READLINE(3)                                                        READLINE(3)



NNAAMMEE
       readline - get a line from a user with editing

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       ##iinncclluuddee <<ssttddiioo..hh>>
       ##iinncclluuddee <<rreeaaddlliinnee//rreeaaddlliinnee..hh>>
       ##iinncclluuddee <<rreeaaddlliinnee//hhiissttoorryy..hh>>

       _c_h_a_r _*
       rreeaaddlliinnee (_c_o_n_s_t _c_h_a_r _*_p_r_o_m_p_t);

CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
       Readline  is  Copyright  (C) 1989-2004 by the Free Software Foundation,
       Inc.

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       rreeaaddlliinnee will read a line from the terminal and return it, using pprroommpptt
       as  a  prompt.   If  pprroommpptt  is  NNUULLLL or the empty string, no prompt is
       issued.  The line returned is allocated with _m_a_l_l_o_c(3); the caller must
       free  it  when  finished.   The  line  returned  has  the final newline
       removed, so only the text of the line remains.

       rreeaaddlliinnee offers editing capabilities while the  user  is  entering  the
       line.   By  default,  the line editing commands are similar to those of
       emacs.  A vi-style line editing interface is also available.

       This manual page describes only the most basic use of  rreeaaddlliinnee.   Much
       more  functionality  is available; see _T_h_e _G_N_U _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y and _T_h_e
       _G_N_U _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y for additional information.

RREETTUURRNN VVAALLUUEE
       rreeaaddlliinnee returns the text of the line read.  A blank line  returns  the
       empty string.  If EEOOFF is encountered while reading a line, and the line
       is empty, NNUULLLL is returned.  If an EEOOFF is read with a  non-empty  line,
       it is treated as a newline.

NNOOTTAATTIIOONN
       An emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.  Control keys are
       denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N.  Similarly, _m_e_t_a keys  are
       denoted  by  M-_k_e_y,  so M-x means Meta-X.  (On keyboards without a _m_e_t_a
       key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key.   This
       makes  ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x.  The combination M-C-_x means ESC-Control-_x,
       or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the  _x
       key.)

       Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as
       a repeat count.  Sometimes, however, it is the  sign  of  the  argument
       that  is  significant.   Passing  a negative argument to a command that
       acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command  to
       act  in  a  backward direction.  Commands whose behavior with arguments
       deviates from this are noted.

       When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is  saved
       for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g).  The killed text is saved in a
       _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
       unit, which can be yanked all at once.  Commands which do not kill text
       separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.

IINNIITTIIAALLIIZZAATTIIOONN FFIILLEE
       Readline is customized by putting commands in  an  initialization  file
       (the  _i_n_p_u_t_r_c  file).  The name of this file is taken from the value of
       the IINNPPUUTTRRCC environment variable.   If  that  variable  is  unset,  the
       default  is _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c.  When a program which uses the readline library
       starts up, the init file is read, and the key  bindings  and  variables
       are set.  There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
       init file.  Blank lines are ignored.  Lines beginning with a ## are com-
       ments.   Lines  beginning  with  a  $$  indicate conditional constructs.
       Other lines denote key bindings and variable  settings.   Each  program
       using this library may add its own commands and bindings.

       For example, placing

              M-Control-u: universal-argument
       or
              C-Meta-u: universal-argument

       into  the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_-
       _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t.

       The following symbolic character names are recognized while  processing
       key  bindings:  _D_E_L,  _E_S_C,  _E_S_C_A_P_E,  _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _R_U_B_O_U_T,
       _S_P_A_C_E, _S_P_C, and _T_A_B.

       In addition to command names, readline allows keys to  be  bound  to  a
       string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o).


   KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss
       The  syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple.
       All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a  macro
       and  a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
       fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or
       _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence.

       When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name
       of a key spelled out in English.  For example:

              Control-u: universal-argument
              Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
              Control-o: "> output"

       In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function  uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt,
       _M_-_D_E_L  is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to
       run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert  the
       text ``> output'' into the line).

       In  the  second  form,  ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs
       from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence  may
       be  specified  by  placing the sequence within double quotes.  Some GNU
       Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following  example,  but
       the symbolic character names are not recognized.

              "\C-u": universal-argument
              "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
              "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"

       In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt.
       _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~  is
       bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.

       The  full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when speci-
       fying key sequences is
              \\CC--    control prefix
              \\MM--    meta prefix
              \\ee     an escape character
              \\\\     backslash
              \\""     literal ", a double quote
              \\''     literal ', a single quote

       In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a  second  set  of
       backslash escapes is available:
              \\aa     alert (bell)
              \\bb     backspace
              \\dd     delete
              \\ff     form feed
              \\nn     newline
              \\rr     carriage return
              \\tt     horizontal tab
              \\vv     vertical tab
              \\_n_n_n   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
                     _n_n_n (one to three digits)
              \\xx_H_H   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits)

       When  entering  the  text of a macro, single or double quotes should be
       used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to be  a
       function  name.   In  the  macro  body, the backslash escapes described
       above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other  character  in  the
       macro text, including " and '.

       BBaasshh  allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
       fied with the bbiinndd builtin command.  The editing mode may  be  switched
       during  interactive  use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com-
       mand.  Other programs using this library  provide  similar  mechanisms.
       The  _i_n_p_u_t_r_c  file may be edited and re-read if a program does not pro-
       vide any other means to incorporate new bindings.

   VVaarriiaabblleess
       Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
       ior.  A variable may be set in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file with a statement of the
       form

              sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e

       Except where noted, readline variables can take the values  OOnn  or  OOffff
       (without regard to case).  The variables and their default values are:

       bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee))
              Controls  what  happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
              bell.  If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
              vviissiibbllee,  readline  uses a visible bell if one is available.  If
              set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
       ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##''''))
              The string that is inserted in vvii mode when  the  iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt
              command is executed.  This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode
              and to ## in vi command mode.
       ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff))
              If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion
              in a case-insensitive fashion.
       ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000))
              This  determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
              ber of possible completions generated  by  the  ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee--
              ttiioonnss  command.  It may be set to any integer value greater than
              or equal to zero.  If the  number  of  possible  completions  is
              greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
              asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they  are
              simply listed on the terminal.
       ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn))
              If  set  to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
              bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
              prefixing  it  with an escape character (in effect, using escape
              as the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x).
       ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff))
              If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
              characters  will  be  inserted into the line as if they had been
              mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt.
       eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss))
              Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
              ilar to emacs or vi.  eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or
              vvii.
       eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff))
              When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key-
              pad  when  it  is  called.  Some systems need this to enable the
              arrow keys.
       eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff))
              If set  to  oonn,  tilde  expansion  is  performed  when  readline
              attempts word completion.
       hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt
              If  set  to  oonn, the history code attempts to place point at the
              same location on each history line retrived  with  pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss--
              ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy.
       hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff))
              When  set  to  OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display,
              scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
              becomes  longer  than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
              new line.
       iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
              If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,  it
              will  not  clear  the  eighth  bit  in the characters it reads),
              regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
              mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable.
       iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[ CC--JJ''''))
              The  string  of  characters that should terminate an incremental
              search without subsequently executing the character  as  a  com-
              mand.   If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
              ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search.
       kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss))
              Set the current readline keymap.  The set of legal keymap  names
              is  _e_m_a_c_s_,  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_,
              _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t.   _v_i  is  equivalent  to  _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d;
              _e_m_a_c_s  is  equivalent  to  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d.  The default value is
              _e_m_a_c_s.  The value  of  eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee  also  affects  the  default
              keymap.
       mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn))
              If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
       mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff))
              If  set  to  OOnn,  history lines that have been modified are dis-
              played with a preceding asterisk (**).
       mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff))
              If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
              tories   have   a  slash  appended  (subject  to  the  value  of
              mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess).
       mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn))
              This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline  to  match  files
              whose  names  begin  with  a  `.' (hidden files) when performing
              filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied  by  the
              user in the filename to be completed.
       oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
              If  set  to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth
              bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
       ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn))
              If  set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis-
              play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
       pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff))
              If set to OOnn, readline will  display  completions  with  matches
              sorted  horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
              screen.
       sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff))
              This alters the default behavior of  the  completion  functions.
              If set to oonn, words which have more than one possible completion
              cause the matches to be listed immediately  instead  of  ringing
              the bell.
       sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff))
              This  alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
              a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss.  If set to oonn, words
              which  have more than one possible completion without any possi-
              ble partial completion (the possible completions don't  share  a
              common  prefix)  cause  the  matches  to  be  listed immediately
              instead of ringing the bell.
       vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff))
              If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported  by
              _s_t_a_t(2)  is  appended to the filename when listing possible com-
              pletions.

   CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss
       Readline implements a facility similar in  spirit  to  the  conditional
       compilation  features  of  the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
       and variable settings to be performed as the result  of  tests.   There
       are four parser directives used.

       $$iiff    The  $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
              ing mode, the terminal being  used,  or  the  application  using
              readline.   The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
              no characters are required to isolate it.

              mmooddee   The mmooddee== form of the  $$iiff  directive  is  used  to  test
                     whether  readline  is  in  emacs or vi mode.  This may be
                     used in conjunction with  the  sseett  kkeeyymmaapp  command,  for
                     instance,  to  set  bindings  in  the  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and
                     _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is  starting  out  in
                     emacs mode.

              tteerrmm   The  tteerrmm==  form may be used to include terminal-specific
                     key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
                     the terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side
                     of the == is tested against the full name of the  terminal
                     and  the portion of the terminal name before the first --.
                     This allows _s_u_n  to  match  both  _s_u_n  and  _s_u_n_-_c_m_d,  for
                     instance.

              aapppplliiccaattiioonn
                     The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application-
                     specific  settings.   Each  program  using  the  readline
                     library  sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization
                     file can test for a particular value.  This could be used
                     to  bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
                     program.  For instance, the following command adds a  key
                     sequence  that  quotes  the  current  or previous word in
                     Bash:

                     $$iiff Bash
                     # Quote the current or previous word
                     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
                     $$eennddiiff

       $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff
              command.

       $$eellssee  Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the
              test fails.

       $$iinncclluuddee
              This directive takes a single filename as an argument and  reads
              commands  and bindings from that file.  For example, the follow-
              ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c:

              $$iinncclluuddee  _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c

SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG
       Readline provides commands for searching through  the  command  history
       for  lines  containing a specified string.  There are two search modes:
       _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l.

       Incremental searches begin before the  user  has  finished  typing  the
       search  string.  As each character of the search string is typed, read-
       line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
       so  far.   An  incremental  search  requires only as many characters as
       needed to find the desired history entry.  To search  backward  in  the
       history for a particular string, type CC--rr.  Typing CC--ss searches forward
       through the history.  The  characters  present  in  the  value  of  the
       iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss  variable  are  used  to  terminate  an incremental
       search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value the _E_s_c_a_p_e  and
       CC--JJ characters will terminate an incremental search.  CC--GG will abort an
       incremental search and restore the original line.  When the  search  is
       terminated,  the history entry containing the search string becomes the
       current line.

       To find other matching entries in the history list, type CC--ss or CC--rr  as
       appropriate.   This  will search backward or forward in the history for
       the next line matching the search string typed so far.  Any  other  key
       sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and exe-
       cute that command.  For instance, a newline will terminate  the  search
       and  accept  the  line,  thereby executing the command from the history
       list.  A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line
       found the current line, and begin editing.

       Non-incremental  searches read the entire search string before starting
       to search for matching history lines.  The search string may  be  typed
       by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.

EEDDIITTIINNGG CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
       The  following  is  a list of the names of the commands and the default
       key sequences to which they are bound.  Command names without an accom-
       panying key sequence are unbound by default.

       In the following descriptions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor posi-
       tion, and _m_a_r_k refers to a cursor position saved by the  sseett--mmaarrkk  com-
       mand.   The  text  between  the  point  and  mark is referred to as the
       _r_e_g_i_o_n.

   CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg
       bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa))
              Move to the start of the current line.
       eenndd--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--ee))
              Move to the end of the line.
       ffoorrwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--ff))
              Move forward a character.
       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--bb))
              Move back a character.
       ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--ff))
              Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
              alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb))
              Move  back  to the start of the current or previous word.  Words
              are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
       cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll))
              Clear the screen leaving the current line  at  the  top  of  the
              screen.   With  an  argument,  refresh  the current line without
              clearing the screen.
       rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee
              Refresh the current line.

   CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy
       aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn))
              Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line
              is  non-empty,  it  may  be added to the history list for future
              recall with aadddd__hhiissttoorryy(()).  If the line is  a  modified  history
              line, the history line is restored to its original state.
       pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp))
              Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
              the list.
       nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn))
              Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward  in
              the list.
       bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<))
              Move to the first line in the history.
       eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>))
              Move  to  the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
              being entered.
       rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr))
              Search backward starting at the current  line  and  moving  `up'
              through  the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an incremental
              search.
       ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss))
              Search forward starting at the current line  and  moving  `down'
              through  the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an incremental
              search.
       nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp))
              Search backward through the history starting at the current line
              using  a  non-incremental  search  for  a string supplied by the
              user.
       nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn))
              Search forward  through  the  history  using  a  non-incremental
              search for a string supplied by the user.
       hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd
              Search  forward through the history for the string of characters
              between the start of the current line  and  the  current  cursor
              position (the _p_o_i_n_t).  This is a non-incremental search.
       hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd
              Search backward through the history for the string of characters
              between the start of the current line and the point.  This is  a
              non-incremental search.
       yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy))
              Insert  the  first argument to the previous command (usually the
              second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument _n,
              insert  the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the
              previous command  begin  with  word  0).   A  negative  argument
              inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command.
       yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__))
              Insert  the last argument to the previous command (the last word
              of the  previous  history  entry).   With  an  argument,  behave
              exactly  like  yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg.   Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg
              move back through the history list, inserting the last  argument
              of each line in turn.

   CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt
       ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd))
              Delete  the character at point.  If point is at the beginning of
              the line, there are no characters in  the  line,  and  the  last
              character typed was not bound to ddeelleettee--cchhaarr, then return EEOOFF.
       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt))
              Delete  the  character  behind the cursor.  When given a numeric
              argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
       ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr
              Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor  is  at
              the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
              sor is deleted.
       qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv))
              Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim.  This
              is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example.
       ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((MM--TTAABB))
              Insert a tab character.
       sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......))
              Insert the character typed.
       ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt))
              Drag  the  character  before point forward over the character at
              point, moving point forward as well.  If point is at the end  of
              the  line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
              Negative arguments have no effect.
       ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt))
              Drag the word before point past the  word  after  point,  moving
              point  over  that  word  as well.  If point is at the end of the
              line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
       uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu))
              Uppercase the current (or  following)  word.   With  a  negative
              argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
       ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll))
              Lowercase  the  current  (or  following)  word.  With a negative
              argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
       ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc))
              Capitalize the current (or following)  word.   With  a  negative
              argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
       oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee
              Toggle  overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argu-
              ment, switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive
              numeric argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects
              only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently.  Each  call
              to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode.  In overwrite mode, charac-
              ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather  than
              pushing  the  text  to  the  right.   Characters  bound to bbaacckk--
              wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace  the  character  before  point  with  a
              space.  By default, this command is unbound.

   KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg
       kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk))
              Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt))
              Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
       uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu))
              Kill  backward  from  point  to  the beginning of the line.  The
              killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
       kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee
              Kill all characters on the current line, no matter  where  point
              is.
       kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd))
              Kill  from  point  the  end  of  the current word, or if between
              words, to the end of the next word.   Word  boundaries  are  the
              same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt))
              Kill  the  word  behind  point.  Word boundaries are the same as
              those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
       uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww))
              Kill the word behind point, using white space as a  word  bound-
              ary.  The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
       uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt
              Kill  the  word  behind  point,  using white space and the slash
              character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is  saved  on
              the kill-ring.
       ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\))
              Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
       kkiillll--rreeggiioonn
              Kill  the  text  between  the point and _m_a_r_k (saved cursor posi-
              tion).  This text is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n.
       ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll
              Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
       ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
              Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word  bound-
              aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
       ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
              Copy  the  word  following  point  to the kill buffer.  The word
              boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
       yyaannkk ((CC--yy))
              Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
       yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy))
              Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works  follow-
              ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp.

   NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss
       ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----))
              Add  this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
              new argument.  M-- starts a negative argument.
       uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt
              This is another way to specify an argument.  If this command  is
              followed  by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
              sign, those digits define the argument.  If the command is  fol-
              lowed  by  digits,  executing  uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the
              numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special  case,
              if  this  command is immediately followed by a character that is
              neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for  the  next
              command  is multiplied by four.  The argument count is initially
              one, so executing this function the first time makes  the  argu-
              ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
              and so on.

   CCoommpplleettiinngg
       ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB))
              Attempt to perform completion on the  text  before  point.   The
              actual  completion performed is application-specific.  BBaasshh, for
              instance, attempts completion treating the text  as  a  variable
              (if  the  text begins with $$), username (if the text begins with
              ~~), hostname (if the text begins with @@), or command  (including
              aliases  and  functions)  in  turn.  If none of these produces a
              match, filename completion is  attempted.   GGddbb,  on  the  other
              hand,  allows completion of program functions and variables, and
              only attempts filename completion under certain circumstances.
       ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??))
              List the possible completions of the text before point.
       iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**))
              Insert all completions of the text before point that would  have
              been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss.
       mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee
              Similar  to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with
              a single match from the list of possible completions.   Repeated
              execution  of  mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee  steps through the list of possible
              completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the  end  of  the
              list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
              bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored.  An argument of _n
              moves  _n  positions  forward  in the list of matches; a negative
              argument may be used to move backward through  the  list.   This
              command  is  intended  to  be  bound  to  TTAABB, but is unbound by
              default.
       ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt
              Deletes the character under the cursor if not at  the  beginning
              or  end  of  the  line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr).  If at the end of the
              line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss.

   KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss
       ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (())
              Begin saving the characters  typed  into  the  current  keyboard
              macro.
       eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ))))
              Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
              and store the definition.
       ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee))
              Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the  char-
              acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.

   MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss
       rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr))
              Read  in  the  contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any
              bindings or variable assignments found there.
       aabboorrtt ((CC--gg))
              Abort the current editing command and ring the  terminal's  bell
              (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee).
       ddoo--uuppppeerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--aa,, MM--bb,, MM--_x,, ......))
              If  the  metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that
              is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
       pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC))
              Metafy the next character typed.  EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff.
       uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu))
              Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
       rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr))
              Undo  all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
              uunnddoo command enough times to return  the  line  to  its  initial
              state.
       ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&))
              Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
       sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<<ssppaaccee>>))
              Set  the  mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
              the mark is set to that position.
       eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx))
              Swap the point with the mark.  The current  cursor  position  is
              set  to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
              as the mark.
       cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]]))
              A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
              that  character.   A negative count searches for previous occur-
              rences.
       cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]]))
              A character is read and point is moved to  the  previous  occur-
              rence  of  that character.  A negative count searches for subse-
              quent occurrences.
       iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##))
              Without a numeric argument,  the  value  of  the  readline  ccoomm--
              mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn  variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
              line.  If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
              toggle:   if  the characters at the beginning of the line do not
              match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted,  other-
              wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin-
              ning of the line.  In either case, the line is accepted as if  a
              newline  had  been  typed.   The  default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn
              makes the current line a shell comment.  If a  numeric  argument
              causes  the  comment  character  to be removed, the line will be
              executed by the shell.
       dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss
              Print all of the functions and their key bindings to  the  read-
              line output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
              put is formatted in such a way that it can be made  part  of  an
              _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
       dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess
              Print  all  of  the  settable  variables and their values to the
              readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,  the
              output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
              _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
       dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss
              Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and  the
              strings  they  output.   If  a numeric argument is supplied, the
              output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
              _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
       eemmaaccss--eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((CC--ee))
              When  in  vvii command mode, this causes a switch to eemmaaccss editing
              mode.
       vvii--eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((MM--CC--jj))
              When in eemmaaccss editing mode, this causes a switch to  vvii  editing
              mode.

DDEEFFAAUULLTT KKEEYY BBIINNDDIINNGGSS
       The  following is a list of the default emacs and vi bindings.  Charac-
       ters with the eighth bit set are  written  as  M-<character>,  and  are
       referred to as _m_e_t_a_f_i_e_d characters.  The printable ASCII characters not
       mentioned in the list of emacs  standard  bindings  are  bound  to  the
       sseellff--iinnsseerrtt  function,  which just inserts the given character into the
       input line.  In vi insertion mode, all characters not specifically men-
       tioned are bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt.  Characters assigned to signal genera-
       tion by _s_t_t_y(1) or the terminal driver, such as C-Z or C-C, retain that
       function.   Upper  and  lower case metafied characters are bound to the
       same function in the emacs mode meta keymap.  The remaining  characters
       are  unbound,  which  causes  readline to ring the bell (subject to the
       setting of the bbeellll--ssttyyllee variable).

   EEmmaaccss MMooddee
             Emacs Standard bindings

             "C-@"  set-mark
             "C-A"  beginning-of-line
             "C-B"  backward-char
             "C-D"  delete-char
             "C-E"  end-of-line
             "C-F"  forward-char
             "C-G"  abort
             "C-H"  backward-delete-char
             "C-I"  complete
             "C-J"  accept-line
             "C-K"  kill-line
             "C-L"  clear-screen
             "C-M"  accept-line
             "C-N"  next-history
             "C-P"  previous-history
             "C-Q"  quoted-insert
             "C-R"  reverse-search-history
             "C-S"  forward-search-history
             "C-T"  transpose-chars
             "C-U"  unix-line-discard
             "C-V"  quoted-insert
             "C-W"  unix-word-rubout
             "C-Y"  yank
             "C-]"  character-search
             "C-_"  undo
             " " to "/"  self-insert
             "0"  to "9"  self-insert
             ":"  to "~"  self-insert
             "C-?"  backward-delete-char

             Emacs Meta bindings

             "M-C-G"  abort
             "M-C-H"  backward-kill-word
             "M-C-I"  tab-insert
             "M-C-J"  vi-editing-mode
             "M-C-M"  vi-editing-mode
             "M-C-R"  revert-line
             "M-C-Y"  yank-nth-arg
             "M-C-["  complete
             "M-C-]"  character-search-backward
             "M-space"  set-mark
             "M-#"  insert-comment
             "M-&"  tilde-expand
             "M-*"  insert-completions
             "M--"  digit-argument
             "M-."  yank-last-arg
             "M-0"  digit-argument
             "M-1"  digit-argument
             "M-2"  digit-argument
             "M-3"  digit-argument
             "M-4"  digit-argument
             "M-5"  digit-argument
             "M-6"  digit-argument
             "M-7"  digit-argument
             "M-8"  digit-argument
             "M-9"  digit-argument
             "M-<"  beginning-of-history
             "M-="  possible-completions
             "M->"  end-of-history
             "M-?"  possible-completions
             "M-B"  backward-word
             "M-C"  capitalize-word
             "M-D"  kill-word
             "M-F"  forward-word
             "M-L"  downcase-word
             "M-N"  non-incremental-forward-search-history
             "M-P"  non-incremental-reverse-search-history
             "M-R"  revert-line
             "M-T"  transpose-words
             "M-U"  upcase-word
             "M-Y"  yank-pop
             "M-\"  delete-horizontal-space
             "M-~"  tilde-expand
             "M-C-?"  backward-kill-word
             "M-_"  yank-last-arg

             Emacs Control-X bindings

             "C-XC-G"  abort
             "C-XC-R"  re-read-init-file
             "C-XC-U"  undo
             "C-XC-X"  exchange-point-and-mark
             "C-X("  start-kbd-macro
             "C-X)"  end-kbd-macro
             "C-XE"  call-last-kbd-macro
             "C-XC-?"  backward-kill-line


   VVII MMooddee bbiinnddiinnggss
             VI Insert Mode functions

             "C-D"  vi-eof-maybe
             "C-H"  backward-delete-char
             "C-I"  complete
             "C-J"  accept-line
             "C-M"  accept-line
             "C-R"  reverse-search-history
             "C-S"  forward-search-history
             "C-T"  transpose-chars
             "C-U"  unix-line-discard
             "C-V"  quoted-insert
             "C-W"  unix-word-rubout
             "C-Y"  yank
             "C-["  vi-movement-mode
             "C-_"  undo
             " " to "~"  self-insert
             "C-?"  backward-delete-char

             VI Command Mode functions

             "C-D"  vi-eof-maybe
             "C-E"  emacs-editing-mode
             "C-G"  abort
             "C-H"  backward-char
             "C-J"  accept-line
             "C-K"  kill-line
             "C-L"  clear-screen
             "C-M"  accept-line
             "C-N"  next-history
             "C-P"  previous-history
             "C-Q"  quoted-insert
             "C-R"  reverse-search-history
             "C-S"  forward-search-history
             "C-T"  transpose-chars
             "C-U"  unix-line-discard
             "C-V"  quoted-insert
             "C-W"  unix-word-rubout
             "C-Y"  yank
             "C-_"  vi-undo
             " "  forward-char
             "#"  insert-comment
             "$"  end-of-line
             "%"  vi-match
             "&"  vi-tilde-expand
             "*"  vi-complete
             "+"  next-history
             ","  vi-char-search
             "-"  previous-history
             "."  vi-redo
             "/"  vi-search
             "0"  beginning-of-line
             "1" to "9"  vi-arg-digit
             ";"  vi-char-search
             "="  vi-complete
             "?"  vi-search
             "A"  vi-append-eol
             "B"  vi-prev-word
             "C"  vi-change-to
             "D"  vi-delete-to
             "E"  vi-end-word
             "F"  vi-char-search
             "G"  vi-fetch-history
             "I"  vi-insert-beg
             "N"  vi-search-again
             "P"  vi-put
             "R"  vi-replace
             "S"  vi-subst
             "T"  vi-char-search
             "U"  revert-line
             "W"  vi-next-word
             "X"  backward-delete-char
             "Y"  vi-yank-to
             "\"  vi-complete
             "^"  vi-first-print
             "_"  vi-yank-arg
             "`"  vi-goto-mark
             "a"  vi-append-mode
             "b"  vi-prev-word
             "c"  vi-change-to
             "d"  vi-delete-to
             "e"  vi-end-word
             "f"  vi-char-search
             "h"  backward-char
             "i"  vi-insertion-mode
             "j"  next-history
             "k"  prev-history
             "l"  forward-char
             "m"  vi-set-mark
             "n"  vi-search-again
             "p"  vi-put
             "r"  vi-change-char
             "s"  vi-subst
             "t"  vi-char-search
             "u"  vi-undo
             "w"  vi-next-word
             "x"  vi-delete
             "y"  vi-yank-to
             "|"  vi-column
             "~"  vi-change-case

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
       _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
       _b_a_s_h(1)

FFIILLEESS
       _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c
              Individual rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file

AAUUTTHHOORRSS
       Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
       bfox@gnu.org

       Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
       chet@ins.CWRU.Edu

BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS
       If you find a bug in rreeaaddlliinnee,, you should report it.   But  first,  you
       should  make  sure  that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the
       latest version of the rreeaaddlliinnee library that you have.

       Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a bug  report
       to  _b_u_g_-_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e@_g_n_u_._o_r_g.   If  you have a fix, you are welcome to mail
       that as well!  Suggestions  and  `philosophical'  bug  reports  may  be
       mailed  to  _b_u_g_-_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e@_g_n_u_._o_r_g  or  posted  to  the  Usenet newsgroup
       ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg.

       Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
       to _c_h_e_t_@_i_n_s_._C_W_R_U_._E_d_u.

BBUUGGSS
       It's too big and too slow.



GNU Readline 5.0                2004 January 28                    READLINE(3)
