# Quick Beginnings

# Installing Additional Server Machines

Instructions for the following procedures appear in the indicated section of this chapter.

- Installing an Additional File Server Machine

- Installing Database Server Functionality

- Removing Database Server Functionality

The instructions make the following assumptions.

- You have already installed your cell's first file server machine by following the instructions in Installing the First AFS Machine

- You are logged in as the local superuser root

- You are working at the console

- A standard version of one of the operating systems supported by the current version of AFS is running on the machine

- You can access the data on the AFS CD-ROMs, either through a local CD-ROM drive or via an NFS mount of a CD-ROM drive attached to a machine that is accessible by network

## Installing an Additional File Server Machine

The procedure for installing a new file server machine is similar to installing the first file server machine in your cell. There are a few parts of the installation that differ depending on whether the machine is the same AFS system type as an existing file server machine or is the first file server machine of its system type in your cell. The differences mostly concern the source for the needed binaries and files, and what portions of the Update Server you install:

- On a new system type, you must load files and binaries from the AFS CD-ROM. You install the server portion of the Update Server to make this machine the binary distribution machine for its system type.

- On an existing system type, you can copy files and binaries from a previously installed file server machine, rather than from the CD-ROM. You install the client portion of the Update Server to accept updates of binaries, because a previously installed machine of this type was installed as the binary distribution machine.

These instructions are brief; for more detailed information, refer to the corresponding steps in Installing the First AFS Machine.

To install a new file server machine, perform the following procedures:

1. Copy needed binaries and files onto this machine's local disk

2. Incorporate AFS modifications into the kernel

3. Configure partitions for storing volumes

4. Replace the standard fsck utility with the AFS-modified version on some system types

5. Start the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server

6. Start the appropriate portion of the Update Server

7. Start the fs process, which incorporates three component processes: the File Server, Volume Server, and Salvager

8. Start the controller process (called runntp) for the Network Time Protocol Daemon, which synchronizes clocks

After completing the instructions in this section, you can install database server functionality on the machine according to the instructions in Installing Database Server Functionality.

### Creating AFS Directories and Performing Platform-Specific Procedures

Create the /usr/afs and /usr/vice/etc directories on the local disk. Subsequent instructions copy files from the AFS distribution CD-ROM into them, at the appropriate point for each system type.

       # mkdir /usr/afs

       # mkdir /usr/afs/bin

       # mkdir /usr/vice

       # mkdir /usr/vice/etc

       # mkdir /cdrom

As on the first file server machine, the initial procedures in installing an additional file server machine vary a good deal from platform to platform. For convenience, the following sections group together all of the procedures for a system type. Most of the remaining procedures are the same on every system type, but differences are noted as appropriate. The initial procedures are the following.

- Incorporate AFS modifications into the kernel, either by using a dynamic kernel loader program or by building a new static kernel

- Configure server partitions to house AFS volumes

- Replace the operating system vendor's fsck program with a version that recognizes AFS data

- If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine, modify the machine's authentication system so that users obtain an AFS token as they log into the local file system. (For this procedure only, the instructions direct you to the platform-specific section in Installing the First AFS Machine.)

To continue, proceed to the section for this system type:

- Getting Started on AIX Systems

- Getting Started on Digital UNIX Systems

- Getting Started on HP-UX Systems

- Getting Started on IRIX Systems

- Getting Started on Linux Systems

- Getting Started on Solaris Systems

#### Getting Started on AIX Systems

Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the AIX kernel extension facility, which dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel. Then configure partitions and replace the AIX fsck program with a version that correctly handles AFS volumes.

1. Mount the AFS CD-ROM for AIX on the local /cdrom directory. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), see your AIX documentation. Then change directory as indicated.

          # cd  /cdrom/rs_aix42/root.client/usr/vice/etc

2. Copy the AFS kernel library files to the local /usr/vice/etc/dkload directory, and the AFS initialization script to the /etc directory.

          # cp -rp  dkload  /usr/vice/etc

          # cp -p  rc.afs  /etc/rc.afs

3. Edit the /etc/rc.afs script, setting the `NFS` variable as indicated.

   If the machine is not to function as an NFS/AFS Translator, set the `NFS` variable as follows.

          NFS=$NFS_NONE

   If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and is running AIX 4.2.1 or higher, set the `NFS` variable as follows. Note that NFS must already be loaded into the kernel, which happens automatically on systems running AIX 4.1.1 and later, as long as the file /etc/exports exists.

          NFS=$NFS_IAUTH

4. Invoke the /etc/rc.afs script to load AFS modifications into the kernel. You can ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.

          # /etc/rc.afs

5. Create a directory called /vicep xx for each AFS server partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition.

          # mkdir /vicepxx

6. Use the SMIT program to create a journaling file system on each partition to be configured as an AFS server partition.

7. Mount each partition at one of the /vicep xx directories. Choose one of the following three methods:

   - Use the SMIT program

   - Use the mount -a command to mount all partitions at once

   - Use the mount command on each partition in turn

   Also configure the partitions so that they are mounted automatically at each reboot. For more information, refer to the AIX documentation.

8. Move the AIX fsck program helper to a safe location and install the version from the AFS distribution in its place. The AFS CD-ROM must still be mounted at the /cdrom directory.

          # cd /sbin/helpers

          # mv v3fshelper v3fshelper.noafs

          # cp -p /cdrom/rs_aix42/root.server/etc/v3fshelper v3fshelper

9. If the machine is to remain an AFS client, incorporate AFS into its authentication system, following the instructions in Enabling AFS Login on AIX Systems.

10. Proceed to Starting Server Programs.

#### Getting Started on Digital UNIX Systems

Begin by building AFS modifications into the kernel, then configure server partitions and replace the Digital UNIX fsck program with a version that correctly handles AFS volumes.

If the machine's hardware and software configuration exactly matches another Digital UNIX machine on which AFS is already built into the kernel, you can copy the kernel from that machine to this one. In general, however, it is better to build AFS modifications into the kernel on each machine according to the following instructions.

1. Create a copy called AFS of the basic kernel configuration file included in the Digital UNIX distribution as /usr/sys/conf/machine_name, where machine_name is the machine's hostname in all uppercase letters.

          # cd /usr/sys/conf

          # cp machine_name AFS

2. Add AFS to the list of options in the configuration file you created in the previous step, so that the result looks like the following:

                 .                   .
                 .                   .
              options               UFS
              options               NFS
              options               AFS
                 .                   .
                 .                   .

3. Add an entry for AFS to two places in the file /usr/sys/conf/files.

   - Add a line for AFS to the list of `OPTIONS`, so that the result looks like the following:

                      .                .      .
                      .                .      .
               OPTIONS/nfs          optional nfs
               OPTIONS/afs          optional afs
               OPTIONS/nfs_server   optional nfs_server
                      .                .      .
                      .                .      .

   - Add an entry for AFS to the list of `MODULES`, so that the result looks like the following:

                      .                  .        .          .
                      .                  .        .          .
               #
               MODULE/nfs_server	    optional nfs_server Binary
               nfs/nfs_server.c      module nfs_server optimize -g3
               nfs/nfs3_server.c	    module nfs_server optimize -g3
               #
               MODULE/afs            optional afs Binary
               afs/libafs.c          module afs
               #

4. Add an entry for AFS to two places in the file /usr/sys/vfs/vfs_conf.c.

   - Add AFS to the list of defined file systems, so that the result looks like the following:

                 .       .
                 .       .
              #include <afs.h>
              #if defined(AFS) && AFS
                     extern struct vfsops afs_vfsops;
              #endif
                 .       .
                 .       .

   - Put a declaration for AFS in the vfssw[] table's MOUNT_ADDON slot, so that the result looks like the following:

                 .                          .              .
                 .                          .              .
               &fdfs_vfsops,         "fdfs",   /* 12 = MOUNT_FDFS */
            #if	defined(AFS)
               &afs_vfsops,          "afs",
            #else
               (struct vfsops *)0,   "",       /* 13 = MOUNT_ADDON */
            #endif
            #if NFS && INFS_DYNAMIC
                &nfs3_vfsops,        "nfsv3",  /* 14 = MOUNT_NFS3 */

5. Mount the AFS CD-ROM for Digital UNIX on the local /cdrom directory. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), see your Digital UNIX documentation. Then change directory as indicated.

          # cd /cdrom/alpha_dux40/root.client

6. Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, /sbin/init.d on Digital UNIX machines). Note the removal of the .rc extension as you copy the script.

          # cp usr/vice/etc/afs.rc  /sbin/init.d/afs

7. Copy the AFS kernel module to the local /usr/sys/BINARY directory.

   If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:

          # cp bin/libafs.o /usr/sys/BINARY/afs.mod

   If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality:

          # cp bin/libafs.nonfs.o /usr/sys/BINARY/afs.mod

8. Configure and build the kernel. Respond to any prompts by pressing <Return>. The resulting kernel resides in the file /sys/AFS/vmunix.

          # doconfig -c AFS

9. Rename the existing kernel file and copy the new, AFS-modified file to the standard location.

          # mv /vmunix /vmunix_noafs

          # cp /sys/AFS/vmunix /vmunix

10. Reboot the machine to start using the new kernel, and login again as the superuser root.

           # cd /

           # shutdown -r now

           login: root
           Password: root_password

11. Create a directory called /vicep xx for each AFS server partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition.

           # mkdir /vicepxx

12. Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, /etc/fstab, for each directory just created. The entry maps the directory name to the disk partition to be mounted on it.

           /dev/disk /vicepxx ufs rw 0 2

    The following is an example for the first partition being configured.

           /dev/rz3a /vicepa ufs rw 0 2

13. Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a /vicep xx directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but consult the Digital UNIX documentation for more information.

           # newfs -v /dev/disk

14. Mount each partition by issuing either the mount -a command to mount all partitions at once or the mount command to mount each partition in turn.

15. Install the vfsck binary to the /sbin and /usr/sbin directories. The AFS CD-ROM must still be mounted at the /cdrom directory.

           # cd /cdrom/alpha_dux40/root.server/etc

           # cp vfsck /sbin/vfsck

           # cp vfsck /usr/sbin/vfsck

16. Rename the Digital UNIX fsck binaries and create symbolic links to the vfsck program.

           # cd /sbin

           # mv ufs_fsck ufs_fsck.noafs

           # ln -s vfsck ufs_fsck

           # cd /usr/sbin

           # mv ufs_fsck ufs_fsck.noafs

           # ln -s vfsck ufs_fsck

17. If the machine is to remain an AFS client, incorporate AFS into its authentication system, following the instructions in Enabling AFS Login on Digital UNIX Systems.

18. Proceed to Starting Server Programs.

#### Getting Started on HP-UX Systems

Begin by building AFS modifications into the kernel, then configure server partitions and replace the HP-UX fsck program with a version that correctly handles AFS volumes.

If the machine's hardware and software configuration exactly matches another HP-UX machine on which AFS is already built into the kernel, you can copy the kernel from that machine to this one. In general, however, it is better to build AFS modifications into the kernel on each machine according to the following instructions.

1. Move the existing kernel-related files to a safe location.

          # cp /stand/vmunix /stand/vmunix.noafs

          # cp /stand/system /stand/system.noafs

2. Mount the AFS CD-ROM for HP-UX on the local /cdrom directory. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), see your HP-UX documentation. Then change directory as indicated.

          # cd /cdrom/hp_ux110/root.client

3. Copy the AFS initialization file to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, /sbin/init.d on HP-UX machines). Note the removal of the .rc extension as you copy the file.

          # cp usr/vice/etc/afs.rc  /sbin/init.d/afs

4. Copy the file afs.driver to the local /usr/conf/master.d directory, changing its name to afs as you do.

          # cp  usr/vice/etc/afs.driver  /usr/conf/master.d/afs

5. Copy the AFS kernel module to the local /usr/conf/lib directory.

   If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:

          # cp bin/libafs.a /usr/conf/lib

   If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality, change the file's name as you copy it:

          # cp bin/libafs.nonfs.a /usr/conf/lib/libafs.a

6. Incorporate the AFS driver into the kernel, either using the SAM program or a series of individual commands.

   - To use the SAM program:

     1. Invoke the SAM program, specifying the hostname of the local machine as local_hostname. The SAM graphical user interface pops up.

               # sam -display local_hostname:0

     2. Choose the Kernel Configuration icon, then the Drivers icon. From the list of drivers, select afs.

     3. Open the pull-down Actions menu and choose the Add Driver to Kernel option.

     4. Open the Actions menu again and choose the Create a New Kernel option.

     5. Confirm your choices by choosing Yes and OK when prompted by subsequent pop-up windows. The SAM program builds the kernel and reboots the system.

     6. Login again as the superuser root.

               login: root
               Password: root_password

   - To use individual commands:

     1. Edit the file /stand/system, adding an entry for afs to the `Subsystems` section.

     2. Change to the /stand/build directory and issue the mk_kernel command to build the kernel.

               # cd /stand/build

               # mk_kernel

     3. Move the new kernel to the standard location (/stand/vmunix), reboot the machine to start using it, and login again as the superuser root.

               # mv /stand/build/vmunix_test /stand/vmunix

               # cd /

               # shutdown -r now

               login: root
               Password: root_password

7. Create a directory called /vicep xx for each AFS server partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition.

          # mkdir /vicepxx

8. Use the SAM program to create a file system on each partition. For instructions, consult the HP-UX documentation.

9. On some HP-UX systems that use logical volumes, the SAM program automatically mounts the partitions. If it has not, mount each partition by issuing either the mount -a command to mount all partitions at once or the mount command to mount each partition in turn.

10. Create the command configuration file /sbin/lib/mfsconfig.d/afs. Use a text editor to place the indicated two lines in it:

           format_revision 1
           fsck            0        m,P,p,d,f,b:c:y,n,Y,N,q,

11. Create and change directory to an AFS-specific command directory called /sbin/fs/afs.

           # mkdir /sbin/fs/afs

           # cd  /sbin/fs/afs

12. Copy the AFS-modified version of the fsck program (the vfsck binary) and related files from the distribution directory to the new AFS-specific command directory.

           # cp -p /cdrom/hp_ux110/root.server/etc/*  .

13. Change the vfsck binary's name to fsck and set the mode bits appropriately on all of the files in the /sbin/fs/afs directory.

           # mv  vfsck  fsck

           # chmod  755  *

14. Edit the /etc/fstab file, changing the file system type for each AFS server partition from `hfs` to `afs`. This ensures that the AFS-modified fsck program runs on the appropriate partitions.

    The sixth line in the following example of an edited file shows an AFS server partition, /vicepa.

           /dev/vg00/lvol1 / hfs defaults 0 1
           /dev/vg00/lvol4 /opt hfs defaults 0 2
           /dev/vg00/lvol5 /tmp hfs defaults 0 2
           /dev/vg00/lvol6 /usr hfs defaults 0 2
           /dev/vg00/lvol8 /var hfs defaults 0 2
           /dev/vg00/lvol9 /vicepa afs defaults 0 2
           /dev/vg00/lvol7 /usr/vice/cache hfs defaults 0 2

15. If the machine is to remain an AFS client, incorporate AFS into its authentication system, following the instructions in Enabling AFS Login on HP-UX Systems.

16. Proceed to Starting Server Programs.

#### Getting Started on IRIX Systems

Begin by incorporating AFS modifications into the kernel. Either use the ml dynamic loader program, or build a static kernel. Then configure partitions to house AFS volumes. AFS supports use of both EFS and XFS partitions for housing AFS volumes. SGI encourages use of XFS partitions.

You do not need to replace IRIX fsck program, because the version that SGI distributes handles AFS volumes properly.

1. Prepare for incorporating AFS into the kernel by performing the following procedures.

   1. Mount the AFS CD-ROM for IRIX on the /cdrom directory. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), see your IRIX documentation. Then change directory as indicated.

             # cd  /cdrom/sgi_65/root.client

   2. Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, /etc/init.d on IRIX machines). Note the removal of the .rc extension as you copy the script.

             # cp -p   usr/vice/etc/afs.rc  /etc/init.d/afs

   3. Issue the uname -m command to determine the machine's CPU board type. The IP xx value in the output must match one of the supported CPU board types listed in the IBM AFS Release Notes for the current version of AFS.

             # uname -m

2. Incorporate AFS into the kernel, either using the ml program or by building AFS modifications into a static kernel.

   - To use the ml program:

     1. Create the local /usr/vice/etc/sgiload directory to house the AFS kernel library file.

               # mkdir /usr/vice/etc/sgiload

     2. Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the /usr/vice/etc/sgiload directory. The IP xx portion of the library file name must match the value previously returned by the uname -m command. Also choose the file appropriate to whether the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality (NFS must be supported for the machine to act as an NFS/AFS Translator). Single- and multiprocessor machines use the same library file.

        (You can choose to copy all of the kernel library files into the /usr/vice/etc/sgiload directory, but they require a significant amount of space.)

        If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:

               # cp -p  usr/vice/etc/sgiload/libafs.IPxx.o  /usr/vice/etc/sgiload

        If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality:

               # cp -p  usr/vice/etc/sgiload/libafs.IPxx.nonfs.o   \
                               /usr/vice/etc/sgiload

     3. Issue the chkconfig command to activate the afsml configuration variable.

               # /etc/chkconfig -f afsml on

        If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and the kernel supports NFS server functionality, activate the afsxnfs variable.

               # /etc/chkconfig -f afsxnfs on

     4. Run the /etc/init.d/afs script to load AFS extensions into the kernel. The script invokes the ml command, automatically determining which kernel library file to use based on this machine's CPU type and the activation state of the afsxnfs variable.

        You can ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.

               # /etc/init.d/afs start

     5. Proceed to Step 3.

   - If you prefer to build a kernel, and the machine's hardware and software configuration exactly matches another IRIX machine on which AFS is already built into the kernel, you can copy the kernel from that machine to this one. In general, however, it is better to build AFS modifications into the kernel on each machine according to the following instructions.

     1. Copy the kernel initialization file afs.sm to the local /var/sysgen/system directory, and the kernel master file afs to the local /var/sysgen/master.d directory.

               # cp -p  bin/afs.sm  /var/sysgen/system

               # cp -p  bin/afs  /var/sysgen/master.d

     2. Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the local file /var/sysgen/boot/afs.a; the IP xx portion of the library file name must match the value previously returned by the uname -m command. Also choose the file appropriate to whether the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality (NFS must be supported for the machine to act as an NFS/AFS Translator). Single- and multiprocessor machines use the same library file.

        If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:

               # cp -p   bin/libafs.IPxx.a   /var/sysgen/boot/afs.a

        If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality:

               # cp -p  bin/libafs.IPxx.nonfs.a  /var/sysgen/boot/afs.a

     3. Issue the chkconfig command to deactivate the afsml configuration variable.

               # /etc/chkconfig -f afsml off

        If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and the kernel supports NFS server functionality, activate the afsxnfs variable.

               # /etc/chkconfig -f afsxnfs on

     4. Copy the existing kernel file, /unix, to a safe location. Compile the new kernel, which is created in the file /unix.install. It overwrites the existing /unix file when the machine reboots in the next step.

               # cp /unix /unix_noafs

               # autoconfig

     5. Reboot the machine to start using the new kernel, and login again as the superuser root.

               # cd /

               # shutdown -i6 -g0 -y

               login: root
               Password: root_password

3. Create a directory called /vicep xx for each AFS server partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition.

          # mkdir /vicepxx

4. Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, /etc/fstab, for each partition (or logical volume created with the XLV volume manager) to be mounted on one of the directories created in the previous step.

   For an XFS partition or logical volume:

          /dev/dsk/disk  /vicepxx  xfs  rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/disk  0  0

   For an EFS partition:

          /dev/dsk/disk  /vicepxx  efs  rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/disk  0  0

   The following are examples of an entry for each file system type:

          /dev/dsk/dks0d2s6 /vicepa  xfs rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/dks0d2s6  0 0
          /dev/dsk/dks0d3s1 /vicepb  efs rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/dks0d3s1  0 0

5. Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted on a /vicep xx directory. The following commands are probably appropriate, but consult the IRIX documentation for more information. In both cases, raw_device is a raw device name like /dev/rdsk/dks0d0s0 for a single disk partition or /dev/rxlv/xlv0 for a logical volume.

   For XFS file systems, include the indicated options to configure the partition or logical volume with inodes large enough to accommodate AFS-specific information:

          # mkfs -t xfs -i size=512 -l size=4000b raw_device

   For EFS file systems:

          # mkfs -t efs raw_device

6. Mount each partition by issuing either the mount -a command to mount all partitions at once or the mount command to mount each partition in turn.

7. (Optional) If you have configured partitions or logical volumes to use XFS, issue the following command to verify that the inodes are configured properly (are large enough to accommodate AFS-specific information). If the configuration is correct, the command returns no output. Otherwise, it specifies the command to run in order to configure each partition or logical volume properly.

          # /usr/afs/bin/xfs_size_check

8. If the machine is to remain an AFS client, incorporate AFS into its authentication system, following the instructions in Enabling AFS Login on IRIX Systems.

9. Proceed to Starting Server Programs.

#### Getting Started on Linux Systems

Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the insmod program, which dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel. Then create partitions for storing AFS volumes. You do not need to replace the Linux fsck program.

1. Mount the AFS CD-ROM for Linux on the local /cdrom directory. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), see your Linux documentation. Then change directory as indicated.

          # cd  /cdrom/i386_linux22/root.client/usr/vice/etc

2. Copy the AFS kernel library files to the local /usr/vice/etc/modload directory. The filenames for the libraries have the format libafs-version.o, where version indicates the kernel build level. The string .mp in the version indicates that the file is appropriate for machines running a multiprocessor kernel.

          # cp -rp  modload  /usr/vice/etc

3. Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, /etc/rc.d/init.d on Linux machines). Note the removal of the .rc extension as you copy the script.

          # cp -p   afs.rc  /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs

4. Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS extensions into the kernel. You can ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.

          # /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs  start

5. Create a directory called /vicep xx for each AFS server partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition.

          # mkdir /vicepxx

6. Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, /etc/fstab, for each directory just created. The entry maps the directory name to the disk partition to be mounted on it.

          /dev/disk  /vicepxx  ext2  defaults  0  2

   The following is an example for the first partition being configured.

          /dev/sda8 /vicepa ext2 defaults 0 2

7. Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a /vicep xx directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but consult the Linux documentation for more information.

          # mkfs -v /dev/disk

8. Mount each partition by issuing either the mount -a command to mount all partitions at once or the mount command to mount each partition in turn.

9. If the machine is to remain an AFS client, incorporate AFS into its authentication system, following the instructions in Enabling AFS Login on Linux Systems.

10. Proceed to Starting Server Programs.

#### Getting Started on Solaris Systems

Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the modload program, which dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel. Then configure partitions and replace the Solaris fsck program with a version that correctly handles AFS volumes.

1. Mount the AFS CD-ROM for Solaris on the /cdrom directory. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), see your Solaris documentation. Then change directory as indicated.

          # cd  /cdrom/sun4x_56/root.client/usr/vice/etc

2. Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, /etc/init.d on Solaris machines). Note the removal of the .rc extension as you copy the script.

          # cp -p  afs.rc  /etc/init.d/afs

3. Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the local file /kernel/fs/afs.

   If the machine is running Solaris 2.6 or the 32-bit version of Solaris 7, its kernel supports NFS server functionality, and the nfsd process is running:

          # cp -p modload/libafs.o /kernel/fs/afs

   If the machine is running Solaris 2.6 or the 32-bit version of Solaris 7, and its kernel does not support NFS server functionality or the nfsd process is not running:

          # cp -p modload/libafs.nonfs.o /kernel/fs/afs

   If the machine is running the 64-bit version of Solaris 7, its kernel supports NFS server functionality, and the nfsd process is running:

          # cp -p modload/libafs64.o /kernel/fs/sparcv9/afs

   If the machine is running the 64-bit version of Solaris 7, and its kernel does not support NFS server functionality or the nfsd process is not running:

          # cp -p modload/libafs64.nonfs.o /kernel/fs/sparcv9/afs

4. Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS modifications into the kernel. You can ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.

          # /etc/init.d/afs start

   When an entry called `afs` does not already exist in the local /etc/name_to_sysnum file, the script automatically creates it and reboots the machine to start using the new version of the file. If this happens, log in again as the superuser root after the reboot and run the initialization script again. This time the required entry exists in the /etc/name_to_sysnum file, and the modload program runs.

          login: root
          Password: root_password

          # /etc/init.d/afs start

5. Create the /usr/lib/fs/afs directory to house the AFS-modified fsck program and related files.

          # mkdir /usr/lib/fs/afs

          # cd /usr/lib/fs/afs

6. Copy the vfsck binary to the newly created directory, changing the name as you do so.

          # cp  /cdrom/sun4x_56/root.server/etc/vfsck  fsck

7. Working in the /usr/lib/fs/afs directory, create the following links to Solaris libraries:

          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/clri
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/df
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/edquota
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ff
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fsdb
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fsirand
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fstyp
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/labelit
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/lockfs
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mount
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ncheck
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/newfs
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quot
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quota
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quotaoff
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quotaon
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/repquota
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/tunefs
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ufsdump
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ufsrestore
          # ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/volcopy

8. Append the following line to the end of the file /etc/dfs/fstypes.

          afs AFS Utilities

9. Edit the /sbin/mountall file, making two changes.

   - Add an entry for AFS to the `case` statement for option 2, so that it reads as follows:

            case "$2" in
            ufs)    foptions="-o p"
                    ;;
            afs)    foptions="-o p"
                    ;;
            s5)     foptions="-y -t /var/tmp/tmp$$ -D"
                    ;;
            *)      foptions="-y"
                    ;;

   - Edit the file so that all AFS and UFS partitions are checked in parallel. Replace the following section of code:

            # For  fsck purposes, we make a distinction between ufs and
            # other file systems
            #
            if [ "$fstype" = "ufs" ]; then
                 ufs_fscklist="$ufs_fscklist $fsckdev"
                 saveentry $fstype "$OPTIONS" $special $mountp
                 continue
            fi

     with the following section of code:

            # For fsck purposes, we make a distinction between ufs/afs
            # and other file systems.
            #
            if [ "$fstype" = "ufs" -o "$fstype" = "afs" ]; then
                 ufs_fscklist="$ufs_fscklist $fsckdev"
                 saveentry $fstype "$OPTIONS" $special $mountp
                 continue
            fi

10. Create a directory called /vicep xx for each AFS server partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition.

           # mkdir /vicepxx

11. Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, /etc/vfstab, for each partition to be mounted on a directory created in the previous step. Note the value `afs` in the fourth field, which tells Solaris to use the AFS-modified fsck program on this partition.

           /dev/dsk/disk   /dev/rdsk/disk   /vicepxx   afs   boot_order  yes

    The following is an example for the first partition being configured.

           /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s1 /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s1 /vicepa afs 3 yes

12. Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a /vicep xx directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but consult the Solaris documentation for more information.

           # newfs -v /dev/rdsk/disk

13. Issue the mountall command to mount all partitions at once.

14. If the machine is to remain an AFS client, incorporate AFS into its authentication system, following the instructions in Enabling AFS Login and Editing the File Systems Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems.

15. Proceed to Starting Server Programs.

### Starting Server Programs

In this section you initialize the BOS Server, the Update Server, the controller process for NTPD, and the fs process. You begin by copying the necessary server files to the local disk.

1. Copy file server binaries to the local /usr/afs/bin directory.

   - On a machine of an existing system type, you can either load files from the AFS CD-ROM or use a remote file transfer protocol to copy files from an existing server machine of the same system type. To load from the CD-ROM, see the instructions just following for a machine of a new system type. If using a remote file transfer protocol, copy the complete contents of the existing server machine's /usr/afs/bin directory.

   - On a machine of a new system type, you must use the following instructions to copy files from the AFS CD-ROM.

     1. On the local /cdrom directory, mount the AFS CD-ROM for this machine's system type, if it is not already. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), consult the operating system documentation.

     2. Copy files from the CD-ROM to the local /usr/afs directory.

               # cd /cdrom/sysname/root.server/usr/afs

               # cp -rp  *  /usr/afs

2. Copy the contents of the /usr/afs/etc directory from an existing file server machine, using a remote file transfer protocol such as ftp or NFS. If you use a system control machine, it is best to copy the contents of its /usr/afs/etc directory. If you choose not to run a system control machine, copy the directory's contents from any existing file server machine.

3. Change to the /usr/afs/bin directory and start the BOS Server (bosserver process). Include the -noauth flag to prevent the AFS processes from performing authorization checking. This is a grave compromise of security; finish the remaining instructions in this section in an uninterrupted pass.

          # cd /usr/afs/bin

          # ./bosserver -noauth &

4. If you run a system control machine, create the upclientetc process as an instance of the client portion of the Update Server. It accepts updates of the common configuration files stored in the system control machine's /usr/afs/etc directory from the upserver process (server portion of the Update Server) running on that machine. The cell's first file server machine was installed as the system control machine in Starting the Server Portion of the Update Server. (If you do not run a system control machine, you must update the contents of the /usr/afs/etc directory on each file server machine, using the appropriate bos commands.)

   By default, the Update Server performs updates every 300 seconds (five minutes). Use the -t argument to specify a different number of seconds. For the machine name argument, substitute the name of the machine you are installing. The command appears on multiple lines here only for legibility reasons.

          # ./bos create  <machine name> upclientetc simple  \
                "/usr/afs/bin/upclient  <system control machine>  \
                [-t  <time>]  /usr/afs/etc" -cell  <cell name>  -noauth

5. Create an instance of the Update Server to handle distribution of the file server binaries stored in the /usr/afs/bin directory.

   - If this is the first file server machine of its AFS system type, create the upserver process as an instance of the server portion of the Update Server. It distributes its copy of the file server process binaries to the other file server machines of this system type that you install in future. Creating this process makes this machine the binary distribution machine for its type.

            # ./bos create  <machine name> upserver  simple  \
                  "/usr/afs/bin/upserver -clear /usr/afs/bin"   \
                  -cell <cell name>  -noauth

   - If this machine is an existing system type, create the upclientbin process as an instance of the client portion of the Update Server. It accepts updates of the AFS binaries from the upserver process running on the binary distribution machine for its system type. For distribution to work properly, the upserver process must already by running on that machine.

     Use the -clear argument to specify that the upclientbin process requests unencrypted transfer of the binaries in the /usr/afs/bin directory. Binaries are not sensitive and encrypting them is time-consuming.

     By default, the Update Server performs updates every 300 seconds (five minutes). Use the -t argument to specify an different number of seconds.

            # ./bos create  <machine name> upclientbin simple  \
                 "/usr/afs/bin/upclient <binary distribution machine>   \
                 [-t <time>] -clear /usr/afs/bin" -cell <cell name>  -noauth

6. Start the runntp process, which configures the Network Time Protocol Daemon (NTPD) to choose a database server machine chosen randomly from the local /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file as its time source. In the standard configuration, the first database server machine installed in your cell refers to a time source outside the cell, and serves as the basis for clock synchronization on all server machines.

          # ./bos create  <machine name> runntp simple  \
                /usr/afs/bin/runntp -cell <cell name>  -noauth

   Note: | Do not run the runntp process if NTPD or another time synchronization protocol is already running on the machine. Some versions of some operating systems run a time synchronization program by default, as detailed in the IBM AFS Release Notes. Attempting to run multiple instances of the NTPD causes an error. Running NTPD together with another time synchronization protocol is unnecessary and can cause instability in the clock setting.

7. Start the fs process, which binds together the File Server, Volume Server, and Salvager.

          # ./bos create  <machine name> fs fs   \
                /usr/afs/bin/fileserver /usr/afs/bin/volserver  \
                /usr/afs/bin/salvager -cell <cell name>  -noauth

### Installing Client Functionality

If you want this machine to be a client as well as a server, follow the instructions in this section. Otherwise, skip to Completing the Installation.

Begin by loading the necessary client files to the local disk. Then create the necessary configuration files and start the Cache Manager. For more detailed explanation of the procedures involved, see the corresponding instructions in Installing the First AFS Machine (in the sections following Overview: Installing Client Functionality).

If another AFS machine of this machine's system type exists, the AFS binaries are probably already accessible in your AFS filespace (the conventional location is /afs/cellname/sysname/usr/afsws). If not, or if this is the first AFS machine of its type, copy the AFS binaries for this system type into an AFS volume by following the instructions in Storing AFS Binaries in AFS. Because this machine is not yet an AFS client, you must perform the procedure on an existing AFS machine. However, remember to perform the final step (linking the local directory /usr/afsws to the appropriate location in the AFS file tree) on this machine itself. If you also want to create AFS volumes to house UNIX system binaries for the new system type, see Storing System Binaries in AFS.

1. Copy client binaries and files to the local disk.

   - On a machine of an existing system type, you can either load files from the AFS CD-ROM or use a remote file transfer protocol to copy files from an existing server machine of the same system type. To load from the CD-ROM, see the instructions just following for a machine of a new system type. If using a remote file transfer protocol, copy the complete contents of the existing client machine's /usr/vice/etc directory.

   - On a machine of a new system type, you must use the following instructions to copy files from the AFS CD-ROM.

     1. On the local /cdrom directory, mount the AFS CD-ROM for this machine's system type, if it is not already. For instructions on mounting CD-ROMs (either locally or remotely via NFS), consult the operating system documentation.

     2. Copy files to the local /usr/vice/etc directory.

        This step places a copy of the AFS initialization script (and related files, if applicable) into the /usr/vice/etc directory. In the preceding instructions for incorporating AFS into the kernel, you copied the script directly to the operating system's conventional location for initialization files. When you incorporate AFS into the machine's startup sequence in a later step, you can choose to link the two files.

        On some system types that use a dynamic kernel loader program, you previously copied AFS library files into a subdirectory of the /usr/vice/etc directory. On other system types, you copied the appropriate AFS library file directly to the directory where the operating system accesses it. The following commands do not copy or recopy the AFS library files into the /usr/vice/etc directory, because on some system types the library files consume a large amount of space. If you want to copy them, add the -r flag to the first cp command and skip the second cp command.

               # cd /cdrom/sysname/root.client/usr/vice/etc

               # cp -p  *  /usr/vice/etc

               # cp -rp  C  /usr/vice/etc

2. Change to the /usr/vice/etc directory and create the ThisCell file as a copy of the /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell file. You must first remove the symbolic link to the /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell file that the BOS Server created automatically in Starting Server Programs.

          # cd  /usr/vice/etc

          # rm  ThisCell

          # cp  /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell  ThisCell

3. Remove the symbolic link to the /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file.

          # rm  CellServDB

4. Create the /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file. Use a network file transfer program such as ftp or NFS to copy it from one of the following sources, which are listed in decreasing order of preference:

   - Your cell's central CellServDB source file (the conventional location is /afs/cellname/common/etc/CellServDB)

   - The global CellServDB file maintained by the AFS Product Support group

   - An existing client machine in your cell

   - The CellServDB.sample file included in the sysname/root.client/usr/vice/etc directory of each AFS CD-ROM; add an entry for the local cell by following the instructions in Creating the Client CellServDB File

5. Create the cacheinfo file for either a disk cache or a memory cache. For a discussion of the appropriate values to record in the file, see Configuring the Cache.

   To configure a disk cache, issue the following commands. If you are devoting a partition exclusively to caching, as recommended, you must also configure it, make a file system on it, and mount it at the directory created in this step.

          # mkdir /usr/vice/cache

          # echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:#blocks" > cacheinfo

   To configure a memory cache:

          # echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:#blocks" > cacheinfo

6. Create the local directory on which to mount the AFS filespace, by convention /afs. If the directory already exists, verify that it is empty.

          # mkdir /afs

7. On AIX systems, add the following line to the /etc/vfs file. It enables AIX to unmount AFS correctly during shutdown.

          afs     4     none     none

8. On Linux systems, copy the afsd options file from the /usr/vice/etc directory to the /etc/sysconfig directory, removing the .conf extension as you do so.

          # cp /usr/vice/etc/afs.conf /etc/sysconfig/afs

9. Edit the machine's AFS initialization script or afsd options file to set appropriate values for afsd command parameters. The script resides in the indicated location on each system type:

   - On AIX systems, /etc/rc.afs

   - On Digital UNIX systems, /sbin/init.d/afs

   - On HP-UX systems, /sbin/init.d/afs

   - On IRIX systems, /etc/init.d/afs

   - On Linux systems, /etc/sysconfig/afs (the afsd options file)

   - On Solaris systems, /etc/init.d/afs

   Use one of the methods described in Configuring the Cache Manager to add the following flags to the afsd command line. If you intend for the machine to remain an AFS client, also set any performance-related arguments you wish.

   - Add the -nosettime flag, because this is a file server machine that is also a client.

   - Add the -memcache flag if the machine is to use a memory cache.

   - Add the -verbose flag to display a trace of the Cache Manager's initialization on the standard output stream.

10. If appropriate, follow the instructions in Storing AFS Binaries in AFS to copy the AFS binaries for this system type into an AFS volume. See the introduction to this section for further discussion.

### Completing the Installation

At this point you run the machine's AFS initialization script to verify that it correctly loads AFS modifications into the kernel and starts the BOS Server, which starts the other server processes. If you have installed client files, the script also starts the Cache Manager. If the script works correctly, perform the steps that incorporate it into the machine's startup and shutdown sequence. If there are problems during the initialization, attempt to resolve them. The AFS Product Support group can provide assistance if necessary.

If the machine is configured as a client using a disk cache, it can take a while for the afsd program to create all of the V n files in the cache directory. Messages on the console trace the initialization process.

1. Issue the bos shutdown command to shut down the AFS server processes other than the BOS Server. Include the -wait flag to delay return of the command shell prompt until all processes shut down completely.

          # /usr/afs/bin/bos shutdown <machine name> -wait

2. Issue the ps command to learn the BOS Server's process ID number (PID), and then the kill command to stop the bosserver process.

          # ps appropriate_ps_options | grep bosserver

          # kill bosserver_PID

3. Run the AFS initialization script by issuing the appropriate commands for this system type.

   On AIX systems:

   1. Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser root.

             # cd /

             # shutdown -r now

             login: root
             Password: root_password

   2. Run the AFS initialization script.

             # /etc/rc.afs

   3. Edit the AIX initialization file, /etc/inittab, adding the following line to invoke the AFS initialization script. Place it just after the line that starts NFS daemons.

             rcafs:2:wait:/etc/rc.afs > /dev/console 2>&1 # Start AFS services

   4. (Optional) There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /etc directories. If you want to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary.

             # cd  /usr/vice/etc

             # rm  rc.afs

             # ln -s  /etc/rc.afs

   5. Proceed to Step 4.

   On Digital UNIX systems:

   1. Run the AFS initialization script.

             # /sbin/init.d/afs  start

   2. Change to the /sbin/init.d directory and issue the ln -s command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the Digital UNIX startup and shutdown sequence.

             # cd  /sbin/init.d

             # ln -s  ../init.d/afs  /sbin/rc3.d/S67afs

             # ln -s  ../init.d/afs  /sbin/rc0.d/K66afs

   3. (Optional) There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /sbin/init.d directories. If you want to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary.

             # cd /usr/vice/etc

             # rm afs.rc

             # ln -s  /sbin/init.d/afs  afs.rc

   4. Proceed to Step 4.

   On HP-UX systems:

   1. Run the AFS initialization script.

             # /sbin/init.d/afs  start

   2. Change to the /sbin/init.d directory and issue the ln -s command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the HP-UX startup and shutdown sequence.

             # cd /sbin/init.d

             # ln -s ../init.d/afs /sbin/rc2.d/S460afs

             # ln -s ../init.d/afs /sbin/rc2.d/K800afs

   3. (Optional) There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /sbin/init.d directories. If you want to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary.

             # cd /usr/vice/etc

             # rm afs.rc

             # ln -s  /sbin/init.d/afs  afs.rc

   4. Proceed to Step 4.

   On IRIX systems:

   1. If you have configured the machine to use the ml dynamic loader program, reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser root.

             # cd /

             # shutdown -i6 -g0 -y

             login: root
             Password: root_password

   2. Issue the chkconfig command to activate the afsserver configuration variable.

             # /etc/chkconfig -f afsserver on

      If you have configured this machine as an AFS client and want to it remain one, also issue the chkconfig command to activate the afsclient configuration variable.

             # /etc/chkconfig -f afsclient on

   3. Run the AFS initialization script.

             # /etc/init.d/afs  start

   4. Change to the /etc/init.d directory and issue the ln -s command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the IRIX startup and shutdown sequence.

             # cd /etc/init.d

             # ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc2.d/S35afs

             # ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc0.d/K35afs

   5. (Optional) There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /etc/init.d directories. If you want to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary.

             # cd /usr/vice/etc

             # rm afs.rc

             # ln -s  /etc/init.d/afs  afs.rc

   6. Proceed to Step 4.

   On Linux systems:

   1. Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser root.

             # cd /

             # shutdown -r now

             login: root
             Password: root_password

   2. Run the AFS initialization script.

             # /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs  start

   3. Issue the chkconfig command to activate the afs configuration variable. Based on the instruction in the AFS initialization file that begins with the string `#chkconfig`, the command automatically creates the symbolic links that incorporate the script into the Linux startup and shutdown sequence.

             # /sbin/chkconfig  --add afs

   4. (Optional) There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /etc/rc.d/init.d directories, and copies of the afsd options file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /etc/sysconfig directories. If you want to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that the two copies of each file are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the original script or options file from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary.

             # cd /usr/vice/etc

             # rm afs.rc afs.conf

             # ln -s  /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs  afs.rc

             # ln -s  /etc/sysconfig/afs  afs.conf

   5. Proceed to Step 4.

   On Solaris systems:

   1. Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser root.

             # cd /

             # shutdown -i6 -g0 -y

             login: root
             Password: root_password

   2. Run the AFS initialization script.

             # /etc/init.d/afs  start

   3. Change to the /etc/init.d directory and issue the ln -s command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the Solaris startup and shutdown sequence.

             # cd /etc/init.d

             # ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc3.d/S99afs

             # ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc0.d/K66afs

   4. (Optional) There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the /usr/vice/etc and /etc/init.d directories. If you want to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary.

             # cd /usr/vice/etc

             # rm afs.rc

             # ln -s  /etc/init.d/afs  afs.rc

4. Verify that /usr/afs and its subdirectories on the new file server machine meet the ownership and mode bit requirements outlined in Protecting Sensitive AFS Directories. If necessary, use the chmod command to correct the mode bits.

5. To configure this machine as a database server machine, proceed to Installing Database Server Functionality.

## Installing Database Server Functionality

This section explains how to install database server functionality. Database server machines have two defining characteristics. First, they run the Authentication Server, Protection Server, and Volume Location (VL) Server processes. They also run the Backup Server if the cell uses the AFS Backup System, as is assumed in these instructions. Second, they appear in the CellServDB file of every machine in the cell (and of client machines in foreign cells, if they are to access files in this cell).

Note the following requirements for database server machines.

- In the conventional configuration, database server machines also serve as file server machines (run the File Server, Volume Server and Salvager processes). If you choose not to run file server functionality on a database server machine, then the kernel does not have to incorporate AFS modifications, but the local /usr/afs directory must house most of the standard files and subdirectories. In particular, the /usr/afs/etc/KeyFile file must contain the same keys as all other server machines in the cell. If you run a system control machine, run the upclientetc process on every database server machine other than the system control machine; if you do not run a system control machine, use the bos addkey command as instructed in the chapter in the IBM AFS Administration Guide about maintaining server encryption keys.

  The instructions in this section assume that the machine on which you are installing database server functionality is already a file server machine. Contact the AFS Product Support group to learn how to install database server functionality on a non-file server machine.

- During the installation of database server functionality, you must restart all of the database server machines to force the election of a new Ubik coordinator (synchronization site) for each database server process. This can cause a system outage, which usually lasts less than 5 minutes.

- Updating the kernel memory list of database server machines on each client machine is generally the most time-consuming part of installing a new database server machine. It is, however, crucial for correct functioning in your cell. Incorrect knowledge of your cell's database server machines can prevent your users from authenticating, accessing files, and issuing AFS commands.

  You update a client's kernel memory list by changing the /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file and then either rebooting or issuing the fs newcell command. For instructions, see the chapter in the IBM AFS Administration Guide about administering client machines.

  The point at which you update your clients' knowledge of database server machines depends on which of the database server machines has the lowest IP address. The following instructions indicate the appropriate place to update your client machines in either case.

  - If the new database server machine has a lower IP address than any existing database server machine, update the CellServDB file on every client machine before restarting the database server processes. If you do not, users can become unable to update (write to) any of the AFS databases. This is because the machine with the lowest IP address is usually elected as the Ubik coordinator, and only the Coordinator accepts database writes. On client machines that do not have the new list of database server machines, the Cache Manager cannot locate the new coordinator. (Be aware that if clients contact the new coordinator before it is actually in service, they experience a timeout before contacting another database server machine. This is a minor, and temporary, problem compared to being unable to write to the database.)

  - If the new database server machine does not have the lowest IP address of any database server machine, then it is better to update clients after restarting the database server processes. Client machines do not start using the new database server machine until you update their kernel memory list, but that does not usually cause timeouts or update problems (because the new machine is not likely to become the coordinator).

### Summary of Procedures

To install a database server machine, perform the following procedures.

1. Install the bos suite of commands locally, as a precaution

2. Add the new machine to the /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file on existing file server machines

3. Update your cell's central CellServDB source file and the file you make available to foreign cells

4. Update every client machine's /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file and kernel memory list of database server machines

5. Start the database server processes (Authentication Server, Backup Server, Protection Server, and Volume Location Server)

6. Restart the database server processes on every database server machine

7. Notify the AFS Product Support group that you have installed a new database server machine

### Instructions

Note: | It is assumed that your PATH environment variable includes the directory that houses the AFS command binaries. If not, you possibly need to precede the command names with the appropriate pathname.

1. You can perform the following instructions on either a server or client machine. Login as an AFS administrator who is listed in the /usr/afs/etc/UserList file on all server machines.

          % klog admin_user
          Password: admin_password

2. If you are working on a client machine configured in the conventional manner, the bos command suite resides in the /usr/afsws/bin directory, a symbolic link to an AFS directory. An error during installation can potentially block access to AFS, in which case it is helpful to have a copy of the bos binary on the local disk. This step is not necessary if you are working on a server machine, where the binary resides in the local /usr/afs/bin directory.

          % cp  /usr/afsws/bin/bos   /tmp

3. Issue the bos addhost command to add the new database server machine to the /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file on existing server machines (as well as the new database server machine itself).

   Substitute the new database server machine's fully-qualified hostname for the host name argument. If you run a system control machine, substitute its fully-qualified hostname for the machine name argument. If you do not run a system control machine, repeat the bos addhost command once for each server machine in your cell (including the new database server machine itself), by substituting each one's fully-qualified hostname for the machine name argument in turn.

          % bos addhost <machine name>  <host name>

   If you run a system control machine, wait for the Update Server to distribute the new CellServDB file, which takes up to five minutes by default. If you are issuing individual bos addhost commands, attempt to issue all of them within five minutes.

   Note: | It is best to maintain a one-to-one mapping between hostnames and IP addresses on a multihomed database server machine (the conventional configuration for any AFS machine). The BOS Server uses the gethostbyname( ) routine to obtain the IP address associated with the host name argument. If there is more than one address, the BOS Server records in the CellServDB entry the one that appears first in the list of addresses returned by the routine. The routine possibly returns addresses in a different order on different machines, which can create inconsistency.

4. (Optional) Issue the bos listhosts command on each server machine to verify that the new database server machine appears in its CellServDB file.

          % bos listhosts <machine name>

5. Add the new database server machine to your cell's central CellServDB source file, if you use one. The standard location is /afs/cellname/common/etc/CellServDB.

   If you are willing to make your cell accessible to users in foreign cells, add the new database server machine to the file that lists your cell's database server machines. The conventional location is /afs/cellname/service/etc/CellServDB.local.

6. If this machine's IP address is lower than any existing database server machine's, update every client machine's /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file and kernel memory list to include this machine. (If this machine's IP address is not the lowest, it is acceptable to wait until Step 12.)

   There are several ways to update the CellServDB file on client machines, as detailed in the chapter of the IBM AFS Administration Guide about administering client machines. One option is to copy over the central update source (which you updated in Step 5), with or without using the package program. To update the machine's kernel memory list, you can either reboot after changing the CellServDB file or issue the fs newcell command.

7. Start the Authentication Server (the kaserver process).

          % bos create <machine name> kaserver simple /usr/afs/bin/kaserver

8. Start the Backup Server (the buserver process). You must perform other configuration procedures before actually using the AFS Backup System, as detailed in the IBM AFS Administration Guide.

          % bos create <machine name> buserver simple /usr/afs/bin/buserver

9. Start the Protection Server (the ptserver process).

          % bos create <machine name> ptserver simple /usr/afs/bin/ptserver

10. Start the Volume Location (VL) Server (the vlserver process).

           % bos create <machine name> vlserver simple /usr/afs/bin/vlserver

11. Issue the bos restart command on every database server machine in the cell, including the new machine. The command restarts the Authentication, Backup, Protection, and VL Servers, which forces an election of a new Ubik coordinator for each process. The new machine votes in the election and is considered as a potential new coordinator.

    A cell-wide service outage is possible during the election of a new coordinator for the VL Server, but it normally lasts less than five minutes. Such an outage is particularly likely if you are installing your cell's second database server machine. Messages tracing the progress of the election appear on the console.

    Repeat this command on each of your cell's database server machines in quick succession. Begin with the machine with the lowest IP address.

           %  bos restart <machine name> kaserver buserver ptserver vlserver

    If an error occurs, restart all server processes on the database server machines again by using one of the following methods:

    - Issue the bos restart command with the -bosserver flag for each database server machine

    - Reboot each database server machine, either using the bos exec command or at its console

12. If you did not update the CellServDB file on client machines in Step 6, do so now.

13. Send the new database server machine's name and IP address to the AFS Product Support group.

    If you wish to participate in the AFS global name space, your cell's entry appear in a CellServDB file that the AFS Product Support group makes available to all AFS sites. Otherwise, they list your cell in a private file that they do not share with other AFS sites.

## Removing Database Server Functionality

Removing database server machine functionality is nearly the reverse of installing it.

### Summary of Procedures

To decommission a database server machine, perform the following procedures.

1. Install the bos suite of commands locally, as a precaution

2. Notify the AFS Product Support group that you are decommissioning a database server machine

3. Update your cell's central CellServDB source file and the file you make available to foreign cells

4. Update every client machine's /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file and kernel memory list of database server machines

5. Remove the machine from the /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file on file server machines

6. Stop the database server processes and remove them from the /usr/afs/local/BosConfig file if desired

7. Restart the database server processes on the remaining database server machines

### Instructions

Note: | It is assumed that your PATH environment variable includes the directory that houses the AFS command binaries. If not, you possibly need to precede the command names with the appropriate pathname.

1. You can perform the following instructions on either a server or client machine. Login as an AFS administrator who is listed in the /usr/afs/etc/UserList file on all server machines.

          % klog admin_user
          Password: admin_password

2. If you are working on a client machine configured in the conventional manner, the bos command suite resides in the /usr/afsws/bin directory, a symbolic link to an AFS directory. An error during installation can potentially block access to AFS, in which case it is helpful to have a copy of the bos binary on the local disk. This step is not necessary if you are working on a server machine, where the binary resides in the local /usr/afs/bin directory.

          % cp  /usr/afsws/bin/bos   /tmp

3. Send the revised list of your cell's database server machines to the AFS Product Support group.

   This step is particularly important if your cell is included in the global CellServDB file. If the administrators in foreign cells do not learn about the change in your cell, they cannot update the CellServDB file on their client machines. Users in foreign cells continue to send database requests to the decommissioned machine, which creates needless network traffic and activity on the machine. Also, the users experience time-out delays while their request is forwarded to a valid database server machine.

4. Remove the decommissioned machine from your cell's central CellServDB source file, if you use one. The conventional location is /afs/cellname/common/etc/CellServDB.

   If you maintain a file that users in foreign cells can access to learn about your cell's database server machines, update it also. The conventional location is /afs/cellname/service/etc/CellServDB.local.

5. Update every client machine's /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file and kernel memory list to exclude this machine. Altering the CellServDB file and kernel memory list before stopping the actual database server processes avoids possible time-out delays that result when users send requests to a decommissioned database server machine that is still listed in the file.

   There are several ways to update the CellServDB file on client machines, as detailed in the chapter of the IBM AFS Administration Guide about administering client machines. One option is to copy over the central update source (which you updated in Step 5), with or without using the package program. To update the machine's kernel memory list, you can either reboot after changing the CellServDB file or issue the fs newcell command.

6. Issue the bos removehost command to remove the decommissioned database server machine from the /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file on server machines.

   Substitute the decommissioned database server machine's fully-qualified hostname for the host name argument. If you run a system control machine, substitute its fully-qualified hostname for the machine name argument. If you do not run a system control machine, repeat the bos removehost command once for each server machine in your cell (including the decommissioned database server machine itself), by substituting each one's fully-qualified hostname for the machine name argument in turn.

          % bos removehost <machine name>  <host name>

   If you run a system control machine, wait for the Update Server to distribute the new CellServDB file, which takes up to five minutes by default. If issuing individual bos removehost commands, attempt to issue all of them within five minutes.

7. (Optional) Issue the bos listhosts command on each server machine to verify that the decommissioned database server machine no longer appears in its CellServDB file.

          % bos listhosts <machine name>

8. Issue the bos stop command to stop the database server processes on the machine, by substituting its fully-qualified hostname for the machine name argument. The command changes each process's status in the /usr/afs/local/BosConfig file to `NotRun`, but does not remove its entry from the file.

          % bos stop <machine name> kaserver buserver ptserver vlserver

9. (Optional) Issue the bos delete command to remove the entries for database server processes from the BosConfig file. This step is unnecessary if you plan to restart the database server functionality on this machine in future.

          % bos delete <machine name> kaserver buserver ptserver vlserver

10. Issue the bos restart command on every database server machine in the cell, to restart the Authentication, Backup, Protection, and VL Servers. This forces the election of a Ubik coordinator for each process, ensuring that the remaining database server processes recognize that the machine is no longer a database server.

    A cell-wide service outage is possible during the election of a new coordinator for the VL Server, but it normally lasts less than five minutes. Messages tracing the progress of the election appear on the console.

    Repeat this command on each of your cell's database server machines in quick succession. Begin with the machine with the lowest IP address.

           %  bos restart <machine name> kaserver buserver ptserver vlserver

    If an error occurs, restart all server processes on the database server machines again by using one of the following methods:

    - Issue the bos restart command with the -bosserver flag for each database server machine

    - Reboot each database server machine, either using the bos exec command or at its console

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