196 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   360 size  2048

    Timing complete - 29960 ms total
    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: Hitachi Solution Engine 7751 SH4 (se7751)

    Board: Hitachi Solution Engine 7751 SH4 (se7751)

    CPU: Hitachi SH4/7751 162MHz

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   464 size  4112
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used    92 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    94 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 1 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    14.27 microseconds (96 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                   Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
        8.06    5.63   12.15    1.37   46%  29% Create thread
        1.15    1.04    5.19    0.15   98%  98% Yield thread [all suspended]
        1.13    0.89    5.04    0.27   89%  62% Suspend [suspended] thread
        1.11    0.89    5.19    0.26   89%  71% Resume thread
        1.45    1.19    3.56    0.23   53%  53% Set priority
        0.21    0.15    1.19    0.10   90%  79% Get priority
        4.15    3.56   13.04    0.53   68%  64% Kill [suspended] thread
        1.12    1.04    3.70    0.12   98%  70% Yield [no other] thread
        1.75    1.33    8.00    0.38   59%  65% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        1.10    0.89    4.59    0.25   87%  73% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        1.59    1.33    5.93    0.33   81%  79% Suspend [runnable] thread
        1.13    1.04    4.30    0.13   98%  71% Yield [only low prio] thread
        1.09    0.89    3.56    0.21   89%  70% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        4.96    4.30   11.70    0.44   68%  39% Kill [runnable] thread
        1.95    1.48    8.00    0.34   75%  57% Destroy [dead] thread
        4.41    3.85   10.37    0.47   53%  57% Destroy [runnable] thread
       13.15   11.41   23.85    1.11   73%  39% Resume [high priority] thread
        3.10    2.96    6.22    0.11   41%  39% Thread switch

        0.13    0.00    1.33    0.06   74%  21% Scheduler lock
        0.76    0.74    1.78    0.03   96%  96% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.76    0.74    1.78    0.03   96%  96% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.77    0.74    2.67    0.05   95%  95% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.76    0.74    2.37    0.04   95%  95% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.52    0.15    2.67    0.26   65%  34% Init mutex
        1.23    1.04    5.63    0.32   93%  93% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        1.45    1.19    5.33    0.31   90%  87% Unlock [locked] mutex
        1.13    0.89    4.15    0.28   90%  84% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        1.00    0.89    2.96    0.17   87%  87% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.37    0.30    1.78    0.13   90%  84% Destroy mutex
        9.09    8.59   12.59    0.43   71%  71% Unlock/Lock mutex
        0.93    0.59    4.30    0.40   84%  71% Create mbox
        0.26    0.00    1.19    0.17   71%  59% Peek [empty] mbox
        3.03    2.52    6.37    0.47   50%  59% Put [first] mbox
        0.23    0.00    0.74    0.14   68%  15% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        2.93    2.52    4.74    0.46   71%  59% Put [second] mbox
        0.22    0.00    0.59    0.13   68%  15% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        2.07    1.63    5.93    0.37   84%  59% Get [first] mbox
        2.06    1.63    4.74    0.34   78%  59% Get [second] mbox
        1.48    1.04    5.48    0.37   62%  53% Tryput [first] mbox
        1.31    1.04    4.89    0.32   96%  75% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        1.47    1.04    5.78    0.38   84%  65% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        1.15    0.89    3.11    0.18   71%  56% Peek item [empty] mbox
        1.20    1.04    3.85    0.21   93%  84% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.21    0.00    0.74    0.14   68%  18% Waiting to get mbox
        0.19    0.00    0.44    0.10   43%  15% Waiting to put mbox
        2.19    1.93    5.78    0.27   93%  71% Delete mbox
       10.23    9.93   11.56    0.15   53%  37% Put/Get mbox

        0.37    0.15    1.33    0.26   71%  71% Init semaphore
        0.98    0.89    2.52    0.13   96%  68% Post [0] semaphore
        1.08    0.89    3.26    0.15   68%  93% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.98    0.89    3.41    0.16   93%  93% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.73    0.59    1.63    0.07   71%  25% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.33    0.30    1.33    0.07   93%  93% Peek semaphore
        0.34    0.30    1.78    0.09   96%  96% Destroy semaphore
        9.36    8.74   10.37    0.33   56%  31% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.54    0.15    3.26    0.23   59%  37% Create counter
        0.13    0.00    0.59    0.07   68%  25% Get counter value
        0.14    0.00    0.59    0.07   68%  25% Set counter value
        3.74    3.56    5.33    0.17   53%  75% Tick counter
        0.32    0.15    2.07    0.12   71%  21% Delete counter

        1.59    1.19    3.11    0.29   71%  43% Create alarm
        1.89    1.48    6.37    0.44   87%  78% Initialize alarm
        0.20    0.15    0.74    0.09   87%  84% Disable alarm
        1.62    1.33    5.63    0.41   87%  84% Enable alarm
        0.40    0.30    1.33    0.13   87%  62% Delete alarm

       4.03    3.70    5.78    0.27   68%  56% Tick counter [1 alarm]
       14.18   13.93   15.70    0.27   81%  75% Tick counter [many alarms]
        4.81    4.59    5.93    0.13   81%  15% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       30.77   30.52   33.63    0.20   75%  65% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
       15.10   14.52   17.04    0.23   71%   3% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        8.78    8.59   18.22    0.20   97%  89% Alarm latency [0 threads]
       11.29    9.33   17.48    1.02   56%  22% Alarm latency [2 threads]
       18.70   15.70   26.37    1.45   54%  22% Alarm latency [many threads]
       19.40   18.81   57.48    0.65   97%  97% Alarm -> thread resume latency

        4.18    2.81    8.89    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

        3.98    2.52   11.56    0.00            Clock DSR latency

        6       0     380  (main stack:   728)  Thread stack used (992 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used   728 size  4112
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   196 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   360 size  2048

    Timing complete - 29790 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: PC

    Board: PC

    CPU: 433MHz Celeron

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   124 size  2912
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   280 size  4108
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used    62 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 8 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took    6.75 microseconds (8 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                  64
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
        3.93    1.68    8.38    0.93   68%   3% Create thread
        0.71    0.00    3.35    0.84   59%  59% Yield thread [all suspended]
        0.65    0.00    5.03    0.84   64%  64% Suspend [suspended] thread
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Resume thread
        0.76    0.00    1.68    0.83   54%  54% Set priority
        0.39    0.00    1.68    0.60   76%  76% Get priority
        1.34    0.00    6.70    0.67   73%  25% Kill [suspended] thread
        0.68    0.00    1.68    0.81   59%  59% Yield [no other] thread
        0.92    0.00    1.68    0.83   54%  45% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
        0.84    0.00    1.68    0.84  100%  50% Suspend [runnable] thread
        0.73    0.00    1.68    0.82   56%  56% Yield [only low prio] thread
        0.58    0.00    1.68    0.76   65%  65% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
        1.26    0.00    3.35    0.67   71%  26% Kill [runnable] thread
        0.86    0.00    3.35    0.86   98%  50% Destroy [dead] thread
        1.44    0.00    1.68    0.40   85%  14% Destroy [runnable] thread
        4.45    3.35    6.70    0.89   53%  40% Resume [high priority] thread
        1.62    0.00    1.68    0.10   96%   3% Thread switch

        0.41    0.00    1.68    0.61   75%  75% Scheduler lock
        0.48    0.00    1.68    0.69   71%  71% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
        0.59    0.00    1.68    0.76   64%  64% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
        0.45    0.00    1.68    0.65   73%  73% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
        0.45    0.00    1.68    0.65   73%  73% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        0.52    0.00    1.68    0.72   68%  68% Init mutex
        0.79    0.00    5.03    0.93   96%  59% Lock [unlocked] mutex
        0.84    0.00    5.03    0.94   96%  56% Unlock [locked] mutex
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
        0.52    0.00    1.68    0.72   68%  68% Trylock [locked] mutex
        0.58    0.00    1.68    0.76   65%  65% Destroy mutex
        3.40    3.35    5.03    0.10   96%  96% Unlock/Lock mutex

        0.99    0.00    1.68    0.81   59%  40% Create mbox
        0.47    0.00    1.68    0.68   71%  71% Peek [empty] mbox
        0.79    0.00    5.03    0.93   96%  59% Put [first] mbox
        0.42    0.00    1.68    0.63   75%  75% Peek [1 msg] mbox
        0.79    0.00    1.68    0.83   53%  53% Put [second] mbox
        0.37    0.00    1.68    0.57   78%  78% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
        0.73    0.00    3.35    0.87   59%  59% Get [first] mbox
        0.73    0.00    1.68    0.82   56%  56% Get [second] mbox
        0.79    0.00    3.35    0.88   56%  56% Tryput [first] mbox
        0.68    0.00    3.35    0.85   62%  62% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
        0.73    0.00    3.35    0.87   59%  59% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Peek item [empty] mbox
        0.68    0.00    1.68    0.81   59%  59% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.26    0.00    1.68    0.44   84%  84% Waiting to get mbox
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Waiting to put mbox
        0.73    0.00    3.35    0.87   59%  59% Delete mbox
        3.25    1.68    3.35    0.20   93%   6% Put/Get mbox

        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Init semaphore
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Post [0] semaphore
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Wait [1] semaphore
        0.52    0.00    1.68    0.72   68%  68% Trywait [0] semaphore
        0.52    0.00    1.68    0.72   68%  68% Trywait [1] semaphore
        0.52    0.00    1.68    0.72   68%  68% Peek semaphore
        0.21    0.00    1.68    0.37   87%  87% Destroy semaphore
        3.30    1.68    3.35    0.10   96%   3% Post/Wait semaphore

        0.79    0.00    3.35    0.88   56%  56% Create counter
        0.42    0.00    1.68    0.63   75%  75% Get counter value
        0.37    0.00    1.68    0.57   78%  78% Set counter value
        0.73    0.00    1.68    0.82   56%  56% Tick counter
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Delete counter

        0.89    0.00    3.35    0.89   96%  50% Create alarm
        0.84    0.00    1.68    0.84  100%  50% Initialize alarm
        0.52    0.00    1.68    0.72   68%  68% Disable alarm
        0.89    0.00    3.35    0.89   96%  50% Enable alarm
        0.58    0.00    1.68    0.76   65%  65% Delete alarm
        0.63    0.00    1.68    0.79   62%  62% Tick counter [1 alarm]
        5.03    3.35    6.70    0.10   93%   3% Tick counter [many alarms]
        0.94    0.00    1.68    0.82   56%  43% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
       11.16   10.06   11.73    0.76   65%  34% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
        5.19    5.03    6.70    0.28   90%  90% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
        0.01    0.00    1.68    0.03   99%  99% Alarm latency [0 threads]
        0.13    0.00    1.68    0.24   92%  92% Alarm latency [2 threads]
        0.94    0.00    3.35    0.85   53%  45% Alarm latency [many threads]
        1.75    1.68    6.70    0.15   96%  96% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       41       0     368  (main stack:  1036)  Thread stack used (1712 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used  1036 size  2912
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   368 size  4108
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   288 size  2048

    Timing complete - 28520 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

#### Board: NEC V850 Cosmo Evaluation Board

    Board: NEC V850 Cosmo Evaluation Board

    CPU: NEC CEB-V850/SA1 17MHz

    Startup, main stack  : stack used   552 size  2936
    Startup              : Interrupt stack used   120 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used   206 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 27 `ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  280.04 microseconds (1190 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                   7
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
      288.71  280.24  297.18    4.84   42%  28% Create thread
       70.76   70.59   70.82    0.10   71%  28% Yield thread [all suspended]
       59.06   59.06   59.06    0.00  100% 100% Suspend [suspended] thread
       60.00   60.00   60.00    0.00  100% 100% Resume thread
       77.38   77.18   77.41    0.06   85%  14% Set priority
        3.13    3.06    3.29    0.10   71%  71% Get priority
      187.46  187.29  187.53    0.10   71%  28% Kill [suspended] thread
       70.76   70.59   70.82    0.10   71%  28% Yield [no other] thread
      104.40  103.29  104.71    0.32   85%  14% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
       59.06   59.06   59.06    0.00  100% 100% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
       97.11   91.06   98.12    1.73   85%  14% Suspend [runnable] thread
       70.76   70.59   70.82    0.10   71%  28% Yield [only low prio] thread
       59.06   59.06   59.06    0.00  100% 100% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
      187.46  187.29  187.53    0.10   71%  28% Kill [runnable] thread
       95.63   95.29   97.18    0.44   85%  85% Destroy [dead] thread
      241.28  236.94  242.12    1.24   85%  14% Destroy [runnable] thread
      378.55  370.35  427.06   13.86   85%  85% Resume [high priority] thread
      198.77  183.76  452.94   18.77   96%  96% Thread switch

        2.59    2.59    2.59    0.00  100% 100% Scheduler lock
       41.29   41.18   41.41    0.12  100%  50% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       40.82   40.71   40.94    0.12  100%  50% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
       41.29   41.18   41.41    0.12  100%  50% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
       41.29   41.18   41.41    0.12  100%  50% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

       17.94   17.88   18.12    0.09   75%  75% Init mutex
       68.71   68.71   68.71    0.00  100% 100% Lock [unlocked] mutex
       72.10   72.00   73.41    0.15   96%  71% Unlock [locked] mutex
       57.88   57.88   57.88    0.00  100% 100% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
       52.24   52.24   52.24    0.00  100% 100% Trylock [locked] mutex
       12.41   12.24   12.47    0.09   75%  25% Destroy mutex
      427.06  427.06  427.06    0.00  100% 100% Unlock/Lock mutex

       34.94   34.82   35.06    0.12  100%  50% Create mbox
        0.76    0.71    0.94    0.09   75%  75% Peek [empty] mbox
       75.29   75.29   75.29    0.00  100% 100% Put [first] mbox
        1.24    1.18    1.41    0.09   75%  75% Peek [1 msg] mbox
       75.76   75.76   75.76    0.00  100% 100% Put [second] mbox
        0.76    0.71    0.94    0.09   75%  75% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
       80.12   80.00   80.24    0.12  100%  50% Get [first] mbox
       79.65   79.53   79.76    0.12  100%  50% Get [second] mbox
       70.12   70.12   70.12    0.00  100% 100% Tryput [first] mbox
       65.76   65.65   65.88    0.12  100%  50% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
       78.00   77.88   78.12    0.12  100%  50% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
       63.12   63.06   63.29    0.09   75%  75% Peek item [empty] mbox
       67.82   67.76   68.00    0.09   75%  75% Tryget [empty] mbox
        1.94    1.88    2.12    0.09   75%  75% Waiting to get mbox
        1.47    1.41    1.65    0.09   75%  75% Waiting to put mbox
       75.59   75.53   75.76    0.09   75%  75% Delete mbox
      252.76  252.71  252.94    0.09   75%  75% Put/Get mbox

       20.24   20.24   20.24    0.00  100% 100% Init semaphore
       54.35   54.35   54.35    0.00  100% 100% Post [0] semaphore
       66.59   66.59   66.59    0.00  100% 100% Wait [1] semaphore
       52.24   52.24   52.24    0.00  100% 100% Trywait [0] semaphore
       53.41   53.41   53.41    0.00  100% 100% Trywait [1] semaphore
       10.65   10.59   10.82    0.09   75%  75% Peek semaphore
       12.65   12.47   12.71    0.09   75%  25% Destroy semaphore
      276.94  276.94  276.94    0.00  100% 100% Post/Wait semaphore

       14.94   14.82   15.06    0.12  100%  50% Create counter
        2.18    2.12    2.35    0.09   75%  75% Get counter value
        3.06    3.06    3.06    0.00  100% 100% Set counter value
       78.12   78.12   78.12    0.00  100% 100% Tick counter
       13.82   13.65   13.88    0.09   75%  25% Delete counter

       26.94   26.82   27.06    0.12  100%  50% Create alarm
      104.18  104.00  104.24    0.09   75%  25% Initialize alarm
        7.65    7.53    7.76    0.12  100%  50% Disable alarm
      104.94  104.94  104.94    0.00  100% 100% Enable alarm
       19.47   19.29   19.53    0.09   75%  25% Delete alarm
       88.53   88.47   88.71    0.09   75%  75% Tick counter [1 alarm]
      418.61  411.29  645.41   14.17   96%  96% Tick counter [many alarms]
      139.59  139.53  139.76    0.09   75%  75% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
     2150.21 2096.71 2367.53   83.59   78%  78% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
      478.15  462.35  733.41   29.61   93%  93% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
      219.89  218.59  369.88    2.34   99%  99% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      292.11  218.59  371.53   37.85   50%  25% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      292.96  218.59  370.59   38.12   49%  25% Alarm latency [many threads]
      540.90  495.76 1677.41   17.76   98%   0% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       79.01   78.59  104.71    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

      123.41   85.88 1982.82    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      522     516     536  (main stack:  1124)  Thread stack used (1912 total)
    All done, main stack : stack used  1124 size  2936
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   288 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   488 size  2048

    Timing complete - 32540 ms total

#### Board: NEC V850 Cosmo Evaluation Board

    Board: NEC V850 Cosmo Evaluation Board

    CPU: NEC CEB-V850/SB1 16MHz (in internal Flash)

    Startup, main stack             : stack used   572 size  2936
    Startup              :  Interrupt stack used   132 size  4096
    Startup              : Idlethread stack used   210 size  2048

    eCos Kernel Timings
    Notes: all times are in microseconds (.000001) unless otherwise stated

    Reading the hardware clock takes 8 'ticks' overhead
    ... this value will be factored out of all other measurements
    Clock interrupt took  118.15 microseconds (472 raw clock ticks)

    Testing parameters:
       Clock samples:            32
       Threads:                   7
       Thread switches:         128
       Mutexes:                  32
       Mailboxes:                32
       Semaphores:               32
       Scheduler operations:    128
       Counters:                 32
       Alarms:                   32

                                     Confidence
         Ave     Min     Max     Var  Ave  Min  Function
      ======  ======  ======  ====== ========== ========
      113.68  111.00  116.50    1.63   42%  28% Create thread
       30.00   30.00   30.00    0.00  100% 100% Yield thread [all suspended]
       29.57   29.50   29.75    0.10   71%  71% Suspend [suspended] thread
       27.43   27.25   27.50    0.10   71%  28% Resume thread
       34.11   34.00   34.25    0.12   57%  57% Set priority
        1.57    1.50    1.75    0.10   71%  71% Get priority
       72.96   72.75   73.00    0.06   85%  14% Kill [suspended] thread
       30.00   30.00   30.00    0.00  100% 100% Yield [no other] thread
       42.75   42.75   42.75    0.00  100% 100% Resume [suspended low prio] thread
       27.00   27.00   27.00    0.00  100% 100% Resume [runnable low prio] thread
       43.64   41.25   44.25    0.68   85%  14% Suspend [runnable] thread
       30.00   30.00   30.00    0.00  100% 100% Yield [only low prio] thread
       29.57   29.50   29.75    0.10   71%  71% Suspend [runnable->not runnable]
       72.93   72.75   73.00    0.10   71%  28% Kill [runnable] thread
       44.89   44.75   45.75    0.24   85%  85% Destroy [dead] thread
      103.00  101.50  103.25    0.43   85%  14% Destroy [runnable] thread
      175.21  171.50  197.50    6.37   85%  85% Resume [high priority] thread
       84.11   79.50  197.25    1.77   98%   0% Thread switch

        1.00    1.00    1.00    0.00  100% 100% Scheduler lock
       20.06   20.00   20.25    0.09   75%  75% Scheduler unlock [0 threads]
       20.00   20.00   20.00    0.00  100% 100% Scheduler unlock [1 suspended]
       20.06   20.00   20.25    0.09   75%  75% Scheduler unlock [many suspended]
       20.06   20.00   20.25    0.09   75%  75% Scheduler unlock [many low prio]

        4.00    4.00    4.00    0.00  100% 100% Init mutex
       33.00   33.00   33.00    0.00  100% 100% Lock [unlocked] mutex
       36.77   36.75   37.25    0.03   96%  96% Unlock [locked] mutex
       28.13   28.00   28.25    0.13  100%  50% Trylock [unlocked] mutex
       25.13   25.00   25.25    0.13  100%  50% Trylock [locked] mutex
        4.88    4.75    5.00    0.13  100%  50% Destroy mutex
      187.00  187.00  187.00    0.00  100% 100% Unlock/Lock mutex

       10.00   10.00   10.00    0.00  100% 100% Create mbox
        0.69    0.50    0.75    0.09   75%  25% Peek [empty] mbox
       34.75   34.75   34.75    0.00  100% 100% Put [first] mbox
        0.69    0.50    0.75    0.09   75%  25% Peek [1 msg] mbox
       35.00   35.00   35.00    0.00  100% 100% Put [second] mbox
        0.69    0.50    0.75    0.09   75%  25% Peek [2 msgs] mbox
       36.00   36.00   36.00    0.00  100% 100% Get [first] mbox
       36.00   36.00   36.00    0.00  100% 100% Get [second] mbox
       31.00   31.00   31.00    0.00  100% 100% Tryput [first] mbox
       29.50   29.50   29.50    0.00  100% 100% Peek item [non-empty] mbox
       35.25   35.25   35.25    0.00  100% 100% Tryget [non-empty] mbox
       27.69   27.50   27.75    0.09   75%  25% Peek item [empty] mbox
       31.06   31.00   31.25    0.09   75%  75% Tryget [empty] mbox
        0.94    0.75    1.00    0.09   75%  25% Waiting to get mbox
        0.94    0.75    1.00    0.09   75%  25% Waiting to put mbox
       37.81   37.75   38.00    0.09   75%  75% Delete mbox
      112.00  112.00  112.00    0.00  100% 100% Put/Get mbox

        3.19    3.00    3.25    0.09   75%  25% Init semaphore
       25.38   25.25   25.50    0.13  100%  50% Post [0] semaphore
       32.63   32.50   32.75    0.13  100%  50% Wait [1] semaphore
       24.25   24.25   24.25    0.00  100% 100% Trywait [0] semaphore
       25.00   25.00   25.00    0.00  100% 100% Trywait [1] semaphore
        4.00    4.00    4.00    0.00  100% 100% Peek semaphore
        4.88    4.75    5.00    0.13  100%  50% Destroy semaphore
      124.50  124.50  124.50    0.00  100% 100% Post/Wait semaphore

        6.50    6.50    6.50    0.00  100% 100% Create counter
        1.25    1.25    1.25    0.00  100% 100% Get counter value
        1.44    1.25    1.50    0.09   75%  25% Set counter value
       36.25   36.25   36.25    0.00  100% 100% Tick counter
        5.25    5.25    5.25    0.00  100% 100% Delete counter

       12.25   12.25   12.25    0.00  100% 100% Create alarm
       49.13   49.00   49.25    0.13  100%  50% Initialize alarm
        2.81    2.75    3.00    0.09   75%  75% Disable alarm
       48.50   48.50   48.50    0.00  100% 100% Enable alarm
        8.25    8.25    8.25    0.00  100% 100% Delete alarm
       46.50   46.50   46.50    0.00  100% 100% Tick counter [1 alarm]
      485.42  482.25  580.00    5.91   96%  96% Tick counter [many alarms]
       64.00   64.00   64.00    0.00  100% 100% Tick & fire counter [1 alarm]
     1109.76 1100.50 1198.00   16.53   90%  90% Tick & fire counters [>1 together]
      505.85  502.00  621.00    7.20   96%  96% Tick & fire counters [>1 separately]
       96.26   95.75  161.25    1.02   99%  99% Alarm latency [0 threads]
      159.20   95.75  160.75    2.52   97%   0% Alarm latency [2 threads]
      159.73  110.50  161.75    1.53   97%   0% Alarm latency [many threads]
      218.45  211.25  445.75    3.55   97%   1% Alarm -> thread resume latency

       28.24   25.25   43.25    0.00            Clock/interrupt latency

       60.15   40.50  221.50    0.00            Clock DSR latency

      472     424     572  (main stack:  1052)  Thread stack used (1912 total)
    All done, main stack            : stack used  1052 size  2936
    All done             :  Interrupt stack used   280 size  4096
    All done             : Idlethread stack used   516 size  2048

    Timing complete - 30590 ms total

    PASS:<Basic timing OK>
    EXIT:<done>

Version 2, June 1991
1989
1991
Free Software Foundation, Inc.

    59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

### GNU General Public License

     Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
         59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

                                Preamble

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        years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
        cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
        machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
        distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
        customarily used for software interchange; or,

        c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
        to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
        allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
        received the program in object code or executable form with such
        an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

    The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
    making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
    code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
    associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
    control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
    special exception, the source code distributed need not include
    anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
    form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
    operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
    itself accompanies the executable.

    If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
    access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
    access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
    distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
    compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

      4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
    except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
    otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
    void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
    However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
    this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
    parties remain in full compliance.

      5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
    signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
    distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
    prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
    modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
    Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
    all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
    the Program or works based on it.

      6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
    Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
    original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
    these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
    restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
    You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
    this License.

      7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
    infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
    conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
    otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
    excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
    distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
    License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
    may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
    license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
    all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
    the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
    refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

    If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
    any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
    apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
    circumstances.

    It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
    patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
    such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
    integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
    implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
    generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
    through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
    system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
    to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
    impose that choice.

    This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
    be a consequence of the rest of this License.

      8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
    certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
    original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
    may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
    those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
    countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
    the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

      9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
    of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
    be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
    address new problems or concerns.

    Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
    specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
    later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
    either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
    Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
    this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
    Foundation.

      10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
    programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
    to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
    Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
    make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
    of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
    of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

    			    NO WARRANTY

      11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
    FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
    OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
    PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
    OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
    TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
    PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
    REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

      12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
    WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
    REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
    INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
    OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
    TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
    YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
    PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
    POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

    		     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

    	    How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

      If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
    possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
    free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

      To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
    to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
    convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
    the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

        <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
        Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

        This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
        it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
        the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
        (at your option) any later version.

        This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
        but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
        MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
        GNU General Public License for more details.

        You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
        along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
        Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

    Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

    If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
    when it starts in an interactive mode:

        Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year  name of author
        Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
        This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
        under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

    The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
    parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
    be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
    mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

    You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
    school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
    necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

      Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
      `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

      <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
      Ty Coon, President of Vice

    This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
    proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
    consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
    library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
    Public License instead of this License.

Revision 1.2

### The eCos Copyright Assignment Form

#### Rationale

This preamble describes how to use the standard eCos copyright assignment form. The rationale behind this assignment is to avoid any possible confusion over the legal ownership of eCos, and to indemnify Red Hat and all eCos users against copyright or patent claims on contributed code used within eCos. Red Hat would be especially vulnerable, but all users and their eCos based applications could be affected.

In virtually all cases, all contributions to eCos for which there are copyright assignments will be made available publically covered by the GNU General Public License plus an exception permitting linking eCos with proprietary code in order to make the license more appropriate for embedded systems. The license provides a guarantee that the contribution will remain freely available to all.

This agreement gives Red Hat ownership of your changes but promises that you will retain the right to use your contributed changes as you see fit. For convenience, signing this agreement allows you to make further changes and additions and contribute them as well if you so desire, without the necessity of signing a separate agreement. There is however no requirement for you to do so.

Because employers often can claim ownership over things that employees write, you may also have to get your employer to sign a disclaimer that says that they have no claim to the changes you are contributing.

Please read everything, and if you have any questions, email ecos-assign@redhat.com for help.

Thanks for your contribution to eCos!

#### How to assign copyright

The way to assign copyright to Red Hat is to sign an assignment contract. This is what makes Red Hat the legal copyright holder, so that Red Hat can register the copyright on the new version.

If you are employed as a programmer (even at a university), or have made an agreement with your employer or school that gives them ownership of the software you write, then Red Hat needs a signed letter from your employer disclaiming rights to the contributed software.

The disclaimer should be printed on the company's headed paper, and signed by an officer of the company, or someone authorized to license the company's intellectual property. Here is an example of wording that can be used for this purpose:

> <INSERT COMPANY NAME> hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the changes and enhancements made by <INSERT YOUR NAME> to eCos, including any future revisions of these changes and enhancements.

> <INSERT COMPANY NAME> affirms that it has no other intellectual property interest that would undermine this release, or the use of eCos, and will do nothing to undermine it in the future.

> <INSERT SIGNATURE OF OFFICER OF COMPANY>

> <INSERT DATE>

> <INSERT PRINTED NAME OF OFFICER OF COMPANY>

> <INSERT TITLE OF OFFICER>

If your employer says they do have an intellectual property claim that could conflict with the use of the program, then please contact Red Hat to discuss possible next steps.

Below is the usual assignment contract. You need to edit and replace <INSERT NAME OF CONTRIBUTOR> with your full name. Please print a copy, sign, date, and mail it to:

    Legal Department (eCos Assignments)
    Red Hat, Inc.
    P.O.Box 13588
    Research Triangle Park
    NC27709-3588
    USA

Don't forget to include the original signed copy of the employer's disclaimer.

Please try to print the whole first page of the form on a single piece of paper. If it doesn't fit on one printed page, put it on two sides of a single piece of paper, and attach the second page of the form. Please write the date using letters rather than numbers to avoid any confusion due to international day/month ordering conventions.

##### Note

This text is also available in the eCos software distribution, in the file assign.txt.

     --------------------------------- Cut Here ------------------------------

    eCos ASSIGNMENT

    For good and valuable consideration, receipt of which I acknowledge, I,
    INSERT NAME OF CONTRIBUTOR, hereby transfer to Red Hat, Inc.
    my entire right, title, and interest (including all rights under
    copyright) in my changes and enhancements to the eCos Operating System and
    associated software (herein called the "Software"), subject to the conditions
    below. These changes and enhancements are herein called the "Work". The Work
    also includes any future changes and enhancements to the Software hereafter
    made by me which I also hereby assign.

    Upon thirty days prior written notice, Red Hat agrees to grant me  non-
    exclusive rights to use the Work (i.e. just my changes and enhancements,
    not eCos as a whole) as I see fit; (and Red Hat's rights shall otherwise
    continue unchanged).

    I hereby agree that if I have or acquire hereafter any patent or interface
    copyright or other intellectual property interest dominating the software
    enhanced by the Work (or use of that software), such dominating interest
    will not be used to undermine the effect of this assignment, i.e. Red Hat
    and the  general public will be licensed to use, in that program and its
    derivative works, without royalty or limitation, the subject matter of the
    dominating interest. This license provision will be binding on my heirs,
    assignees, or  other successors to the dominating interest, as well as on
    me.

    I hereby represent and warrant that I am the sole copyright holder for the
    Work and that I have the right and power to enter into this contract. I
    hereby  indemnify and hold harmless Red Hat, its officers, employees, and
    agents  against any and all claims, actions or damages (including
    attorney's  reasonable fees) asserted by or paid to any party on account of
    a breach or  alleged breach of the foregoing warranty. I make no other
    express or implied  warranty (including without limitation, in this
    disclaimer of warranty, any  warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
    PARTICULAR PURPOSE).

    Agreed:
    [signature]

    [Print Name]

    Date:
    [Please write using letters]

    For Red Hat:

     Date:

     -------------------- Cut Here and print on separate page -----------------

    [Please print your name here]

    [For the copyright registration, of what country are you a citizen?]

    [In what year were you born?]

    [Please write your email address here]

    [Please write your address here, so we can mail a signed copy of the
    agreement back to you]

    [Please write a brief description of the contribution]

    [Which files have you changed so far, and which new files have you written
    so far?]